Abortion and mental health 2563596 226175850 2008-07-17T04:27:38Z MastCell 1902918 I'd like to keep working on this on the talk page, as I still have some concerns about it; I apologize for not getting to it sooner {{Totallydisputed|date=January 2008}} {{Abortion debate (sidebar)}} The relationship between induced [[abortion]] and [[mental health]] is an area of controversy.<ref name="Bazelon"/><ref name="now">[http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/329/index.html "Post-Abortion Politics"] NOW with David Brancaccio on PBS</ref><ref name="Position Statement on Women’s Mental Health in Relation to Induced Abortion"/> A number of studies have concluded that induced abortion (hereafter simply called "abortion") is associated with no more psychological risk than carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. Other studies have reported a [[association (statistics)|statistical correlation]] between abortion and negative psychological effects, though no studies have demonstrated a direct [[causality|causal relationship]].<ref name="newscientist"/><ref name="Mooney"/><ref>[[Guttmacher Institute]], [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0014-7354(199001%2F02)22%3A1%3C36%3AD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N "More on Koop’s Study of Abortion"], ''Family Planning Perspectives'', Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 1990), pp. 36-39. Via JSTOR (subscription required).</ref> Pre-existing factors in a woman's life, such as emotional attachment to the pregnancy, lack of social support, pre-existing psychiatric illness, and conservative views on abortion increase the likelihood of experiencing negative feelings after an abortion.<ref name="APA89">{{cite journal |author=Adler NE, David HP, Major BN, Roth SH, Russo NF, Wyatt GE |title=Psychological responses after abortion |journal=Science |volume=248 |issue=4951 |pages=41–4 |year=1990 |pmid=2181664 |doi=}} An [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/248/4951/41 abstract] of this article is available for free, and the full text is available for a fee.</ref><ref name="APArelease">American Psychological Association. "APA research review finds no evidence of 'post-abortion syndrome' but research studies on psychological effects of abortion inconclusive." Press release, January 18, 1989.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3634/is_199707/ai_n8772240 Abortion study finds no long-term ill effects on emotional well-being]</ref> In a 1990 review, the [[American Psychological Association]] found that "severe negative reactions [after abortion] are rare and are in line with those following other normal life stresses."<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0014-7354(199001%2F02)22%3A1%3C36%3AD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Family Planning and Perspectives] by Nancy Adler</ref> In light of additional studies undertaken since that time, both the APA and the [[United Kingdom]] [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] are performing [[systematic review]]s of the medical literature in order to update their position statements.<ref name="Position Statement on Women’s Mental Health in Relation to Induced Abortion"/> Some proposed negative [[psychological]] effects of abortion have been referred to by [[pro-life]] advocates as a separate condition called "post-abortion syndrome." However, the existence of "post-abortion syndrome" is not recognized by any medical or psychological organization,<ref name="Grimes">{{cite journal |author=Grimes DA, Creinin MD |title=Induced abortion: an overview for internists |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=140 |issue=8 |pages=620–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15096333 }} Key summary points: ''"Abortion does not lead to an increased risk for breast cancer or other late psychiatric or medical sequelae."'' On p. 624, the authors state: ''"The alleged 'postabortion trauma syndrome' does not exist."''</ref> and some [[physician]]s and [[pro-choice]] advocates have argued that the effort to popularize the idea of a "post-abortion syndrome" is a tactic used by pro-life advocates for political purposes.<ref name="Bazelon">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21abortion.t.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5088&en=5092fc3344065aec&ex=1327035600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&adxnnlx=1190370959-M3NVF8bZOGTDu468IEZo8g Is There a Post-Abortion Syndrome?] By [[Emily Bazelon]]. Published in the ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'', [[January 21]] [[2007]]. Accessed [[January 11]] [[2008]].</ref><ref name="Mooney">[http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0410.mooney.html "Research and Destroy: How the religious right promotes its own 'experts' to combat mainstream science"], by [[Chris Mooney]]. Published in ''[[Washington Monthly]]'', October 2004.