Acacia
1445
225952994
2008-07-16T04:41:53Z
Wilson44691
4349401
[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225932099 by [[Special:Contributions/71.79.51.100|71.79.51.100]] ([[User talk:71.79.51.100|talk]])
{{otheruses}}
{{redirect6|Wattles|the author|Wallace Wattles|other uses|Wattle}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Acacia''
| image = Acacia greggii thorns.jpg
| image_width = 275px
| image_caption = <center>''[[Acacia greggii]]''</center>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Mimosoideae]]
| tribus = Acacieae
| genus = '''''Acacia'''''
| genus_authority = [[Gerrit Smith Miller|Miller]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
About 1,300; see [[List of Acacia species]]
}}
'''''Acacia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s belonging to the [[subfamily]] [[Mimosoideae]] of the family [[Fabaceae]], first described in [[Africa]] by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[botanist]] [[Carolus Linnaeus]] in 1773.
Acacias are also known as '''thorntrees''' or '''wattles''', including the '''yellow-fever acacia''' and '''umbrella acacias'''.
There are roughly 1300 [[species]] of ''Acacia'' worldwide, about 960 of them native to [[Australia]], with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres, including Africa, southern [[Asia]], and the [[Americas]].
== Classification ==
[[Image:Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]</center>'']]
[[Image:Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle.jpg|thumb|left|150px|<center>''[[Acacia pycnantha]]''</center>]]
The genus ''Acacia'' is apparently not [[monophyletic]]. This discovery has led to the breaking up of ''Acacia'' into five new genera as discussed in [[list of Acacia species]].
In common parlance the term "acacia" is occasionally misapplied to species of the genus ''[[Robinia]]'', which also belongs in the [[pea]] family. ''[[Robinia pseudoacacia]]'', an American species locally known as '''Black locust''', is sometimes called "false acacia" in [[cultivation]] in the [[United Kingdom]].
== Geography ==
[[Image:Acacia smallii 2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|<center>''[[Acacia smallii]]''</center>]]
[[Image:Acacia melanoxylon2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<center>''[[Acacia retinodes]]''</center>]]
The southernmost species in the genus are ''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (Silver Wattle), ''[[Acacia longifolia]]'' (Coast Wattle or Sydney Golden Wattle), ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'' (Black Wattle), and ''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]'' (Blackwood), reaching 43°30' S in [[Tasmania]], Australia, while ''[[Acacia caven]]'' (''Espinillo Negro'') reaches nearly as far south in northeastern [[Chubut Province]] of [[Argentina]]. Australian species are usually called '''wattles''', while African and American species tend to be known as '''acacias'''.
''[[Acacia albida]]'', ''[[Acacia tortilis]]'' and ''Acacia iraqensis'' can be found growing wild in the [[Sinai peninsula|Sinai]] desert and the [[Jordan River|Jordan]] valley. It is found in the savanna vegetation of the tropical continental climate.
== Description ==
[[Image:Acacia dealbata.jpg||thumb|right|150px|<center>''[[Acacia dealbata]]''</center>]]
The leaves of acacias are compound pinnate in general. In some species, however, more especially in the Australian and [[Pacific islands]] species, the leaflets are suppressed, and the leaf-stalks ('''[[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s''') become vertically flattened, and serve the purpose of leaves. These are known as '''[[phyllode]]s'''. The vertical orientation of the phyllodes protects them from intense sunlight, as with their edges towards the sky and earth they do not intercept light so fully as horizontally placed leaves. A few species (such as ''[[Acacia glaucoptera]]'') lack leaves or phyllodes altogether, but possess instead '''[[cladode]]s''', modified leaf-like [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] stems functioning as leaves.
The small [[flower]]s have five very small petals, almost hidden by the long [[stamens]], and are arranged in dense globular or cylindrical clusters; they are yellow or cream-colored in most species, whitish in some, even purple (''Acacia purpureapetala'') or red (''[[Acacia leprosa]]'' '''Scarlet Blaze''').
The plants often bear spines, especially those species growing in arid regions. These sometimes represent branches which have become short, hard and pungent, or sometimes leaf-[[stipule]]s. ''[[Acacia armata]]'' is the Kangaroo-thorn of Australia and ''[[Acacia erioloba]]'' is the Camelthorn of Africa.
==Symbiosis==
[[Image:Acacia collinsii3.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<center>''Acacia collinsii'' Thorns</center>]]
In the [[Central American]] ''[[Acacia sphaerocephala]]'', ''[[Acacia cornigera]]'', and ''[[Acacia collinsii]]'' (collectively known as the ''bullthorn acacias''), the large thorn-like stipules are hollow and afford shelter for [[ant]]s, which feed on a secretion of sap on the leaf-stalk and small, [[lipid]]-rich food-bodies at the tips of the leaflets called Beltian bodies; in return they add protection to the plant against [[herbivores]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n6996/abs/nature02703.html
|title=Evolutionary change from induced to constitutive expression of an indirect plant resistance : Abstract : Nature
|publisher=www.nature.com
|accessdate=2008-04-20
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Some species of ants will also fight off competing plants around the acacia, cutting off the offending plant's leaves with their jaws and ultimately killing it, while other ant species will do nothing to benefit their host.
== Pests ==
[[Image:Acacia_Negev.JPG|thumb|right|150px|<center>Acacia tree near the end of its range in the [[Negev]] Desert of southern [[Israel]].]]
