Aachen 1520 225380351 2008-07-13T11:12:03Z Sardanaphalus 427947 updating link using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{For|the meteorite 'Aachen'|Meteorite falls}} '''{{Audio|Aachen.ogg|Aachen}}''' ([[Ripuarian (language)|Ripuarian]]: ''Oche'', [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Aken'', [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Aquisgrán'', [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Aquisgrana'', [[French language|French]], and, historically, [[English language|English]]: ''Aix-la-Chapelle'') is a historic [[spa town|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], 65 km west of [[Cologne]].<ref name=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> <div style="float: right; width: 310px; margin-left: 1em;"> {{Infobox German Location |Name = |German_name = |Art = Stadt |image_photo = Aachen rathaus entzerrt.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = Aachen City Hall (rear) |Wappen = Stadtwappen der kreisfreien Stadt Aachen.svg |lat_deg = 50 | lat_min = 46 | lat_sec = 0 |lon_deg = 6 | lon_min = 6 | lon_sec = 0 |Karte = |Lageplan = |Lageplanbeschreibung = |Bundesland = North Rhine-Westphalia |Regierungsbezirk = Köln |Landkreis = urban |Höhe = 266 |Fläche = 160.83 |area_metro = |Einwohner = 258770 |pop_metro = |Stand = |pop_ref = |PLZ = 52062–52080 |PLZ-alt = |Vorwahl = 0241 / 02405 / 02407 / 02408 |Kfz = AC |Website = [http://www.aachen.de www.aachen.de] |Bürgermeister = Jürgen Linden |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister |Partei = SPD |ruling_party1 = SPD |ruling_party2 = Grüne |year = }} {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = ''Freie Reichsstadt Aachen'' |conventional_long_name = Free Imperial City of Aachen / Aix-la-Chapelle |common_name = Aachen |continent = Europe |region = Rhine |country = Germany |era = Middle Ages |status = City-state |empire = Holy Roman Empire |government_type = Republic |year_start = 1306 |year_end = 1801 |event_pre = Settlement founded |date_pre = ''ca'' [[6th millennium BC]] |event_start = Gained ''[[Reichsfrei]]heit'' |date_start = |event1 = [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] |date_event1 = 936 |event2 = Fire devastated city |date_event2 = 1656 |event3 = [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|First Treaty]] ended<br>{{spaces|4}}[[War of Devolution]] |date_event3 = &nbsp;<br>[[May 2]] [[1668]] |event4 = [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Second Treaty]] ended [[War of the Austrian Succession|War<br>{{spaces|4}}of Austrian Succession]] |date_event4 = &nbsp;<br>April – May 1748 |event_end = [[French Revolutionary Wars|Annexed]] by [[First French Republic|France]] |date_end = <!--- Optional: Date of disestablishment ---> |event_post = [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)|Third Treaty]] handles<br>{{spaces|4}}post-[[Napoleon]]ic [[Bourbon Restoration|France]] |date_post = &nbsp;<br>October – November 1818 |p1 = <!--- Name of the article for preceding entity, numbered 1-5 ---> |image_p1 = <!--- Use: [[Image:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] ---> |s1 = Roer (department) |flag_s1 = Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg |capital = Aachen |footnotes = }} </div> ==History== [[Image:Aachen1566.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Roman-style architecture can be found in Aachen.]] A quarry on the Lousberg which was first used in [[Neolithic]] times attests to the long occupation of the site of Aachen. No larger settlements, however, have been found to have existed in this remote rural area, distant at least 15 km from the nearest road even in Roman times, up to the early mediæval period when the place is mentioned as a king's mansion for the first time, not long before [[Charlemagne]] became ruler of the Franks. Since [[Roman empire|Roman]] times, the hot springs at Aachen have been channeled into baths (none of which are currently in use).