</ref><ref name="stotlandreview">{{cite journal |author=Stotland NL |title=Abortion and psychiatric practice |journal=J Psychiatr Pract |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–49 |year=2003 |pmid=15985924 |doi=}} ''"Currently, there are active attempts to convince the public and women considering abortion that abortion frequently has negative psychiatric consequences. This assertion is not borne out by the literature: the vast majority of women tolerate abortion without psychiatric sequelae."''</ref><ref name=stotland_1404747>Stotland NL. The myth of the abortion trauma syndrome. JAMA. 1992 October 21;268(15):2078-9. PMID 1404747.</ref> ==Post-abortion syndrome== The term "post-abortion syndrome" was first used in 1981 by Vincent Rue, a [[psychologist]] and trauma specialist, in testimony before Congress in which he stated that he had observed [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] which developed in response to the stress of abortion. He proposed the name "post-abortion syndrome" (PAS) to describe this phenomenon.<ref> Vincent Rue, "Abortion and Family Relations," testimony before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the US Senate Judiciary Committee, U.S. Senate, 97th Congress, Washington, DC (1981).</ref><ref>Speckhard, A. & Rue, V. [http://www.annespeckhard.com/publications/Postabortion_syndrome.pdf Postabortion Syndrome: An Emerging Public Health Concern] Journal of Social Issues, Vol.48, No. 3, 1992, pp.95-119 </ref> The term post-abortion syndrome (PAS) has subsequently been popularized and widely used by [[pro-life|pro-life advocates]]<ref name="Mooney"/><ref name="Bazelon"/><ref name="BostonG">[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/07/31/science_in_support_of_a_cause_the_new_research/?rss_id=Boston+Globe+--+National+News Science in support of a cause: the new research], by Michael Kranish. Published in the ''[[Boston Globe]]'' on [[July 31]] [[2005]]; accessed [[November 27]] [[2007]].</ref> to describe a broad range of adverse emotional reactions which they attribute to abortion. The [[American Psychological Association]] and the [[American Psychiatric Association]] do not recognize PAS as an actual diagnosis or condition, and it is not included in the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' [[DSM-IV-TR]] or in the [[ICD|ICD-10]] list of psychiatric conditions. Some [[physician]]s and [[pro-choice|pro-choice advocates]] have argued that efforts to popularize the term "post-abortion syndrome" are a tactic used by pro-life advocates for political purposes.<ref name="stotlandreview"/><ref name=stotland_1404747>Stotland NL. The myth of the abortion trauma syndrome. JAMA. 1992 October 21;268(15):2078-9. PMID 1404747.</ref><ref>Cooper, Cynthia L. [http://www.msmagazine.com/aug01/pas.html Abortion Under Attack]</ref><ref name="JSoc2">{{cite journal |author=Russo NF, Denious JE |title=Controlling birth: science, politics, and public policy |journal=J Soc Issues |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=181–91 |year=2005 |pmid=17073030 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-4537.2005.00400.x}}</ref> While some studies have shown a [[correlation]] between abortion and clinical depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors, or adverse effects on women's sexual functions for a small number of women, these correlations may be explained by pre-existing social circumstances and emotional health.<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]''. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903771-4,00.html Abortion on Demand]</ref> According to the American Psychological Association, various factors, such as emotional attachment to the pregnancy, lack of support, and conservative views on abortion, may increase the likelihood of experiencing negative reactions. Studies have either failed to establish a [[association (statistics)|causal relationship]] between abortion and negative psychological symptoms experienced by women, or been inconclusive.<ref name="APArelease"/> ==Psychological effects of abortion== Studies have indicated that those who have undergone abortion have experienced positive or no change to their mental health. A 1989 study of teenagers who sought pregnancy tests found that counting from the beginning of pregnancy until two years later, the level of stress and anxiety of those who had an abortion did not differ from that of those who had not been pregnant or who had carried their pregnancy to term.<ref name=Zabin> Zabin, L.S., Hirsch, M.B., Emerson, M.R. (1989). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2620716&dopt=AbstractPlus When urban adolescents choose abortion: effects on education, psychological status and subsequent pregnancy]. Family Planning Perspectives, 21 (6), 248-55. Retrieved September 8, 2006.