In Australia, ''Acacia'' species are sometimes used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of [[Hepialidae|hepialid]] [[moth]]s of the [[genus]] ''[[Aenetus]]'' including ''A. ligniveren''. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Other [[Lepidoptera]] larvae which have been recorded feeding on ''Acacia'' include [[Brown-tail]], ''[[Endoclita|Endoclita malabaricus]]'' and [[Turnip Moth]]. The leaf-mining larvae of some [[Bucculatricidae|bucculatricid]] [[moth]]s also feed on ''Acacia'': ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix agilis]]'' feeds exclusively on ''[[Acacia horrida]]'' and ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix flexuosa]]'' feeds exclusively on ''[[Acacia nilotica]]''.
Acacias contain a number of [[organic compound]]s that defend them from pests and grazing animals.<ref name="chem">[http://uvalde.tamu.edu/pdf/chemtdaf.pdf Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas]</ref>
== Uses ==
=== Food uses ===
[[Acacia seed]]s are often used for food and a variety of other products.
In [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]], the feathery shoots of ''Acacia pennata'' (common name ''cha-om'', ชะอม and ''su pout ywet'' in Burmese) are used in [[soup]]s, [[curry|curries]], [[omelette]]s, and [[stir fry|stir-fries]].
[[Honey]] made by [[bee]]s using the acacia flower as [[Forage (honeybee)|forage]] is considered a delicacy, appreciated for its mild flowery taste, soft running texture and [[glass]]-like appearance. Acacia honey is one of the few honeys which does not crystalize.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://seggiano.co.uk/products/10honey/honey.html
|title=Seggiano Honeys
|publisher=www.seggiano.co.uk
|accessdate=2008-05-05
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
Acacia is listed as an ingredient in [[Fresca]], a [[citrus]] [[soft drink]], and [[Barq's|Barq's]] [[root beer]], as well as in [[Läkerol]] [[pastille]] [[candy|candies]], [[Altoids]] [[breath mint|mints]], and [[Wrigley's]] Eclipse [[chewing gum]].
===Gum===
Various species of acacia yield gum. True [[gum arabic]] is the product of ''[[Acacia senegal]]'', abundant in dry tropical West Africa from [[Senegal]] to northern [[Nigeria]].
''[[Acacia arabica]]'' is the gum-Arabic tree of [[India]], but yields a gum inferior to the true gum-Arabic.
[[Image:Acacia covenyi02.jpg||thumb|left|150px|<center>''[[Acacia covenyi]]''</center>]]
===Medicinal uses===
Many Acacia species have important uses in traditional medicine. Most all of the uses have been shown to have a scientific basis, since chemical compounds found in the various species have medicinal effects.
In [[Ayurvedic medicine]], ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' is considered a remedy that is helpful for treating [[premature ejaculation]].
A 19th century Ethiopian medical text describes a potion made from an Ethiopian species of Acacia (known as ''grar'') mixed with the root of the ''tacha'', then boiled, as a cure for [[rabies]].<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia'' (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1990), p. 97</ref>
An [[astringent]] medicine, called '''[[catechu]]''' or '''cutch''', is procured from several species, but more especially from ''[[Acacia catechu]]'', by boiling down the wood and evaporating the solution so as to get an extract.<ref>[http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/usdisp/uncaria-gamb.html An OCR'd version of the US Dispensatory by Remington and Wood, 1918.]</ref>
===Ornamental uses===
A few species are widely grown as ornamentals in [[garden]]s; the most popular perhaps is ''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (Silver Wattle), with its attractive glaucous to silvery leaves and bright yellow flowers; it is erroneously known as "mimosa" in some areas where it is cultivated, through confusion with the related genus ''[[Mimosa]]''.
Another ornamental acacia is ''[[Acacia xanthophloea]]'' (Fever Tree).
Southern European florists use ''Acacia baileyana'', ''Acacia dealbata'', ''Acacia pycnantha'' and ''Acacia retinodes'' as cut flowers and the common name there for them is '''mimosa'''.<ref>[http://www.worldwidewattle.com/schools/uses.php World Wide Wattle]</ref>
Ornamental species of acacia are also used by homeowners and [[landscape architect]]s for [[home security]] purposes.<ref>[http://www.homesecurityguru.com/acacia Acacia], an article from [http://www.homesecurityguru.com Home Security Guru]</ref><ref>[http://www.homesecurityguru.com/yard-protection-your-first-line-of-defense Yard Protection: Your First Line of Defense], an article from [http://www.homesecurityguru.com Home Security Guru]</ref> The sharp thorns of some species deter unauthorized persons from entering private properties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. The aesthetic characteristics of acacia plants, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a considerable alternative to artificial [[fence]]s and [[wall]]s.
===Paints===
The ancient Egyptians used Acacia in paints.<ref>[http://www.amazon.ca/dp/product-description/0609803670 Excerpt from A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Fifth Edition (Paperback) Amazon.com]</ref>
===Perfume===
[[Image:Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg|thumb|left|150px|''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'']]
''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'' is used in the [[perfume]] industry due to its strong fragrance. The use of Acacia as a fragrance dates back centuries. In The [[Bible]], burning of acacia wood as a form of [[incense]] is mentioned several times.
===Symbolism and ritual===
The Acacia is used as a symbol in [[Freemasonry]], to represent purity and endurance of the [[soul]], and as funerary symbolism signifying resurrection and immortality.
Several parts (mainly bark, root and resin) of Acacia are used to make [[incense]] for rituals. Acacia is used in incense mainly in India, Nepal, Tibet and China. Smoke from Acacia bark is thought to keep [[demon]]s and [[ghost]]s away and to put the gods in a good mood. Roots and resin from Acacia are combined with [[rhododendron]], [[acorus]], [[cytisus]], [[salvia]] and some other components of incense. Both people and elephants like an alcoholic beverage made from acacia fruit.<ref name="fachforum" />
According to Easton's Bible Dictionary, the Acacia tree may be the “burning bush” (Exodus 3:2) which Moses encountered in the desert.<ref>[http://eastonsbibledictionary.com/b/bush.htm Easton's Bible Dictionary: Bush]</ref>
===Tannin===
[[Image:Bottle of tannic acid.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A bottle of [[tannic acid]].]]
