Acanthaceae 81911 223383101 2008-07-03T21:01:15Z Kyle the bot 3115531 robot Adding: [[hsb:Akantusowe rostliny]] {{Taxobox | name = Acanthaceae | image = Odontonema flwrs.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Flowers of ''Odontonema cuspidatum'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = '''Acanthaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] | type_genus = ''[[Acanthus (genus)|Acanthus]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]] | subdivision = See text. }} The family '''Acanthaceae''' (or '''Acanthus family''') is a taxon of [[dicotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are [[tropical]] [[herb]]s, shrubs, or twining vines; some are [[epiphytes]]. Only a few species are distributed in [[temperate]] regions. The four main centres of distribution are [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], [[Africa]], [[Brasil]] and [[Central America]]. The representatives of the family can be found in nearly every [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]], including dense or open [[forests]], in [[Scrubland|scrublands]], on wet fields and valleys, at the sea coast and in marine areas, and in [[swamps]] and as an element of [[mangrove]] woods. [[Image:Starr 021122 0083 justicia aurea.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Justicia aurea]]'']] Plants in this family have simple, opposite, decussate [[leaf|leaves]] with entire (or sometimes toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without stipules. The leaves may contain cystoliths, or calcium carbonate concretions, seen as streaks on the surface. The [[flower]]s are perfect, zygomorphic to nearly actinomorphic, these arranged in an [[inflorescence]] that is either a [[raceme|spike]], [[raceme]], or cyme. Typically there is a colorful bract subtending each flower; in some species the bract is large and showy. The calyx is usually 4-5 lobed; the corolla tubular, 2-lipped or 5-lobed; [[stamen]]s either 2 or 4 arranged in pairs and inserted on the corolla; and the [[carpel|ovary]] superior, 2-carpellate, with axile placentation. The [[fruit]] is a two-celled [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], dehiscing somewhat explosively. In most species, the [[seed]]s are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified ''funiculus'' called a ''jaculator'') that ejects them from the capsule. A species well-known to temperate gardeners is ''[[Acanthus (genus)|Acanthus]] mollis'' or Bear's breeches, a herbaceous perennial plant with big leaves and flower spikes up to 2 m tall. Tropical genera familiar to gardeners include ''[[Thunbergia]]'' and ''[[Justicia]]''. ''[[Avicennia]]'', usually placed in [[Verbenaceae]] or in its own family, [[Avicenniaceae]], is included in Acanthaceae by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies that show it to be associated with this family. ==Selected genera== There are 246 accepted genera according to [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] (GRIN). {| |- valign=top | * ''[[Acanthopale]]'' C.B.Clarke * ''[[Acanthopsis]]'' Harv. * ''[[Acanthostelma]]'' Bidgood & Brummitt * ''[[Acanthura]]'' Lindau * ''[[Acanthus (genus)|Acanthus]]'' L. (Bear's Breech) * ''[[Achyrocalyx]]'' Benoist * ''[[Adhatoda]]'' Mill. (sometimes included in ''Justicia'') * ''[[Afrofittonia]]'' Lindau * ''[[Ambongia]]'' Benoist * ''[[Ancistranthus]]'' Lindau (Desert Honeysuckle) * ''[[Ancistrostylis]]'' T.Yamaz. * ''[[Andrographis]]'' Wall. ex Nees (False Waterwillow) * ''[[Angkalanthus]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Anisacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Anisosepalum]]'' E.Hossain * ''[[Anisostachya]]'' Nees (sometimes included in ''Justicia'') * ''[[Anisotes]]'' Nees * ''[[Anomacanthus]]'' R.D.Good * ''[[Apassalus]]'' Kobuski * ''[[Aphanosperma]]'' T.F.Daniel * ''[[Aphelandra]]'' R.Br. * ''[[Aphelandrella]]'' Mildbr. * ''[[Ascotheca]]'' Heine * ''[[Asystasia]]'' Blume * ''[[Asystasiella]]'' Lindau * ''[[Avicennia]]'' * ''[[Ballochia]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Barleria]]'' L. (Bush violets) * ''[[Barleriola]]'' Oerst. * ''[[Benoicanthus]]'' Heine & A.Raynal * ''[[Blechum]]'' P. Browne * ''[[Blepharis]]'' Juss. * ''[[Borneacanthus]]'' Bremek. * ''[[Boutonia]]'' DC. * ''[[Brachystephanus]]'' Nees * ''[[Bravaisia]]'' DC. * ''[[Brillantaisia]]'' P.Beauv. * ''[[Calacanthus]]'' T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook. f. * ''[[Calophanoides]]'' (C.B.Clarke) Ridl. (sometimes included in ''Justicia'') * ''[[Calycacanthus]]'' K. Schum. * ''[[Camarotea]]'' Scott-Elliot * ''[[Carlowrightia]]'' A.Gray (Wrightwort) * ''[[Celrina (genus)|Celerina]]'' Benoist * ''[[Cephalacanthus]]'' Lindau * ''[[Chaetacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Chalarothyrsus]]'' Lindau * ''[[Chamaeranthemum]]'' Nees * ''[[Championella]]'' Bremek. * ''[[Chileranthemum]]'' Oerst. * ''[[Chlamydacanthus]]'' Lindau (sometimes included in ''Theileamea'') * ''[[Chlamydocardia]]'' Lindau * ''[[Chlamydostachya]]'' Mildbr. * ''[[Chroesthes]]'' Benoist * ''[[Clinacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Clistax]]'' Mart. * ''[[Codonacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Conocalyx]]'' Benoist * ''[[Corymbostachys]]'' Lindau * ''[[Cosmianthemum]]'' Bremek. * ''[[Crabbea]]'' Harv. * ''[[Crossandra]]'' Salisb. * ''[[Crossandrella]]'' C.B.Clarke * ''[[Cyclacanthus]]'' S.Moore * ''[[Cylindrosolenium]]'' Lindau * ''[[Cyphacanthus]]'' Leonard * ''[[Dactylostegium]]'' Nees (sometimes included in ''Dicliptera'') * ''[[Danguya]]'' Benoist * ''[[Dasytropis]]'' Urb. * ''[[Dichazothece]]'' Lindau * ''[[Dicladanthera]]'' F. Muell. * ''[[Dicliptera]]'' Juss. (Foldwing) * ''[[Didyplosandra]]'' Wight ex Bremek. * ''[[Dipteracanthus]]'' Nees (sometimes included in ''Ruellia'') * ''[[Dischistocalyx]]'' T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook.f. * ''[[Dolichostachys]]'' Benoist * ''[[Drejera]]'' Nees * ''[[Drejerella]]'' Lindau (sometimes included in ''Justicia'') * ''[[Duosperma]]'' Dayton * ''[[Dyschoriste]]'' Nees (Snakeherb) * ''[[Ecbolium]]'' Kurz * ''[[Echinacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Elytraria]]'' Michx. (Scalystem) * ''[[Encephalosphaera]]'' Lindau * ''[[Epiclastopelma]]'' Lindau * ''[[Eranthemum]]'' L. * ''[[Eremomastax]]'' Lindau * ''[[Eusiphon]]'' Benoist * ''[[Filetia]]'' Miq. * ''[[Fittonia]]'' Coem. * ''[[Forcipella]]'' Baill. * ''[[Forsythiopsis]]'' Baker (sometimes included in ''Oplonia'') * ''[[Geissomeria]]'' Lindl. * ''[[Glossochilus]]'' Nees * ''[[Golaea]]'' Chiov. * ''[[Graphandra]]'' J.B.Imlay * ''[[Graptophyllum]]'' Nees * ''[[Gymnophragma]]'' Lindau * ''[[Gymnostachyum]]'' Nees * ''[[Gynocraterium]]'' Bremek. * ''[[Gypsacanthus]]'' E.J.Lott et