<ref name=CVDE /> There is some documentary proof that the Romans named the [[hot spring|hot sulphur springs]] of Aachen ''Aquis-Granum''. The name ''Granus'' has lately been identified as that of [[Grannus|a Celtic deity]]. In [[French language|French-speaking]] areas of the former [[Holy Roman Empire|Empire]] the word ''aquis'' evolved into the modern ''Aix''. ===Middle Ages=== [[Image:Construction d Aix-la-Chapelle.jpg|thumb|left|Construction of Aix-la-Chapelle, by [[Jean Fouquet]].]] After Roman times, [[Einhard]] mentions that in 765–6 [[Pippin the Younger]] spent both Christmas and Easter at ''Aquis villa'' ("{{lang|la|Et celebravit natalem Domini in Aquis villa et pascha similiter.}}"),<ref>[http://www.noctes-gallicanae.org/Charlemagne/Annales/Pepin_le_Bref.htm Pépin le Bref], ''Annales d'Éginhard''</ref> which must have been sufficiently equipped to support the royal household for several months. In the year of his coronation, 768, [[Charlemagne]] came to spend [[Christmas]] at Aachen for the first time. He went on to remain there in a mansion which he may have extended, although there is no source attesting any significant building activity at Aachen in his time apart from the building of the [[Palatine Chapel in Aachen]] (since 1929, cathedral) and the palatial presentation halls. Charlemagne spent most winters between 792 and his death in 814 in Aachen, which became the focus of his court and the political center of his empire. After his death, the king was buried in the church which he had built; his original tomb has been lost, while his alleged remains are preserved in the shrine where he was reburied after being declared a saint; his saintliness, however, was never very widely acknowledged outside the [[bishopric of Liège]] where he may still be venerated "by tradition".<ref name=CVDE /> In 936, [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] was crowned king of the kingdom in the collegiate church built by Charlemagne. Over the next 500 years, most kings of Germany destined to reign over the [[Holy Roman Empire]] were crowned "[[King of the Germans]]" in Aachen. The last king to be crowned here was [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] in 1531.<ref name=CVDE /> During the [[Middle Ages]], Aachen remained a city of regional importance, due to its proximity to [[Flanders]], achieving a modest position in the trade in [[wool]]len cloths, favoured by imperial privilege. The city remained a [[Free Imperial City]], subject to the Emperor only, but was politically far too weak to influence the policies of any of its neighbors. The only dominion it held was that over the neighboring tiny territory of [[Burtscheid]], which was ruled by a [[Benedictine]] [[abbess]] and forced to accept that all of its traffic must pass through the "Aachener Reich". Even in the late 18th century, the Abbess of Burtscheid was prevented from building a road linking her territory to the neighbouring estates of the [[Duchy of Jülich|duke of Jülich]]; the city of Aachen even deployed its handful of soldiers to chase away the road-diggers. From the early 16th century, Aachen declined in importance. In 1656, a great fire devastated Aachen.<ref name="eb">[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9003197 "Aachen"]. (2006). In ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved [[December 9]], [[2006]], from ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''.</ref> It still remained a place of historical myth and became newly attractive as a spa by the middle of the 17th century, not so much because of the effects of its hot springs on the health of its visitors but since Aachen was then — and remained well into the 19th century — one of the centres of high-level [[prostitution]] in Europe. Traces of this hidden agenda of the city's history can be found in the 18th century guidebooks to Aachen as well as to other spas; the main indication for visiting patients, ironically, was [[syphilis]]; only by the end of the 19th century had rheuma become the most important object of cures at Aachen and Burtscheid. This explains why Aachen was chosen as site of several important congresses and peace treaties: the [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|first congress of Aachen]] (often referred to as ''Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle'' in [[English language|English]]) in 1668, leading to the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|First Treaty of Aachen]] in the same year which ended the [[War of Devolution]]. The [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|second congress]] ended with the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|second treaty]] in 1748, finishing the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].