The bark of various Australian species, known as '''wattles''', is very rich in [[tannin]] and forms an important article of export; important species include ''[[Acacia pycnantha]]'' (Golden Wattle), ''[[Acacia decurrens]]'' (Tan Wattle), ''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (Silver Wattle) and ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'' (Black Wattle).
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" style="background:white"
|+ Tannin Content of Various Acacia Species
|-
|width="175pt"|
|width="100pt"|<center>'''Bark'''</center>
|width="100pt"|<center>'''Dried Leaves'''</center>
|width="100pt"|<center>'''Seed Pods'''</center>
|-
|'''Species'''||<center>'''Tannins [%]'''</center>||<center>'''Tannins [%]'''</center>||<center>'''Tannins [%]'''</center>
|-
|''[[Acacia albida]]'' || <center>2-28%<ref name="purdue">[http://index.cc.purdue.edu:8765/cs.html?charset=iso-8859-1&url=http%3A//www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/pdf/Acacia_albida.pdf&qt=%2Bsite%3Awww.hort.purdue.edu+%7C%7C+%2Burl%3Anewcrop%2C+%2Bacacia&col=pumerge&n=1&la=en Purdue University]</ref></center> || ||<center>5-13%<ref name="purdue">.</ref></center>
|-
|''[[Acacia cavenia]]'' || || ||<center>32%<ref name="gb">[http://books.google.com/books?id=CfDcl2m-6BMC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=%22acacia+longifolia%22+uses&source=web&ots=EkNk6Oa_ip&sig=QcXMyBrLsTSqmA1MLErlSFY-s_w#PPA8,M1 Google Books] ''Select Extra-tropical Plants Readily Eligible for Industrial Culture Or Naturalization'' By Ferdinand von Mueller</ref></center>
|-
|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' || <center>19.1%<ref name="pfaf">[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Acacia+dealbata Plants for a Future Database]</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''[[Acacia decurrens]]'' || <center> 37-40%<ref name="pfaf">[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Acacia+decurrens Plants for a Future Database]</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''[[Acacia farnesiana]]'' || || ||<center>23%<ref name="pfaf">[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Acacia+decurrens Plants for a Future Database]</ref></center>
|-
|''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'' || <center>25-35%<ref name="purdue">[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_mearnsii.html Purdue University]</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]'' || <center>20%<ref name="gb">.</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' || <center>18-23%*<ref name="purdue">[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_nilotica.html Purdue University]</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''[[Acacia penninervis]]'' || <center>18%<ref name="gb">.</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''[[Acacia pycnantha]]'' || <center>30-45%<ref name="gb">.</ref></center> || <center>15-16%<ref name="gb">.</ref></center> ||
|-
|''[[Acacia saligna]]'' || <center>21.5%<ref name="pfaf">[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Acacia+saligna Plants for a Future Database]</ref></center> || ||
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Inner bark
<br>
<br>
Black Wattle is grown in plantations in [[South Africa]]. Most Australian acacia species introduced to South Africa have become an enormous problem, due to their naturally aggressive propagation. The pods of ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' (under the name of '''neb-neb'''), and of other African species are also rich in [[tannin]] and used by tanners.
===Wood===
[[Image:Acacia koa wood.jpg||thumb|right|150px|<center>''[[Acacia koa]]'' Wood</center>]]
Most acacia species are used for valuable [[timber]]; such are ''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]'' (Blackwood) from [[Australia]], which attains a great size; its wood is used for [[furniture]], and takes a high polish; and ''Acacia omalophylla'' ('''Myall Wood''', also Australian), which yields a fragrant timber, used for ornamental purposes. ''[[Acacia seyal]]'' is thought to be the [[Shittah-tree]] of the [[Bible]], which supplied shittim-wood. According to the [[Book of Exodus]], this was used in the construction of the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. ''[[Koa|Acacia koa]]'' from the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and ''[[Acacia heterophylla]]'' from [[Réunion]] island are both excellent timber trees.
[[Image:Acacia-heterophylla-wood-xup.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<center>''Acacia heterophylla'' Wood</center>]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" style="background:white"
|+ '''Approximate wood densities of various acacia species'''
|-
|width="175pt"|
|width="100pt"|<center>'''Density'''</center>
|width="100pt"|<center>'''Heartwood Density'''</center>
|width="100pt"|<center>'''Sapwood Density'''</center>
|-
|'''Species'''||<center>'''[kg/m³]'''</center></center>||<center>'''[kg/m³]'''</center>||<center>'''[kg/m³]'''</center>
|-
|''[[Acacia acuminata]]'' ||<center>1040<ref>[http://www.aussiefantom.com/Wood_Table.htm Aussie Fantom]</ref></center>|| ||
|-
|''Acacia amythethophylla'' || ||<center>1170<ref name="fao-densities">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5360E/v5360e0f.htm The timber properties of Acacia species and their uses]</ref></center> ||
|-
|''[[Acacia catechu]]'' || <center>880<ref name="fao2">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4095E/w4095e0c.htm FAO]</ref></center>|| ||
|-
|''[[Acacia confusa]]'' ||<center>690-750<ref name="fao2">.</ref></center>|| ||
|-
|''[[Acacia erioloba]]'' ||||<center>1230<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center>||
|-
|''Acacia galpinii'' || ||<center>800<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center>||
|-
|''Acacia goetzii'' || || ||<center>1025<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center>
|-
|''[[Acacia karoo]]'' || ||<center>800<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center>||
|-
|''[[Acacia leucophloea]]'' || <center>760<ref name="fao2">.</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''Acacia mellifera subsp. mellifera'' || ||<center>1100<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center>||
|-
|''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' || <center>700<ref name="fao2">.</ref></center> ||<center>1170<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center></center>||
|-
|''[[Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens]]'' || <center>827-945<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center> || ||
|-
|''[[Acacia nilotica subsp. nilotica]]'' || <center>800<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center> ||<center>1170<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center></center>||
|-
|''[[Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' || ||<center>705<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center> ||
|-
|''[[Acacia sieberiana]]'' || ||<center>655<ref name="fao-densities">.</ref></center> ||
|}
<br>
In [[Indonesia]] (mainly in [[Sumatra]]) and in [[Malaysia]] (mainly in [[Sarawak]]) plantations of ''[[Acacia mangium]]'' are being established to supply [[pulpwood]] to the paper industry.