al. * ''[[Haplanthodes]]'' Kuntze * ''[[Harpochilus]]'' Nees * ''[[Hemiadelphis]]'' Nees * ''[[Hemigraphis]]'' Nees (sometimes included in ''Strobilanthes'') * ''[[Henrya]]'' Nees * ''[[Herpetacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Heteradelphia]]'' Lindau * ''[[Holographis]]'' Nees * ''[[Hoverdenia]]'' Nees * ''[[Hulemacanthus]]'' S.Moore * ''[[Hygrophila]]'' R.Br. (Swampweed) * ''[[Hypoestes]]'' Sol. ex R.Br. * ''[[Ionacanthus]]'' Benoist * ''[[Isoglossa]]'' Oerst. * ''[[Isotheca]]'' Turrill * ''[[Jadunia]]'' Lindau * ''[[Juruasia]]'' Lindau * ''[[Justicia]]'' L. (Justica, Water-willow, Shrimp plant) * ''[[Kalbreyeriella]]'' Lindau * ''[[Kosmosiphon]]'' Lindau * ''[[Kudoacanthus]]'' Hosok. * ''[[Lankesteria]]'' Lindl. * ''[[Lasiocladus]]'' Bojer ex Nees * ''[[Leandriella]]'' Benoist | * ''[[Lepidagathis]]'' Willd. * ''[[Leptostachya]]'' Nees * ''[[Liberatia]]'' Rizzini (sometimes included in ''Lophostachys'') * ''[[Linariantha]]'' B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. * ''[[Lophostachys]]'' Pohl * ''[[Louteridium]]'' S.Watson * ''[[Lychniothyrsus]]'' Lindau * ''[[Marcania]]'' J.B.Imlay * ''[[Megalochlamys]]'' Lindau * ''[[Megalostoma]]'' Leonard * ''[[Megaskepasma]]'' Lindau * ''[[Melittacanthus]]'' S.Moore * ''[[Mellera]]'' S. Moore * ''[[Mendoncia]]'' Vand. * ''[[Metarungia]]'' Baden * ''[[Mexacanthus]]'' T.F.Daniel * ''[[Meyenia]]'' Nees * ''[[Mimulopsis]]'' Schweinf. * ''[[Mirandea]]'' Rzed. * ''[[Monechma]]'' Hochst. (sometimes included in ''Justicia'') * ''[[Monothecium]]'' Hochst. * ''[[Morsacanthus]]'' Rizzini * ''[[Nelsonia]]'' R.Br. * ''[[Neohallia]]'' Hemsl. * ''[[Neriacanthus]]'' Benth. * ''[[Neuracanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Odontonema]]'' Nees (Toothedthread) * ''[[Ophiorrhiziphyllon]]'' Kurz * ''[[Oplonia]]'' Raf. * ''[[Oreacanthus]]'' Benth. * ''[[Orophochilus]]'' Lindau * ''[[Pachystachys]]'' Nees * ''[[Pelecostemon]]'' Leonard * ''[[Pentstemonacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Perenideboles]]'' Ram. (Goyena) * ''[[Pericalypta]]'' Benoist * ''[[Periestes]]'' Baill. * ''[[Peristrophe]]'' Nees * ''[[Petalidium]]'' Nees * ''[[Phaulopsis]]'' Willd. * ''[[Phialacanthus]]'' Benth. * ''[[Phidiasia]]'' Urb. * ''[[Phlogacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Physacanthus]]'' Benth. * ''[[Podorungia]]'' Baill. * ''[[Poikilacanthus]]'' Lindau * ''[[Polylychnis]]'' Bremek. * ''[[Populina (genus)|Populina]]'' Baill. * ''[[Pranceacanthus]]'' Wassh. * ''[[Pseuderanthemum]]'' Radlk. * ''[[Pseudocalyx]]'' Radlk. * ''[[Pseudodicliptera]]'' Benoist * ''[[Pseudoruellia]]'' Benoist * ''[[Psilanthele]]'' Lindau * ''[[Ptyssiglottis]]'' T.Anderson * ''[[Pulchranthus]]'' V.M.Baum et al. * ''[[Pupilla]]'' Rizzini (sometimes included in ''Justicia'') * ''[[Razisea]]'' Oerst.<!-- Biotropica 23:98 34:68 --> * ''[[Rhinacanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Rhombochlamys]]'' Lindau * ''[[Ritonia]]'' Benoist * ''[[Rostellularia]]'' Rchb. (sometimes included in ''Justicia'') * ''[[Ruellia]]'' L. (Wild Petunia) * ''[[Ruelliopsis]]'' C.B.Clarke * ''[[Rungia]]'' Nees * ''[[Ruspolia]]'' Lindau * ''[[Ruttya]]'' Harv. * ''[[Saintpauliopsis]]'' Staner (sometimes included in ''Staurogyne'') * ''[[Salpinctium]]'' T.J.Edwards * ''[[Salpixantha]]'' Hook. * ''[[Samuelssonia]]'' Urb. & Ekman * ''[[Sanchezia]]'' Ruiz & Pav. * ''[[Santapaua]]'' N.P.Balakr. & Subr. (sometimes