</ref> A study done at the [[University of Washington]] found no correlation between a history of abortion and suicide following a subsequent pregnancy.<ref>[http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/3/e669 Pediatrics: Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics]</ref> Another study in 1992 found that having one abortion was positively associated with higher global self-esteem, particularly feelings of self-worth, capableness, and not feeling one is a failure, but that this positive association was not significant after controlling for childbearing and resource variables. It also noted that adverse emotional reactions to the abortion are influenced by pre-existing psychological conditions and other negative factors and, furthermore, that well-being was separately and positively related to employment, income, and education, but negatively related to total number of children. The authors concluded that "No evidence of widespread post-abortion trauma was found."<ref name=russo>Russo, N. F., & Zierk, K.L. (1992). [http://content.apa.org/journals/pro/23/4/269 Abortion, childbearing, and women]. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 23(4), 269-280. Retrieved September 8, 2006.</ref> In a 2005 US study, the evidence was inconclusive as to whether abortion as compared to completion of an undesired first pregnancy was related to increased risk of depression.<ref name=schmiege>Schmiege, S. & Russo, N.F. (2005). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7528/1303 Depression and unwanted first pregnancy - longitudinal cohort study] Electronic version. British Medical Journal, 331 (7528), 1303. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> Some studies suggest that some women experience stress after a miscarriage or abortion. The kind of stress and the amount of stress women experience varies from culture to culture. Studies also suggest that an individual woman's stress level is influenced by her economic status, family situation and the status of her mental health before the pregnancy. Although no studies have been able to establish a causal relationship between abortion and depression or stress, many studies cite the pre-existence of depression and stress in a sub-set of women who procure abortions. No [[association (statistics)|causal link]] has been established between abortion and mental illness. Emotional distress may occur in a minority of women who are contemplating or have had an abortion due to a number of factors, including pre-existing mental health problems, the status of the woman's relationship with her partner, poor economic status, poor social network, or conservative views held on abortion.<ref name="stotland_1404747"/><ref name=Kero>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11710423&query_hl=7&itool=pubmed_DocSum Legal abortion: a painful necessity - Sweden]</ref><ref name=Casey>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9653372&query_hl=7&itool=pubmed_DocSum Psychological effects of abortion] Portugal</ref> ==Government reports== ===United States Surgeon General=== In 1987, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] directed [[Surgeon General of the United States|U.S. Surgeon General]] [[C. Everett Koop]], an [[evangelical Christian]] and abortion opponent,<ref name="nlm">[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/QQ/Views/Exhibit/narrative/abortion.html The C. Everett Koop Papers: Reproduction and Family Health]. A profile by the [[National Library of Medicine]]. Accessed [[February 23]] [[2008]].</ref> to issue a report on the health effects of abortion. Reportedly, the idea for the review was conceived by Reagan advisors [[Dinesh D'Souza]] and [[Gary Bauer]] as a means of "rejuvenat[ing]" the pro-life movement by producing evidence of the risks of abortion.<ref name="washingtonmonthly">[http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0410.mooney2.html Bucking the Gipper], by Chris Mooney. Published in ''[[Washington Monthly]]'', October 2004. Accessed [[February 18]] [[2008]].</ref> Koop was reluctant to accept the assignment, believing that Reagan was more concerned with appeasing his political base than with improving women's health.<ref name="nlm"/> Ultimately, Koop reviewed over 250 studies pertaining to the psychological impact of abortion. Koop wrote in a letter to Reagan that "scientific studies do not provide conclusive data about the health effects of abortion on women."<ref name="times1-11-89">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DC143DF932A25752C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 Koop's Stand on Abortion's Effect Surprises Friends and Foes Alike], by Martin Tolchin. Published in the ''[[New York Times]]'' on [[January 11]] [[1989]]; accessed [[February 18]] [[2008]].