==Phytochemistry of ''Acacia''==
===Alkaloids===
[[Image:Philae Temple Egypt Goddess Isis As Angel Mural Artwork 2004-10-11.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<center>Egyptian goddess Isis</center>]]
As mentioned previously, Acacias contain a number of [[organic compound]]s that defend them from pests and grazing animals.<ref name="chem">[http://uvalde.tamu.edu/pdf/chemtdaf.pdf Chemistry of Acacia's from South Texas]</ref> Many of these compounds are [[psychoactive]] in humans.
The [[alkaloids]] found in Acacias include [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT), [[5-MeO-DMT|5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine]] (5-MeO-DMT) and [[N-methyltryptamine]] (NMT). The plant leaves, stems and/or roots are sometimes made into a brew together with some [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor|MAOI]]-containing plant and consumed orally for healing, ceremonial or religious uses. [[Egyptian mythology]] has associated the acacia tree with characteristics of the [[tree of life]] (cf. article on the [[Legend of Osiris and Isis]]).
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" style="background:white"
|+ Acacias Known to Contain Psychoactive Alkaloids
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia acuminata]]''</center> || Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of [[tryptamine]] in leaf<ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15928 Lycaeum]</ref>
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia adunca]]''</center> || [[Beta-methyl-phenethylamine|β-methyl-phenethylamine]], 2.4% in leaves<ref name="fitz2" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Alpina mueller.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia alpina]]'' || Active principles in leaf<ref name="shaman">[http://shaman-australis.com.au/shop/index.php?cPath=21_26_72 Shaman Australis]</ref></center>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia aneura blossom.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia aneura]]''</center> || Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth">[http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=47 Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America]</ref> Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.<ref name = "qjnjxk">[http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/03-024.pdf Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06]</ref> Not known if psychoactive ''[[per se]]''.
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia angustissima usgs.png|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia angustissima]]''</center> || β-methyl-phenethylamine<ref name="dict">{{cite book
| last = Glasby
| first = John Stephen
| authorlink =
| title = Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA2&ots=e5Swnj0FN9&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=ph1WfGlPnw5YMc3SReh2P5li2ls
| publisher = [[CRC Press]]
| series =
| year = 1991
| doi =
| pages = 2
| isbn = 0850664233 }}</ref>, NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)<ref>[http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20053115691 English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility.]
Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P.
Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia.
Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia-aroma.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia aroma]]''</center> || Tryptamine alkaloids.<ref>[http://www.maya-ethnobotanicals.com/product_info.phtml/herbid_340/category_ayahuasca Maya Ethnobotanicals]</ref> Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.<ref name="herbarium">[http://herbarium.0-700.pl/Akacje.html Acacia (Polish)]</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Starr 031013 8001 acacia auriculiformis.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia auriculiformis]]''</center> || 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark<ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15931 Lycaeum]</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia baileyana.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Cootamundra wattle|Acacia baileyana]]''
| 0.02% tryptamine and [[carboline|β-carbolines]], in the leaf, [[Tetrahydroharman]]<ref name="shaman">.</ref><ref name="seren">[http://www.serendipity.li/dmt/hoasca.html www.serendipity.com]</ref><ref name="chemotaxonomie" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia beauverdiana]]''</center> || Psychoactive<ref name="bushfood">[http://www.bushfood.net/viewtopic.php?p=3443 www.bushfood.net]</ref> Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]'' || DMT, [[amphetamines]], [[mescaline]], [[nicotine]]<ref>[http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/acacia.htm Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and Natural Amphetamine]</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Koeh-003.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia catechu]]'' || DMT<ref name="sacred">[http://www.sacredelixirs.com/sacredelixirs-talks.htm Sacred Elixirs]</ref> and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acaciacaven29b.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia caven]]''</center> || Tryptamines
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia chundra]]''</center> || DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia colei]]''</center> || DMT<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/stn/q&a/notes/051027-9.htm www.abc.net.au]</ref>
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia complanata]]''</center> || 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of [[tetrahydroharman]], some of tryptamine<ref>[http://users.lycaeum.org/~mulga/acacia/comphy.html Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies]</ref><ref>[http://users.lycaeum.org/~mulga/acacia/entheo.html Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens]</ref><ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15796 Lycaeum]</ref>
|-----
|<center>[[Image:Acacia concinna Blanco2.374.png|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia concinna]]'' || Nicotine<ref>[http://www.sbepl.com/acacia-concinna-shikakai.html SBEPL]</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Starr 050107 2872 acacia confusa.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia confusa]]'' </center> || DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.<ref name="shaman">.</ref> Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine [[N-oxide]]<ref>[http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/mrc.1959 NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa]
Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry
Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia constricta flower.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia constricta]]'' </center> || β-methyl-phenethylamine<ref name="dict" />
|-----
|<center>''[[Acacia coriacea]]''</center> || Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enzyk">Index of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 3855025703 at [http://www.deutschesfachbuch.de/info/detail.php?isbn=3855025703&part=4&word=]</ref><ref name="enth" /> Not known if psychoactive.