<ref name=CVDE /> The [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)|third congress]] took place in 1818 to decide the fate of occupied [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]ic France. ===18th century=== By the middle of the 18th century, industrialization had swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution were kept in place (compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his ''Ansichten vom Niederrhein'') until 1801, when Aachen became the "[[prefecture (France)|chef-lieu]] du [[Roer (department)|département de la Roer]]" in Napoléon's [[First French Empire]]. In 1815 after the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] took over and the city became one of its most socially and politically backward centres until the end of the 19th century.<ref name=CVDE /> Administered within the [[Rhine Province]], by 1880 the population was 80,000. Starting in 1840, the [[railway]] from [[Cologne]] to [[Belgium]] passed through Aachen. The city suffered extreme overcrowding and deplorable sanitary conditions up to 1875 when the mediæval fortifications were finally abandoned as a limit to building operations and new, less miserable quarters were built towards the eastern part of the city where drainage of waste liquids was easiest. In the 19th century and up to the 1930s, the city was important for the production of railway locomotives and carriages, [[iron]], [[pin]]s, [[sewing needle|needles]], [[button]]s, [[tobacco]], woollen goods, and [[silk]] goods. ===20th century=== Aachen was destroyed partially — and in some parts completely — during [[World War II]],<ref name=CVDE /> mostly by bombing in the latest phase of non-surrender, by [[U.S. Army|American]] [[artillery]] fire and through deliberate destruction wrought by the [[Waffen SS|SS]] division employed to keep Aachen out of allied hands as long as possible. Damaged buildings include the mediæval churches of [[St. Foillan]], [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]] and [[St. Nicholas]], as well as the [[Rathaus]] (city hall), although the [[Aachen Cathedral]] was largely unscathed. The city was liberated, with only 4000 inhabitants who had disobeyed [[Nazi]] evacuation orders, on [[October 21]] [[1944]], the first German city to be free from Nazi rule. Its first Allied-appointed mayor, [[Franz Oppenhoff]], was murdered by an SS commando unit. While the [[Charlemagne's Palace in Aachen|kings' palace]] no longer exists, the church built by Charlemagne is still the main attraction of the city <ref>http://www.aachen.de/EN/ts/140_museums/140_90.html</ref>. In addition to holding the remains of its founder, it became the burial place of his successor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]]. The cathedral of Aachen has been designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. It is here that in 1944, just after having crossed the German border, Rabbi Sidney Lefkowitz, an American Army Chaplain, held the first Jewish service in Germany since the beginning of World War II. This service was broadcast live on NBC. ==Main sights== {{Expand-section|date=June 2007}} [[Image:Aachen rathaus front.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aachen city hall]] [[Image:Aachen Cathedral North View at Evening.jpg|thumb|[[Aachen Cathedral]]]] [[Image:Aachen-SomeBoulevard.JPG|thumb|Tree-lined boulevard in Aachen]] [[Image:GermanyNetherlansBelgiumBORDER.jpg|thumb|[[Germany|German]]–[[Netherlands|Dutch]]–[[Belgium|Belgian]] border as seen from the town area]] The impressive [[Aachen Cathedral]] was erected on the orders of [[Charlemagne]] in 786 AD and was on completion the largest dome north of the [[Alps]]. On his death Charlemagne's remains were interred in the cathedral and can be seen there to this date. The cathedral was extended several times in later ages, turning it into a curious and unique mixture of building styles. The 14th century city hall lies between two central places, the ''Markt'' (market place) and the ''Katschhof'' (between city hall and cathedral). The coronation hall is