</ref> Koop acknowledged the political context of the question in his letter, writing: "In the minds of some of [Reagan's advisors], it was a foregone conclusion that the negative health effects of abortion on women were so overwhelming that the evidence would force the reversal of Roe vs. Wade."<ref name="times3-17-89"/> In later testimony before the [[United States Congress]], Koop stated that the quality of existing evidence was too poor to prepare a report "that could withstand scientific and statistical scrutiny." Koop noted that "...&nbsp;there is no doubt about the fact that some people have severe psychological effects after abortion, but anecdotes do not make good scientific material."<ref name="times3-17-89">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEEDF1F3CF934A25750C0A96F948260 Koop Says Abortion Report Couldn't Survive Challenge], by Warren E. Leary. Published in the ''[[New York Times]]'' on [[March 17]] [[1989]]; accessed [[February 18]] [[2008]].</ref> In his congressional testimony, Koop stated that while psychological responses to abortion may be "overwhelming" in individual cases, the risk of significant psychological problems was "{{sic|miniscule}}<!--sic-->" from a public health perspective.<ref name="APA89"/><ref name="Bazelon"/><ref name="washingtonmonthly"/><ref name="newscientist">[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12416951.000-reagans-officials-suppressed-research-on-abortion-.html Reagan's officials 'suppressed' research on abortion], by Christopher Joyce. Published in the ''[[New Scientist]]'' on [[December 16]] [[1989]]. Accessed [[February 18]] [[2008]].</ref> Subsequently, a Congressional committee charged that Koop refused to publish the results of his review because he failed to find evidence that abortion was harmful, and that Koop watered down his findings in his letter to Reagan by claiming that the studies were inconclusive. Congressman [[Theodore S. Weiss]], who oversaw the investigation, argued that when Koop found no evidence that abortion was harmful, "he therefore decided not to issue a report, but instead to write a letter to the president which would be sufficiently vague as to avoid supporting the pro-choice position that abortion is safe for women."<ref name="newscientist"/> ===Royal College of Psychiatrists=== On [[March 14]] [[2008]], the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] released a statement saying that "The specific issue of whether or not induced abortion has harmful effects on women’s mental health remains to be fully resolved. The current research evidence base is inconclusive&mdash;some studies indicate no evidence of harm, whilst other studies identify a range of mental disorders following abortion." The statement noted that the Royal College is undertaking a [[systematic review]] of the medical literature with the intent of updating its position and possibly recommending changes to the [[informed consent]] process for abortion.<ref name="Position Statement on Women’s Mental Health in Relation to Induced Abortion">[http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/abortion.pdf Position Statement on Women’s Mental Health in Relation to Induced Abortion], by the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] of the [[United Kingdom]]: "The specific issue of whether or not induced abortion has harmful effects on women’s mental health remains to be fully resolved. The current research evidence base is inconclusive – some studies indicate no evidence of harm, whilst other studies identify a range of mental disorders following abortion." Accessed [[March 16]] [[2008]].</ref> According to ''[[The Times]],'' the Royal College stated that "women may be at risk of mental health breakdowns if they have abortions" and that "women should not be allowed to have an abortion until they are counselled on the possible risk to their mental health."<ref name="RCP1">Sarah-Kate Templeton, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article3559486.ece Royal college warns abortions can lead to mental illness] TimesOnline.co.uk accessed March 18, 2008</ref>''The Times'' also reported that the controversy over abortion and mental health in Britain "intensified earlier this year when an inquest in Cornwall heard that a talented artist hanged herself because she was overcome with grief after aborting her twins."<ref name="RCP1"/>The woman, Emma Beck, had a long history of anxiety and depression, she felt pressure from her boyfriend to follow through with an abortion she did not want, and she refused to see a counselor after the abortion.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/22/nartist122.xml The Daily Telegraph]</ref> In contrast, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' reported that "Updated guidance from the [[Royal College of Physicians]] (RCP) points out that there is still no evidence that abortion causes mental health problems... The college rejects claims by the pro-life lobby that abortion causes mental health problems."