|-----
|<center>[[Image:A-cornigera.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia cornigera]]''</center> || Psychoactive,<ref name="enzyk" /> Tryptamines<ref name="fachforum">[http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:XL1yXM2FygQJ:www.naturheilpraxis.de/exclusiv/nh-online/2005/nhp05/a_nh-ff02.html+%22Acacia+farnesiana%22+tryptamine+-wikipedia&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)]</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia cultriformis leaves.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia cultriformis]]''</center> || Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem<ref name="shaman" /> and seeds.<ref name="herbarium" /> Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds<ref name="herbarium" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia cuthbertsonii]]''</center> || Psychoactive<ref name="bushfood" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia delibrata]]''</center> || Psychoactive<ref name="bushfood" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia falcata]]''</center> || Psychoactive,<ref name="bushfood" /> but less than 0.02% alkaloids<ref name="chemotaxonomie">[http://books.google.com/books?id=YpnboQBbw7EC&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&dq=acacia+tryptamine&source=web&ots=0u_bIQPwCN&sig=Q1e_NiyQSMsv0gNT0gMjOrgTseM Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By Robert Hegnauer]</ref>
|-----
|<center>[[Image:Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia farnesiana]]''</center> || Traces of 5-MeO-DMT<ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15965 Lycaeum]</ref> in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.<ref name="drduke2">[http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/plants.html Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases]</ref> Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.<ref name = "qjnjxk"/> Alkaloids are present in the bark<ref>[http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/a/aroma.pdf www.bpi.da.gov.ph]</ref> and leaves.<ref>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_farnesiana.html Purdue University]</ref> Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.<ref name="fachforum" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia filiciana]]''</center> || Added to Pulque, but not known if psychoactive<ref name="enzyk" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia floribunda]]''</center> || Tryptamine, phenethylamine,<ref name="tax">{{cite book
| last = Hegnauer
| first = Robert
| authorlink =
| title = Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=9fDv1RYqIRkC&dq=chemotaxonomie+der+pflanzen&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=kkne5dmPiX&sig=iprrFOkR3ClREUcAyMORs0lGjdY#PPA290,M1
| publisher = Springer
| series =
| year = 1994
| doi =
| pages = 500
| isbn = 3764329793 }}</ref> in flowers<ref name="herbarium" /> other tryptamines,<ref name="bluelight">[http://www.bluelight.ru/vb/showthread.php?t=56090 www.bluelight.ru]</ref> phenethylamines<ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=16001 Lycaeum (Acacia floribunda)]</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia greggii thorns.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia greggii]]''</center></center> || [[N-methyl-β-phenethylamine]],<ref name="dict">.</ref> [[phenethylamine]]<ref name="chem" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia harpophylla]]''</center> || [[Phenethylamine]], [[hordenine]] at a ratio of 2:3 in dried leaves, 0.6% total<ref name="fitz2" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia holoserica]]''</center> || [[Hordenine]], 1.2% in bark<ref name="fitz2" />
|-----
|<center>[[Image:Acacia-horrida.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia horrida]]''</center></center> || Psychoactive<ref name="enzyk" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:A.Implexa.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia implexa]]''</center></center> || Psychoactive<ref>[http://wiki.magiskamolekyler.org/index.php?title=Lista_%c3%b6ver_hallucinogena_v%c3%a4xter,_svampar_och_djur wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)]</ref>
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia jurema]]''</center> || DMT, NMT
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia karroo2.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia karroo]]''</center> || Psychoactive
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia kempeana]]''</center> || Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.<ref name="enzyk" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia kettlewelliae]]''</center> || 1.5<ref name="fitz2">[http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=CH9640160.pdf Fitzgerald, J.S. Alkaloids of the Australian Legumuminosae -- The Occurrence of Phenylethylame Derivatives in Acacia Species, Aust. J . Chem., 1964, 17, 160-2.]</ref>-1.88%<ref>[http://users.lycaeum.org/~mulga/acacia/ketwell.html Acacia kettlewelliae]</ref> alkaloids, 92% consisting of [[phenylethylamine]].<ref name="fitz2" /> 0.9% N-methyl-2-
phenylethylamine found a different time.<ref name="fitz2" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia laeta]]''</center> || DMT, in the leaf<ref name="shaman" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia lingulata]]''</center> || Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.<ref name="enzyk" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia-longifolia-branch.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia longifolia]]''</center> || 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,<ref name="tax" /> 0.2% DMT in plant.<ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15799 Lycaeum Acacia longifolia]</ref> Histamine alkaloids.<ref name="chemotaxonomie" />
|-----
| <center>''Acacia longifolia''</center><center> var. ''sophorae''</center> || Tryptamine in leaves, bark<ref name="herbarium" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia macradenia]]''</center> || Tryptamine<ref name="herbarium" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia maidenii.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia maidenii]]''</center> || 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves<ref name="shaman" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia mangium leaf and pods.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia mangium]]''</center> || Psychoactive<ref name="enzyk" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia melanoxylon branch.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]''</center> || DMT, in the bark and leaf,<ref>[http://extentech.sheetster.com/knowledgebase/wiki_search.jsp?search=acacia extentech.sheetster.com]</ref> but less than 0.02% total alkaloids<ref name="chemotaxonomie" />
|-----
|<center>[[Image:600px-Acacia mellifera 3D-Modell.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia mellifera]]''</center> || DMT, in the leaf<ref name="shaman" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Babool (Acacia nilotica) leaves & spines at Hodal W IMG 1251.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia nilotica]]''</center> || DMT, in the leaf<ref name="shaman" />
|-----
