Acoustic phonetics 585173 222926252 2008-07-01T19:44:12Z Klow 1711676 /* See also */ '''Acoustic phonetics''' is a subfield of [[phonetics]] which deals with [[acoustics|acoustic]] aspects of [[Manner of articulation|speech]] [[sounds]]. Acoustic phonetics investigates properties like the mean squared [[amplitude]] of a [[waveform]], its duration, its [[fundamental frequency]], or other properties of its [[frequency spectrum]], and the relationship of these properties to other branches of phonetics (e.g. [[articulatory phonetics|articulatory]] or [[auditory phonetics]]), and to abstract linguistic concepts like [[phone]]s, phrases, or utterances. The study of acoustic phonetics was greatly enhanced in the late 19th century by the invention of the [[Thomas Edison|Edison]] [[phonograph]]. The phonograph allowed the speech signal to be recorded and then later processed and analyzed. By replaying the same speech signal from the phonograph several times, filtering it each time with a different [[band-pass filter]], a [[spectrogram]] of the speech utterance could be built up. A series of papers by [[Ludimar Hermann]] published in [[Pflüger's Archiv]] in the last two decades of the 19th century investigated the spectral properties of vowels and consonants using the Edison phonograph, and it was in these papers that the term ''[[formant]]'' was first introduced. Hermann also played back vowel recordings made with the Edison phonograph at different speeds in an effort to distinguish between [[Wilfrid Willis|Willis']] and [[Sir Charles Wheatstone|Wheatstone's]] theories of vowel production. Further advances in acoustic phonetics were made possible by the development of the [[telephone]] industry. (Incidentally, [[Alexander Graham Bell]]'s father, [[Alexander Melville Bell]], was a phonetician.) During [[World War II]], work at the [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Laboratories]] (which invented the [[spectrograph]]) greatly facilitated the systematic study of the spectral properties of [[periodicity|periodic]] and aperiodic speech sounds, vocal tract [[resonance]]s and vowel [[formant]]s, [[voice quality]], [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], etc. On a theoretical level, acoustic phonetics really took off when it became clear that speech acoustic could be modeled in a way analogous to [[electrical circuits]]. [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]] was among the first to recognize that the new electric theory could be used in acoustics, but it was not until 1941 that the circuit model was effectively used, in a book by Chiba and Kajiyama called "The Vowel: Its Nature and Structure". (Interestingly, this book by Japanese authors working in Japan was published in English at the height of World War II.) In 1952, [[Roman Jakobson]], [[Gunnar Fant]], and [[Morris Halle]] wrote "Preliminaries to Speech Analysis", a seminal work tying acoustic phonetics and phonological theory together. This little book was followed in 1960 by Fant "Acoustic Theory of Speech Production", which has remained the major theoretical foundation for speech acoustic research in both the academy and industry. (Fant was himself very involved in the telephone industry.) Other important framers of the field include [[Kenneth N. Stevens]], [[Osamu Fujimura]], and [[Peter Ladefoged]]. ==See also== * [[List of phonetics topics]] * [[Human voice]] * [http://www.ling.lu.se/research/speechtutorial/tutorial.html Speech Analysis Tutorial] ==Bibliography== * Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5. * Johnson, Keith (2003). ''Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics (Illustrated)''. 2nd edition by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-4051-0122-9 (hardback: alkaline paper); ISBN 1-4051-0123-7 (paperback: alkaline paper). * Ladefoged, Peter (1996). ''Elements of Acoustic Phonetics'' (2nd ed.). The University of Chicago Press, Ltd. London. ISBN 0-226-46763-5 (cloth); ISBN 0-226-46764-3 (paper). * Stevens, Kenneth (2000). ''Acoustic Phonetics (Current Studies in Linguistics)''. The MIT Press, New Ed edition, ISBN 0-262-69250-3. * Fant, Gunnar. (1960). ''Acoustic theory of speech production, with calculations based on X-ray studies of Russian articulations''. Description and analysis of contemporary standard Russian (No. 2). s'Gravenhage: Mouton. (2nd ed. published in 1970). * Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). ''The handbook of phonetic sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-18848-7. * Hermann, L. (1890) "Phonophotographische Untersuchungen". Pflüger's Archiv. f. d. ges Physiol. LXXIV. * Jakobson, Roman; Fant, Gunnar; & Halle, Morris. (1952). ''Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates''. MIT acoustics laboratory technical report (No. 13). Cambridge, MA: MIT. * Flanagan, James L. (1972). ''Speech analysis, synthesis, and perception'' (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-05561-4. * Kent, Raymond D.; & Read, Charles. (1992). ''The acoustic analysis of speech''. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group. ISBN 1-879105-43-8. * Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). ''The handbook of speech perception''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22927-2. * Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT. ISBN 0-262-19404-X. * Stevens, Kenneth N. (2002). Toward a model for lexical access based on acoustic landmarks and distinctive features. ''The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America'', ''111'' (4), 1872-1891. [[Category:Phonetics]] [[de:Akustische Phonetik]] [[fr:Phonétique acoustique]] [[ko:음향 음성학]] [[it:Fonetica acustica]]