on the first floor of the building. Inside you can find five frescoes by the Aachen artist Alfre Rethel which show legendary scenes from the life of Charlemagne, as well as Charlemagne's signature. The ''Grashaus'', a late medieval house at the Markt, is one of the oldest non-religious buildings in downtown Aachen. It hosts the city archive. The Grashaus was the former city hall before the present building took over this function. The ''Elisenbrunnen'' is one of the most famous sights of Aachen. It is a neoclassical hall covering one of the cities famous fountains. It is just a minute away from the cathedral. Just a few steps in southeastern direction lies the 19th century [[theatre]]. Also well known and well worth seeing are the two remaining city gates, the ''Ponttor'', one half mile northwest of the cathedral, and the ''Kleinmarschiertor'', close to the central railway station. There are also a few parts of both medieval city walls left, most of them integrated in more recent buildings, some others visible. At Turmstraße and at Junkerstraße, there are even two towers left, both of which are used for housing. There are many other places and objects worth seeing, for example a notable number of [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]], a few remarkable 17th and 18th century buildings in the particular Baroque style typical of the region, a collection of statues and monuments, park areas, cemeteries, amongst others. The area's industrial history is reflected in dozens of 19th century and early 20th century manufacturing sites in the city. ==Economy== [[Image:Aachen Ford-Entwicklungszentrum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ford]] Research Center, Aachen.]] Aachen has a large number of spin-offs from the university's IT-technology department and is a major centre of IT development in Germany. Due to the low level of investment in cross-border railway projects, the city has preserved a slot within the [[Thalys]] high-speed train network which uses existing tracks on its last 70 km from Belgium to Cologne. The airport that serves Aachen, [[Maastricht Aachen Airport]], is located about 30 km away on Dutch territory, close to the town of Beek. Aachen was the administrative centre for the coal-mining industries in neighbouring places to the northeast; it never played any role in [[brown coal]] mining, however, neither in administrative or industrial terms. Products manufactured in or around Aachen include electronics, chemicals, plastics, textiles, glass, cosmetics, and needles and pins. Its most important source of revenue, the textile industries, have been dead for almost half a century now. [[Robert Browning]]'s poem "How they brought the good news from Ghent to Aix" refers to Aachen, but not to any historical fact. ==Sport== The annual CHIO (short for the French ''Concours Hippique International Officiel'') is the biggest [[equestrianism|equestrian]] meeting of the world and among horsemen considered to be as prestigious for equitation as the tournament of [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] for tennis. Aachen was also the host of the [[2006 FEI World Equestrian Games]]. The local [[Association football|football]] team [[Alemannia Aachen]] had a short spell in Germany's [[German Bundesliga|first division]], after its promotion in 2006. However, the team could not sustain its status and is now back in the second division. Their stadium is called [[Tivoli, Aachen|Tivoli]]. ==Awards== Since 1950, a committee of Aachen citizens annually awards the [[Karlspreis]] (German for ‘Charlemagne Award’) to personalities of outstanding service to the unification of Europe. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year 2000 to the President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], for his special personal contribution to cooperation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe, and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union. In 2003 the medal was awarded to [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]]. In 2004, [[Pope John Paul II]]'s efforts to unite Europe were honoured with an ‘Extraordinary Charlemagne Medal’, which was awarded for the first time ever. ==Miscellaneous== In 1372, Aachen became the first coin-minting city in the world to regularly place an [[Anno Domini]] date on a general circulation [[coin]], a [[groschen]]. It is written MCCCLXXII. None with this date are known to be in existence any longer. The earliest date for which an Aachen coin is still extant is dated 1373. [[Image:CarolusThermen01.JPG|thumb|left|upright|In the Carolus Thermen named for [[Charlemagne]], the formal cascade gives the water sufficient chance to cool.]] King [[Ethelwulf of Wessex]], father of [[Alfred the Great]] was born in Aachen. [[Mies van der Rohe]], one of founders of [[modern architecture]] and a member of the [[Bauhaus]] during its period in [[Dessau]] was born in Aachen as well. Aachen has the [[Hot spring|hottest springs]] of [[Central Europe]] with water temperatures of 74[[°C]](165[[°F]]). The water contains a considerable percentage of [[Sodium chloride|common salt]] and other [[Salt|sodium salts]] and [[sulphur]]. The local speciality of Aachen is an originally stonehard type of sweet bread, baked in large flat loaves, called ''[[Aachener Printen]]''. Unlike [[gingerbread]] (''{{lang-de|[[Lebkuchen]]}}''), which is sweetened with honey, ''Printen'' are sweetened with sugar. Today, a soft version is sold under the same name which follows an entirely different recipe. Aachen is at the western end of the [[Benrath line]] that divides [[High German languages|High German]] to the south from the rest of the [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] speech area to the north. ==Education== [[Image:Aachen RWTH Hauptgebaeude.jpg|thumb|The main building of the Aachen Technical University]] [[Image:Aachen-ElegantStreet.JPG|thumb|Typical Aachen street with early 20th century [[Gründerzeit]] houses]] [[RWTH Aachen]], Aachen University of Technology, established as Polytechnicum in 1870, is a centre of technological research of worldwide importance, especially for electrical and mechanical engineering, computer sciences and physics. The university clinics attached to the RWTH, the [[Klinikum Aachen]], is the biggest single-building hospital in Europe. Over time, a host of software and computer industries have developed around the university. [[FH Aachen]], [[Aachen University of Applied Sciences (AcUAS)]] was founded in 1971. The AcUAS not only offers the classical engineering education in professions like Mechatronics, Construction Engineering, Mechanical Engineering or Electrical Engineering, but in an intensive dialogue with commerce, politics and professional practice new and application-oriented programs have been and are continually developed, which exceed today’s requirements by far. Internationality is also underlined by the range of academic courses on offer: German and international students are educated in more than 20 international or foreign-oriented programs and can acquire German as well as international degrees (Bachelor/Master) or Doppeldiplome (double degrees). The fraction of foreign students meanwhile amounts to more than 21%. The [[German Army]]'s Technical School (''Technische Schule des Heeres und Fachschule des Heeres für Technik'') is also situated in Aachen. ==Sister cities== * {{flagicon|France}} [[Reims]], [[France]]; since January 28, 1967. * {{flagicon|England}} [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[England]]; since November 14, 1979. * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], [[Spain]]; since January 26, 1985. * {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Ningbo]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]; since October 25, 1986. * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Naumburg]], [[Germany]]; since May 30, 1988. * {{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], [[Virginia]]; since September 17, 1993. * {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]; since 1999. * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kostroma]], [[Russia]]; since June 9, 2005. * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Rosh HaAyin]], [[Israel]]; since May 12, 2007. ==Name in different languages== Aachen is known in different languages by different names (see also [[Names of European cities in different languages]]). {| class="wikitable" ! Language !! Name !! Pronunciation in [[help:IPA|IPA]] |- | [[German