| [[Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens|<center>''Acacia nilotica'' </center><center>subsp. ''adstringens''</center>]] || Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia obtusifolia]]''</center> || Tryptamine,<ref name="bluelight" /> DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,<ref name="magis">[http://wiki.magiskamolekyler.org/Lista_över_hallucinogena_växter,_svampar_och_djur wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)]</ref> 0.4-0.5% in dried bark, 0.07% in branch tips.<ref>[http://users.lycaeum.org/~mulga/acacia/obtuphy.html Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies]</ref>
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia oerfota]]''</center> || Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,<ref>[http://www.drogen-forum.com/wiki/index.php/DMT-haltige_Pflanzen Plants Containing DMT (German)]</ref><ref name="seren" /> NMT
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia penninervis]]''</center> || Psychoactive<ref name="bushfood" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia phlebophylla.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia phlebophylla]]''</center> || 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT<ref name="shaman" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Starr 020911 0004 acacia podalyriifolia.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia podalyriaefolia]]''</center> || Tryptamine in the leaf,<ref name="shaman" /> 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts<ref name="tax" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia polycantha.png|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia polyacantha]]''</center> || DMT in leaf<ref name="shaman" /> and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
|-----
| <center>[[Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha|''Acacia polyacantha''</center><center>ssp. ''campylacantha'']]</center> || Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark<ref>[http://www.hortipedia.org/de/index.php?title=Acacia_campylacantha Hortipedia]</ref>
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia prominens]]''</center> || Phenylethylamine, β-methyl-phenethylamine<ref name="tax" /><ref name="fitz2" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia pruinocarpa]]''</center> || Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" /><ref name="enzyk" /> Not known if psychoactive.
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia pycnantha]]''</center> || Ash used in Pituri,<ref name="enzyk" /> but less than 0.02% total alkaloids.<ref name="chemotaxonomie" /> Not known if psychoactive.
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia melanoxylon2.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia retinodes]]''</center> || DMT, NMT,<ref>[http://www.factorey.ch/Eins.htm Pflanzentabelle APB (German)]</ref> nicotine,<ref name="fachforum" /> but less than 0.02% total alkaloids found<ref name="chemotaxonomie" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia rigidula.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia rigidula]]''</center> || DMT, NMT, tryptamine, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others<ref>[http://wiki.magiskamolekyler.org/Acacia_rigidula Magiska Molekylers wiki]</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia roemeriana 01nsh.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia roemeriana]]''</center> || β-methyl-phenethylamine<ref name="dict" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia-salicina-pod-w-seeds.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia salicina]]''</center> ||Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enzyk"/><ref name="enth" /> Not known if psychoactive.
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia sassa]]''</center> || Psychoactive<ref name="enzyk">.</ref>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia-schaffneri-seed-pods.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia schaffneri]]''</center> || β-methyl-phenethylamine, [[Phenethylamine]]<ref name="chem" /> Amphetamines and mescaline also found.<ref name="fachforum" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia schottii]]''</center> || β-methyl-phenethylamine<ref name="dict" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Koeh-004.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia senegal]]''</center> || Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,<ref name="shaman" /> NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,<ref name="drduke2" /> DMT in bark.<ref name="herbarium"/>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia-seyal-leaves.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia seyal]]''</center> || DMT, in the leaf.<ref name="shaman" /> Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.<ref name = "qjnjxk"/>
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Img00522-A-sieberiana.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia sieberiana]]''</center> || DMT, in the leaf<ref name="shaman" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia simplex.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia simplex]]''</center>
|| DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT<ref>[http://www.factorey.ch/Eins.htm Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie (APB)]</ref><ref name="shaman" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia taxensis]]''</center> || β-methyl-phenethylamine<ref name="dict" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Eat267.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia tortilis]]''</center> || DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines<ref name="magis" />
|-----
| <center>''[[Acacia vestita]]''</center> || Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,<ref name="shaman" /> but less than 0.02% total alkaloids<ref name="chemotaxonomie" />
|-----
| <center>[[Image:Acacia victoriae.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia victoriae]]''</center> || Tryptamines,<ref name="bluelight" /> 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine<ref name="herbarium" />
|}
===== List of acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled:<ref name="chemotaxonomie" /> =====
0% <math>\le</math> C <math>\le</math> 0.02%, C...Concentration of Alkaloids [%]
* ''[[Acacia acinacea]]''
* ''[[Acacia baileyana]]''
* ''[[Acacia decurrens]]''
* ''[[Acacia dealbata]]''
* ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]''
* ''[[Acacia drummondii]]''
* ''[[Acacia elata]]''
* ''[[Acacia falcata]]''
* ''[[Acacia leprosa]]''
* ''[[Acacia linearis]]''
* ''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]''
* ''[[Acacia pycnantha]]''
* ''[[Acacia retinodes]]''
* ''[[Acacia saligna]]''
* ''[[Acacia stricta]]''
* ''[[Acacia verticillata]]''
* ''[[Acacia vestita]]''
===Cyanogenic glycosides===
Nineteen different species of Acacia in the Americas contain [[glycoside|cyanogenic glycoside]]s, which, if exposed to an [[enzyme]] which specifically splits glycosides, can release [[hydrogen cyanide]] (HCN) in the acacia "leaves."<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4909%2819871209%2932%3A4%3C499%3ACGIAOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Cyanogenic Glycosides in Ant-Acacias of Mexico and Central America David S. Seigler, John E. Ebinger The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec. 9, 1987), pp. 499-503 doi:10.2307/3671484]</ref> This sometimes results in the poisoning death of [[livestock]].