<ref name="dailymail">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=535908&in_page_id=1770 Woman 'should have abortions blocked' until mental illness risks are known], by Daniel Martin. Published in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' on [[March 16]] [[2008]]; accessed [[March 18]] [[2008]].</ref> The ''Daily Mail'' points out that the Royal College of Psychiatrists report comes out at a time when there was a controversial proposal before [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] to reduce the term limit for abortions from 24 weeks to 20 weeks.<ref name="dailymail"/> ==Studies and Opinions== ===1987-1990 APA Task Force Review=== In response to Surgeon General Koop's review of available data, the [[American Psychological Association]] Division on Population and Environmental Psychology prepared and presented their own summary of the literature and recommendations for Koop's report. After Koop refused to issue their findings, division members published a synthesis of their own findings in which they concluded that "Although there may be sensations of regret, sadness, or guilt, the weight of the evidence from scientific studies indicates that legal abortion of an unwanted pregnancy in the first trimester does not pose a psychological hazard for most women."<ref name="APA89"/> They also noted that ""Case studies have established that some women experience severe distress or psychopathology after abortion" and that "Women who are terminating pregnancies that are wanted and personally meaningful, who lack support from their partner or parents for the abortion, or who have more conflicting feelings or are less sure of their decision before hand may be a relatively higher risk for negative consequences."<ref name="APA89"/> The task force also concluded that "research with diverse samples, different measures of response, and different times of assessment have come to similar conclusions. The time of greatest distress is likely to be before the abortion. Severe negative reactions after abortions are rare and can best be understood in the framework of coping with normal life stress."<ref name="APA89"/> Nancy Adler, professor of psychology at the [[University of California, San Francisco]], has testified on behalf of the APA that "severe negative reactions are rare and are in line with those following other normal life stresses."<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0014-7354(199001%2F02)22%3A1%3C36%3AD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Family Planning and Perspectives] by Nancy Adler</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDE133FF935A35757C0A966958260 Study Finds Little Lasting Distress From Abortion] in the ''[[New York Times]]''. </ref> In 2007, APA established a new task force to review studies on abortion published since 1989. The new task force report is expected to be published in 2008.<ref name="Bazelon"/> ===Nada Stotland=== In 1992, psychiatrist Nada Stotland of the [[University of Chicago]], and current vice president of the American Psychiatric Association, wrote in ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]'', "...there is no evidence of an abortion-trauma syndrome."<ref name=stotland_1404747 /> Stotland identified three groups of women as being at risk of negative psychological reactions to abortion: those who were psychiatrically ill before pregnancy, those who undergo abortion under external pressure, and those who underwent abortion in "aversive" circumstances such as abandonment or stigmatization.<ref name=stotland_1404747 /> In a 2003 review article, Stotland wrote: "Currently, there are active attempts to convince the public and women considering abortion that abortion frequently has negative psychiatric consequences. This assertion is not borne out by the literature: the vast majority of women tolerate abortion without psychiatric sequelae."<ref name=stotlandreview /> ===Nancy Adler=== In 1997, Nancy Adler, a professor of medical psychology, conducted a review of methodologically sound studies of women's mental health before and after abortion. She concluded, "...nonrestrictive abortions indicates that distress is generally greatest before the abortion and that the incidence of severe negative responses is low. Factors associated with increased risk of negative response are consistent with those reported in research on other stressful life events."