language|German]] | Aachen |{{IPA|[ˈʔaːxən]}} |- | [[Aachen dialect|Local dialect]]||''Oche''|| {{IPA|[ˈoːxə]}} |- | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] | Aken |{{IPA|[ˈaːkən]}} |- | [[Yiddish]] | אכען |{{IPA|[ˈʔaxɛn],[ʔɔxnˌ]}} |- | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] | אאכן |{{IPA|[ˈʔaxɛn]}} |- | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | Ahen/Ахен |{{IPA|[ˈaxən]}} |- | [[French language|French]]|| Aix-la-Chapelle |{{IPA|[ɛkslaʃaˈpɛl]}} |- | [[Polish language|Polish]]|| Akwizgran |{{IPA|[akˈfizgɾan]}} |- | [[Russian language|Russian]] | Аахен/Ахен |{{IPA|[aːxen]}} |- | [[Catalan (language)|Catalan]] | Aquisgrà |{{IPA|[əkizˈɣɾa]}} |- | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | Aquisgrán |{{IPA|[akisˈɣɾan]}} |- | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | Aquisgrão, Aquisgrana | {{IPA|[ˌakwiz'grɐ̃ũ]}}, {{IPA|[ˌakwizˈgrɐ̃ːna]}} |- | [[Italian language|Italian]] | Aquisgrana |{{IPA|[akwizˈgɾaːna]}} |- | [[Greek language|Greek]] | Ἀκυΐσγρανον |{{IPA|[akiˈisɣɾanon]}} |- | [[Latin]] | Aquīsgrānum |{{IPA|[ˌakwiːsˈgɾaːnum]}} |- | [[Czech language|Czech]] | Cáchy |{{IPA|[ˈtsaːxi]}} |- | [[Chinese language|Chinese (Simplified)]] | 亚琛 |{{IPA|[iɑ tʂʰən]}} ([[Pinyin|PY]]: yà chēn) |- | [[Chinese language|Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan form)]] | 亞亨 |{{IPA|[iɑ xɤŋ]}} ([[Pinyin|PY]]: yà hēng) |- | [[Chinese language|Chinese (Traditional, HK form)]] | 亞琛 |{{IPA|[ɑː sɐm]}} ([[Jyutping|JP]]: aa3 sam1) |- | [[Thai language|Thai]] | อาเค่น |{{IPA|[ˈtsaːxɪ]}} |- | [[Arabic]] | آخن |{{IPA|[ˈʔɑːχɪn]}} |- | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] | Аахен/Ахен |{{IPA|[ˈaxen]}} |- | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] | Oochen |{{IPA|[ˈoːxən]}} |- | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] | Ahăn |{{IPA|[ˈoːxən]}} |} See also: [[Aachen dialect]] ==See also== *[[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] *[[Aachen (district)]] *[[List of mayors of Aachen]] *[[Aachener]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} {{Grocers}} ==External links== {{commons|Aachen}} *[http://www.aachen.de/ City of Aachen] (partly available in English) *[http://www.aseag.de/ ASEAG (public bus transport)] (in German) *[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/go/id/bdz/ RWTH Aachen] (University of technical science, Aachen) *[http://www.fh-aachen.de/ Fachhochschule Aachen] (Aachen University of Applied Sciences) *[http://www.googleearthhacks.com/dlfile11927/Aachen,-Germany,-Image-overlays.htm Google Earth placemark with official image overlays] *[http://www.fotoausflug.de/en-germany-aachen.html Panorama pictures] of landmarks and places of interest *[http://www.noctes-gallicanae.org/Charlemagne/Annales/Pepin_le_Bref.htm Einhard's Annals:] first mention of ''Aquis villa'', 765 * [http://www.zoo-infos.de/zoos-en/1.html Aachen Zoo at Zoo-Infos.de (in English)] *[http://www.citymayors.com/cityhalls/aachen_cityhall.html Article on Aachen's historic buildings] *[http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/limburg-map.htm Map of the Aachen Area in 1789] {{Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle}} {{Germany districts north rhine-westphalia}} [[Category:Aachen| ]] [[Category:Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia]] [[Category:Matter of France]] [[Category:Spa towns in Germany]] [[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (German)]] [[ar:آخن]] [[az:Axen]] [[br:Aachen]] [[bg:Аахен]] [[ca:Aquisgrà]] [[cs:Cáchy]] [[cy:Aachen]] [[da:Aachen]] [[de:Aachen]] [[et:Aachen]] [[el:Άαχεν]] [[es:Aquisgrán]] [[eo:Aachen]] [[eu:Aachen]] [[fa:آخن]] [[fr:Aix-la-Chapelle]] [[ga:Aachen]] [[ko:아헨]] [[hr:Aachen]] [[id:Aachen]] [[ia:Aachen]] [[is:Aachen]] [[it:Aquisgrana]] [[he:אאכן]] [[ka:აახენი]] [[la:Aquisgranum]] [[lv:Āhene]] [[lb:Oochen]] [[lt:Achenas]] [[li:Aoke]] [[hu:Aachen]] [[ms:Aachen]] [[nl:Aken (stad)]] [[ja:アーヘン]] [[no:Aachen]] [[nn:Aachen]] [[oc:Aquisgran]] [[nds:Aken]] [[pl:Akwizgran]] [[pt:Aachen]] [[ksh:Oche]] [[ro:Aachen]] [[ru:Ахен]] [[scn:Aquisgrana]] [[simple:Aachen]] [[sk:Aachen]] [[sl:Aachen]] [[sr:Ахен]] [[fi:Aachen]] [[sv:Aachen]] [[tl:Aachen]] [[th:อาเคิน]] [[vi:Aachen]] [[tr:Aachen (kent)]] [[uk:Аахен]] [[vo:Aachen]] [[wa:Åxhe]] [[zh:阿亨]]