If fresh plant material spontaneously produces 200 ppm or more HCN, then it is potentially toxic. This corresponds to about 7.5 μmol HCN per gram of fresh plant material. It turns out that, if acacia "leaves" lack the specific glycoside-splitting enzyme, then they may be less toxic than otherwise, even those containing significant quantities of cyanic glycosides.<ref name="chemotaxonomie" />
Some Acacia species containing cyanogens:
* ''[[Acacia erioloba]]''
* ''Acacia cunninghamii''
* ''Acacia obtusifolia''
* ''Acacia sieberiana''
* ''Acacia sieberiana'' var. ''woodii''<ref name="juliflora">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad317e/AD317E05.htm FAO Kamal M. Ibrahim, The current state of knowledge on Prosopis juliflora...]</ref>
== Species ==
There are over 1,300 species of Acacia. See [[List of Acacia species]] for a more complete listing.
==Famous acacia==
Perhaps the most famous acacia is the [[Arbre du Ténéré]] in [[Niger]]. The reason for the tree's fame is that it used to be the most isolated tree in the world, approximately 400 km from any other tree. The tree was knocked down by a truck driver in 1973.
==Identification gallery==
===Flowers===
<gallery>
Image:Acacia aneura blossom.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia aneura]]''</center>
Image:Koeh-003.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia catechu]]''</center>
Image:Acacia baileyana.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia baileyana]]''</center>
Image:Acacia berlandieri branch.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]''</center>
Image:Acacia confusa-01.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia confusa]]''</center>
Image:Acacia constricta flower.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia constricta]]'', [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], USA''</center>
Image:Acacia covenyi02.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia covenyi]]''</center>
Image:Acacia dealbata-1.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia dealbata]]''</center>
Image:Acacia denticulosa.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia denticulosa]]''</center>
Image:Acacia_drummodii_fg01.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia drummodii]]''</center>
Image:Akazie Blüte PA060002 .JPG|<center>''[[Acacia erioloba]]'' [[Sossusvlei]], [[Namibia]]</center>
Image:Acacia fimbriata 02.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia fimbriata]]'' [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]], [[Canberra]]</center>
Image:Acacia heterophylla (flowers) 2.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia heterophylla]]''</center>
Image:Acacia_longifolia_fg01.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia longifolia]]''</center>
Image:Acacia melanoxylon branch.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]'' [[Nazaré]], [[Portugal]]</center>
Image:Acacia saligna(04).jpg|<center>''[[Acacia saligna]]'' Side, [[Turkey]]</center>
Image:Acacia schinoides.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia schinoides]]'' Australian National Botanic Gardens</center>
Image:Acacia tetragonophylla.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia tetragonophylla]]'' [[Geelong Botanic Gardens]], Victoria, Australia</center>
</gallery>
===Bark===
<gallery>
Image:Acacia-aneura-bark3.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia aneura]]'' Bark</center>
Image:Starr 031013 0028 acacia auriculiformis.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia auriculiformis]]''</center> <center>Bark</center>
Image:Acacia-berlandieri-bark.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]'' Bark</center>
Image:Acacia collinsii1.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia collinsii]]'' Bark</center>
Image:Starr 050107 2872 acacia confusa.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia confusa]]'' Bark, Hawaii, USA</center>
Image:Yellow Mimosa.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia dealbata]]''</center>
Image:Acacia-decurrens2.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia decurrens]]''</center>
Image:Akazie_Blüte_PA060002_.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia erioloba]]''</center>
Image:Acacia-estrophiolata-bark2.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia estrophiolata]]''</center><center>Bark</center>
Image:Acacia-greggii-bark.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia greggii]]'' Bark</center>
Image:Acacia heterophylla 7.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia heterophylla]]''</center><center>Bark</center>
</gallery>
===Foliage===
<gallery>
Image:Koeh-003.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia catechu]]''</center>
Image:Acacia collinsii4.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia collinsii]]'' Foliage
Image:Acacia concinna Blanco2.374.png|<center>''[[Acacia concinna]]'' Foliage</center>
Image:Acacia denticulosa.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia denticulosa]]'' Foliage
Image:Acacia karroo1.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia karroo]]'' Foliage
Image:Acacia leprosa1.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia leprosa]]'' Foliage
</gallery>
===Seed pods===
<gallery>
Image:Acacia aneura pods.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia aneura]]''</center>
Image:Koeh-003.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia catechu]]''</center>
Image:Starr 061224 2814 acacia confusa.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia confusa]]''</center>
Image:Acacia constricta pods.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia constricta]]''</center>
Image:Acacia dealbata fruto.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia dealbata]]''
Image:Acacia heterophylla (1).JPG|<center>''[[Acacia heterophylla]]''
Image:Acacia verticillata1.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]''
</gallery>
===Seeds===
<gallery>
Image:Acacia baileyana seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia baileyana]]''</center>
Image:Acacia berlandieri seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]''</center>
Image:Acacia confusa seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia confusa]]''</center>