included in ''Hygrophila'') * ''[[Sapphoa]]'' Urb. * ''[[Satanocrater]]'' Schweinf. * ''[[Sautiera]]'' Decne. * ''[[Schaueria]]'' Nees * ''[[Schwabea]]'' Endl. & Fenzl * ''[[Sclerochiton]]'' Harv. * ''[[Sebastiano-schaueria]]'' Nees * ''[[Sericospora]]'' Nees * ''[[Siphonoglossa]]'' Oerst. (Tubetongue) * ''[[Spathacanthus]]'' Baill. * ''[[Sphacanthus]]'' Benoist * ''[[Sphinctacanthus]]'' Benth. * ''[[Spirostigma]]'' Nees * ''[[Standleyacanthus]]'' Leonard * ''[[Staurogyne]]'' Wall. * ''[[Steirosanchezia]]'' Lindau * ''[[Stenandriopsis]]'' S. Moore * ''[[Stenandrium]]'' Nees (Shaggytuft) * ''[[Stenostephanus]]'' Nees * ''[[Streblacanthus]]'' Kuntze * ''[[Streptosiphon]]'' Mildbr. * ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' Blume * ''[[Strobilanthopsis]]'' S.Moore * ''[[Styasasia]]'' S.Moore * ''[[Suessenguthia]]'' Merxm. * ''[[Synchoriste]]'' Baill. * ''[[Taeniandra]]'' Bremek. * ''[[Tarphochlamys]]'' Bremek. * ''[[Teliostachya]]'' Nees * ''[[Tessmanniacanthus]]'' Mildbr. * ''[[Tetramerium]]'' Nees * ''[[Theileamea]]'' Baill. * ''[[Thomandersia]]'' Baill. also placed within its own family [[Thomandersiaceae]] by Wortley ''et al.'' 2007 <ref>{{cite journal| last = Wortley, A.H.| first = Harris, D.J. & Scotland, R.W. | title = On the Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Position of Thomandersia.| journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 32| issue = 2| year = 2007| pages = 415–444| doi=10.1600/036364407781179716}}</ref> * ''[[Thunbergia]]'' Retz. * ''[[Thysanostigma]]'' J.B.Imlay * ''[[Tremacanthus]]'' S. Moore * ''[[Triaenanthus]]'' Nees * ''[[Trichanthera]]'' Kunth * ''[[Trichaulax]]'' Vollesen * ''[[Trichocalyx]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Trichosanchezia]]'' Mildbr. * ''[[Ulleria]]'' Bremek. (sometimes included in ''Ruellia'') * ''[[Vavara]]'' Benoist * ''[[Vindasia]]'' Benoist * ''[[Warpuria]]'' Stapf * ''[[Whitfieldia]]'' Hook. * ''[[Xantheranthemum]]'' Lindau * ''[[Xerothamnella]]'' C.T.White * ''[[Yeatesia]]'' Small (Bractspike) * ''[[Zygoruellia]]'' Baill. |} ==Photo Gallery== <gallery> Image:Acanthaceae_leaf.jpg|Leaf of the Acanthaceae "Nerve Plant", ''Fittonia verschaffeltii'' Image:Starr 011104 0065 asystasia gangetica.jpg|Chinese Violet (''[[Asystasia gangetica]]'') Image:Peristrophe speciosa1.jpg|''Peristrophe speciosa'' Image:2006_08_14_Hypoestes_Phyllostachya.jpg | ([[Polka Dot]] Plant) ''[[Hypoestes]] Phyllostachya'' </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite journal| author=Schwarzbach, Andrea E. and McDade, Lucinda A.|title= Phylogenetic relationships of the mangrove family ''Avicenniaceae'' based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences|journal= Systematic Botany|volume= 27|pages=84&ndash;98|year=2002}} ==External links== *[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/acanthac.htm Acanthaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. *[http://tolweb.org/Acanthaceae/20878 Tree of Life Acanthaceae] [[Category:Acanthaceae]] [[Category:Lamiales]] [[Category:Plant families]] [[ca:Acantàcia]] [[da:Akantus-familien]] [[de:Akanthusgewächse]] [[es:Acanthaceae]] [[fr:Acanthaceae]] [[hsb:Akantusowe rostliny]] [[it:Acanthaceae]] [[lt:Akantiniai]] [[nl:Acanthaceae]] [[ja:キツネノマゴ科]] [[nn:Acanthaceae]] [[pl:Akantowate]] [[pt:Acanthaceae]] [[ru:Акантовые]] [[sv:Akantusväxter]] [[vi:Họ Ô rô]] [[tr:Ayıpençesigiller]] [[zh:爵床科]]