<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/248/4951/41 Psychological responses after abortion] by Nancy Adler, Professor of Medical Pscyhology at the University of California, San Francisco, Director of the Health and Psychology Program</ref> Adler is referenced in an article titled, "Is there a Post Abortion Syndrome?" in the ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'': <blockquote> ...Nancy Adler, found that up to 10 percent of women have symptoms of depression or other psychological distress after an abortion — the same rates experienced by women after childbirth... Researchers say that when women who have abortions experience lasting grief, or more rarely, depression, it is often because they were emotionally fragile beforehand, or were responding to the circumstances surrounding the abortion — a disappointing relationship, precarious finances, the stress of an unwanted pregnancy.<ref name="Bazelon"/> </blockquote> ===Brenda Major=== In a study done in 2000, Brenda Major, Ph.D. examined women's emotions and mental health after abortion. Major concluded that, "Most women do not experience psychological problems or regret their abortion 2 years postabortion, but some do. Those who do tend to be women with a prior history of depression." She goes on to say: <blockquote> Ultimately, the psychological risks of abortion must be compared with the psychological risks of its alternatives. When women become pregnant unintentionally, they have few alternatives, any of which could be a source of regret or distress. Studies of women who give up a child for adoption suggest that feelings of loss and sadness are common, although no well-controlled studies have compared the reactions of these women with reactions of women who have an abortion. In contrast, studies comparing the mental health of women who have an abortion and women who carry an unintended pregnancy to term and keep the child are more common. These studies consistently find that the former are at no greater risk for psychological problems than the latter. Thus, for most women, elective abortion of an unintended pregnancy does not pose a risk to mental health.<ref> [http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/57/8/777 Psychological Responses of Women After First-Trimester Abortion]</ref></blockquote> Brenda Major is also critical of a study done by [[David Reardon]] and his co-authors that analyzed data from the medical records of 56,000 low income women in California. Reardon and his co-authors concluded that women who had an abortion had a significantly higher relative risk of psychiatric admission compared with women who had delivered.<ref>[http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/168/10/1253 Psychiatric admissions of low-income women following abortion and childbirth] CMAJ • May 13, 2003; 168 (10) </ref> In a commentary about this study, Major writes: <blockquote>David Reardon and colleagues describe how they conducted a record-linkage study of psychiatric admissions among a sample of low-income women who had received state funding for either an abortion or delivery in 1989. They report that subsequent psychiatric admission rates were higher for women who had an abortion than for women who delivered. Their conclusion implies that this was the result of problems related to aborting a pregnancy. This conclusion is misleading... It is a fundamental tenet of science that one cannot infer cause from a correlation between 2 variables...<br /> Politics and values shape the way that research on women's psychological responses to abortion is conducted and interpreted. On the basis of correlations such as the one reported here, abortion-rights opponents assert that scientific evidence indicates that abortion causes psychological harm. Because they are not experts in scientific reasoning, most people are unable to evaluate the validity of these claims. Statistics such as those reported by Reardon and colleagues thus run a high risk of being used in ways that misinform and mislead the public.<ref>[http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/168/10/1257?ijkey=db0a025e58b74d24dd6e8ad0a9fbd6065b74b2b5&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Psychological implications of abortion — highly charged and rife with misleading research]</ref> </blockquote> ===Sarah Schmeige and Nancy Russo=== In a 2005 study by Sarah Schmiege and Nancy Russo comparing rates of depression following an unwanted first pregnancy carried to term versus an unwanted first pregnancy that was aborted, the authors concluded that, "under present conditions of legal access to abortion, there is no credible evidence that choosing to terminate an unwanted first pregnancy puts women at higher risk of subsequent depression than does choosing to deliver an unwanted first pregnancy." Their research did not confirm the results of a study done by [[David Reardon]] and his co-author J.R. Cougle which found higher rates of depression after abortion of an unintended first pregnancy. She writes: <blockquote> Our results provide no support for the claim by Reardon and Cougle that terminating an unwanted first pregnancy contributes to risk of subsequent depression. Instead, our finding that the group that delivered before 1980 had a significantly higher risk of depression than all other groups directly contradicts the claim that terminating an unwanted first pregnancy puts women at higher risk of subsequent depression, particularly for younger women.