Image:Acacia constricta seeds.jpg |<center>''[[Acacia constricta]]''</center>
Image:Acacia cyclops seeds.jpg |<center>''[[Acacia cyclops]]''</center>
Image:Acacia dealbata seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia dealbata]]''</center>
Image:Acde 001 lhp.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia decurrens]]''</center>
Image:Acfa 002 lhp.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia farnesiana]]''</center>
Image:Acacia greggii seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia greggii]]''</center>
Image:Acacia longifolia seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia longifolia]]''</center>
Image:Acacia mearnsii seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia mearnsii]]''</center>
Image:Acme 001 lhp.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]''</center>
Image:Acacia pycnantha seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia pycnantha]]''</center>
Image:Acacia rigidula seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia rigidula]]''</center>
Image:Acacia tortuosa seeds.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia tortuosa]]''</center>
</gallery>
===Thorns===
<gallery>
Image:Koeh-003.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia catechu]]''</center>
Image:Acacia collinsii0.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia collinsii]]''
Image:A-cornigera.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia cornigera]]''
Image:Acacia-horrida.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia horrida]]''
Image:Acacia-smallii-thorns.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia farnesiana var. farnesiana]]''
</gallery>
===Tree===
<gallery>
Image:Mulga.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia aneura]]''</center>
Image:Acacia-berlandieri-habit.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]''</center>
Image:Starr 050107 2872 acacia confusa.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia confusa]]''</center>
Image:Acacia constricta WPC.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia constricta]]''</center>
Image:Acacia dealbata1.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia dealbata]]''</center>
Image:Acacia heterophylla 1.JPG|<center>''[[Acacia heterophylla]]''</center>
Image:Acacia koa.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia koa]]''</center>
Image:Acacia leprosa2.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia leprosa]]''</center>
</gallery>
===Wood===
<gallery>
Image:Acacia koa wood.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia koa]]''</center>
Image:PlateauxTamarin2.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia heterophylla]]''</center>
Image:Acacia-schaffneri-wood.jpg|<center>''[[Acacia schaffneri]]''</center>
</gallery>
== See also ==
*[[List of Acacia species]]
*[[Plant defense against herbivory]]
*[[Psychedelic plants]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
== General references ==
* Clement, B.A., Goff, C.M., Forbes, T.D.A. Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acacia rigidula, Phytochem. 1998, 49(5), 1377.
* Shulgin, Alexander and Ann, [[TiHKAL]] the Continuation. Transform Press, 1997. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9
== External links ==
{{wikispecies|Acacia}}
{{Commons|Acacia}}
* [http://www.worldwidewattle.com/ World Wide Wattle]
* [http://www.acacia-world.net/ Acacia-world]
* [http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plaug99.htm Wayne's Word] on "The Unforgettable Acacias"
* [http://mulga.yage.net/acacia/ The genus Acacia and Entheogenic Tryptamines, with reference to Australian and related species, by mulga]
* [http://www.bookofherbs.com/a/Acacia_ruggs.htm A description of Acacia from Pomet's 1709 reference book, History of Druggs]
* [http://www.serendipity.li/dmt/hoasca.html www.serendipity.com]
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ Dr. Duke's] Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
* [http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/id_tool/acacia.html#Keys Flora identification tools from the State Herbarium of South Australia]
* [http://www.biochemj.org/bj/078/0834/0780834.pdf Tannins in Some Interrelated Wattles]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/b98_list?genus=Acacia&species= List of Acacia Species in the U.S.]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5360E/v5360e0f.htm FAO Timber Properties of Various Acacia Species]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad317e/AD317E05.htm FAO Comparison of Various Acacia Species as Forage]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WH9-486G4DH-7&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0155a9a40dec519a35129d4db00cb0ff Long-term effects of roller chopping] on antiherbivore defenses in three shrub species, Jason R. Schindlera, Timothy E. Fulbright
* [http://www.afip.org/vetpath/WSC/wsc98/98wsc21.htm Vet. Path. ResultsAFIP Wednesday Slide Conference - No. 21 February 24, 1999]
* [http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Browse_in_Africa/Chapter33.htm Acacia cyanophylla lindl as supplementary feed/for small stock in Libya]
* [http://www.smallstock.info/research/reports/R5732/NR08UE/B1701_2.HTM Description of Acacia Morphology]
* [http://www.aciar.gov.au/web.nsf/att/JFRN-6BN9EE/$file/mn115part2.pdf Nitrogen Fixaton in Acacias]
* [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4909%2819871209%2932%3A4%3C499%3ACGIAOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Acacias with Cyagenic Compounds]
*[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717361.200-antelope-activate-the-acacias-alarm-system-.html Acacia Alarm System]
[[Category:Acacia| ]]
[[ar:طلح]]
[[gn:Chiváto guasu]]
[[bg:Акация]]
[[ca:Acàcia]]
[[cy:Acesia]]
[[da:Akacie]]
[[de:Akazien]]
[[et:Akaatsia]]
[[el:Ακακία]]
[[es:Acacia]]
[[eo:Akacio]]
[[fr:Acacia]]
[[gl:Acacia]]
[[ko:아카시아속]]
[[hr:Akacija]]
[[it:Acacia]]
[[he:שיטה]]
[[pam:Acacia]]
[[ka:აკაცია]]
[[la:Acacia]]
[[lt:Akacija]]
[[hu:Akácia]]
[[nl:Acacia]]
[[ja:アカシア]]
[[pl:Akacja]]
[[pt:Acácia]]
[[ro:Acacia]]
[[ru:Акация]]
[[sr:Акација]]
[[fi:Akasiat]]
[[sv:Akacior]]
[[tl:Akasya]]
[[te:తుమ్మ]]
[[vi:Chi Keo]]
[[tr:Akasya]]
[[uk:Акація]]
[[wa:Acacia]]
[[zh:金合欢]]