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1298850 Depression and unwanted first pregnancy: longitudinal cohort study]</ref></blockquote> ===Mika Gissler=== A government record-based study of all [[Finland|Finnish]] women found that the suicide rate associated with abortion (34.7 per 100,000) was significantly higher than that associated with giving birth (5.9 per 100,000). The study concluded that "The increased risk of suicide after an induced abortion indicates either common risk factors for both or harmful effects of induced abortion on mental health."<ref name="Gissler">{{cite journal |author=Gissler M, Hemminki E, Lönnqvist J |title=[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/313/7070/1431 Suicides after pregnancy in Finland, 1987-94: register linkage study] |journal=BMJ |volume=313 |issue=7070 |pages=1431–4 |year=1996 |pmid=8973229 |doi=}}</ref> The authors of the study noted that women who committed suicide after having an abortion tended to be from lower social classes and also tended to be unmarried.<ref name="Gissler"/> The authors state: <blockquote> The relation between suicide, mental disorders, life events, social class, and social support is a complex one. Abortion might mean a selection of women at higher risk for suicide because of reasons like depression. Another explanation for the higher suicide rate after an abortion could be low social class, low social support, and previous life events or that abortion is chosen by women who are at higher risk for suicide because of other reasons. Increased risk for a suicide after an induced abortion can, besides indicating common risk factors for both, result from a negative effect of induced abortion on mental wellbeing. With our data, however, it was not possible to study the causality more carefully. Our data clearly show, however, that women [in Finland] who have experienced an abortion have an increased risk of suicide, which should be taken into account in the prevention of such deaths.<ref name="Gissler"/> </blockquote> ===David M. Fergusson=== In 2006, a team of researchers at the [[University of Otago Christchurch School of Medicine]] in New Zealand published results relating to abortion reactions from a longitudinal study tracking approximately 500 women from birth to 25 years of age. Information was obtained on: a) the history of pregnancy/abortion for female participants over the interval from 15-25 years; b) measures of [[DSM-IV]] mental disorders and suicidal behaviour over the intervals 15-18, 18-21 and 21-25 years; and c) childhood, family and related confounding factors. The study concluded that compared to other women in the group those who had an abortion were subsequently more likely to have "mental health problems including depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviours and substance use disorders. This association persisted after adjustment for confounding factors." The authors wrote, "The findings suggest that abortion in young women may be associated with increased risks of mental health problems," and "on the basis of the current study, it is our view that the issue of whether or not abortion has harmful effects on mental health remains to be fully resolved."<ref name="NZ">Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J., & Ridden, E.M. (2006. [http://www.chmeds.ac.nz/research/chds/view1.pdf Abortion in young women and subsequent mental health]. ''Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47''(1), 16-24.</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== ;Major media coverage *[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21abortion.t.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5088&en=5092fc3344065aec&ex=1327035600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&adxnnlx=1190370959-M3NVF8bZOGTDu468IEZo8g Is There a Post-Abortion Syndrome?] By [[Emily Bazelon]]; published in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' *[http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/329/index.html Post-Abortion Politics]: a 2007 video investigation by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]. ;Pro-choice sources *[http://www.plannedparenthood.org/issues-action/abortion/state-abortion-restrictions/reports/emotional-effects-induced-abortion-6137.htm The Emotional Effects of Induced Abortion], from the [[Planned Parenthood]] website. ;Pro-life sources *[http://studentorgs.vanderbilt.edu/sfl/post_abortion_depression.htm Women Who Have Abortions: Their Reflections on the Unborn], by [[David Reardon]] [[Category:Abortion debate]] [[Category:Medical controversies]] [[de:Post-Abortion Syndrome]] [[pt:Síndrome pós-aborto]]