Acrylamide 56239 226046412 2008-07-16T16:16:57Z Williampfeifer 1176060 Minor spelling fix {{Chembox new | ImageFileL1 = Acrylamide-2D-skeletal.png | ImageSize = 100px | ImageFileR1 = Acrylamide-3D-balls.png | ImageSizeR1 = 120px | ImageFile2 = Acrylamide-3D-vdW.png | ImageSize2 = 150px | IUPACName = prop-2-enamide | OtherNames = | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 79-06-1 | shumbachumba = | SMILES = C=CC(=O)N }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO | MolarMass = 71.08 g/mol | Appearance = | Density = 1.13 g/cm³ | MeltingPt = 84.5 °C | BoilingPt = - | Boiling_notes = [[polymerization]] | Solubility = 204 g/100 ml (25 °C) }} | Section3={{Chembox Hazards | EUClass=Toxic ('''T''')<br/>{{Carc2}}<br/>{{Muta2}}<br/>{{Repr3}} | EUIndex=616-003-00-0 | NFPA-H=3 | NFPA-F=2 | NFPA-R=2 | RPhrases={{R45}}, {{R46}}, {{R20/21}},<br/>{{R25}}, {{R36/38}}, {{R43}},<br/>{{R48/23/24/25}}, {{R62}} | SPhrases={{S53}}, {{S45}} | FlashPt=138 °C | Autoignition=424 °C}} }} The [[chemical compound]] '''acrylamide''' (acrylic [[amide]]) has the [[chemical formula]] [[Carbon|C]]<sub>3</sub>[[Hydrogen|H]]<sub>5</sub>[[Nitrogen|N]][[Oxygen|O]]. Its [[IUPAC]] name is '''2-propenamide'''. It is a white odourless [[crystalline]] solid, soluble in [[water (molecule)|water]], [[ethanol]], [[diethyl ether|ether]] and [[chloroform]]. Acrylamide is incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, iron and iron salts. It decomposes non-thermally to form [[ammonia]] and thermal decomposition produces [[carbon monoxide]], [[carbon dioxide]] and oxides of [[nitrogen]].<br> Most acrylamide is used to synthesize [[polyacrylamide]]s which find many uses as water-soluble [[thickener]]s. These include use in [[wastewater]] treatment, [[gel electrophoresis]] ([[SDS-PAGE]]), [[papermaking]], [[ore]] processing, and the manufacture of [[permanent press]] fabrics. Some acrylamide is used in the manufacture of [[dye]]s and the manufacture of other [[monomers]]. Acrylamide was accidentally discovered in foods in April 2002 by scientists in Sweden when they found large amounts of the chemical in [[starch]]y foods, such as [[potato chip]]s, [[French fried potatoes|French fries]] and bread that had been heated (production of acrylamide in the heating process was shown to be temperature-dependent).<ref name=tareke>{{cite journal | author = Tareke E, Rydberg P. ''et al''. | title = Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs | journal = J. Agric. Food. Chem. | volume = 50 | issue = 17 | pages = 4998-5006 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12166997}}</ref> It was not found in food that had been boiled<ref name="tareke"/><ref>Food Standards Agency, Acrylamide: your questions answered [http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/acrylamide_branch/acrylamide_study_faq/] Retrieved on [[2008-01-01]]</ref> nor in foods that were not heated.<ref name="tareke"/> ==Laboratory Use== Polyacrylamide was first used in a laboratory setting in the early [[1950s]]. In 1959 two independent groups published papers; [http://www.pipeline.com/~lenornst/DiscElectrophoresis.html Davis and Ornstein], and [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/3377/711 Raymond and Weintraub]) on the use of [[SDS-PAGE|polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]] to separate charged [[molecules]]<ref name=Davis>{{cite journal | author = Reynolds S, Weintraub L. | title = Acrylamide Gel as a Supporting Medium for Zone Electrophoresis | journal = Science | volume = 130 | issue = 3377 | pages = 711 | year = 1959 | id = PMID 14436634}}</ref>. Unfortunately, the Davis publication is no longer available online, although references to it can be found in numerous successive papers. The technique is widely accepted today, and is still an extremely common [[Protocol (natural sciences)|protocol]] in [[molecular biology]] labs. Acrylamide also has many other uses in the modern molecular biology laboratory, including the use of [[linear polyacrylamide]] (LPA) as a [[Carrier (DNA)|carrier]] which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of [[DNA]]. Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA as a commercial product for just this use. <ref>Linear Polyacrylamide as a commercially sold DNA carrier.[http://www.biocompare.com/itemdetails.asp?itemid=349470]</ref> ==Prepared Foods== Acrylamide levels appear to rise as food is heated for longer periods of time. Though researchers are still unsure of the precise mechanisms by which acrylamide forms in foods, many believe it is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction. In [[frying|fried]] or [[baking|baked]] goods, acrylamide may be produced by the reaction between [[asparagine]] and [[reducing sugar]]s ([[fructose]], [[glucose]], etc.) or reactive [[carbonyl]]s at temperatures above 120<sup>o</sup>C.<ref name=mottram>{{cite journal | author = Mottram DS, Wedzicha BL. and Dodson AT. | title = Acrylamide is formed in the Maillard reaction | journal = Nature | volume = 419 | issue = 6906 | pages = 448-449 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12368844}}</ref><ref>Chemistry World, Acrylamide cancer link confirmed [http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/December/05120703.asp] Retrieved on [[2008-01-01]]</ref> A study by the USFDA proposed a mechanism that involves asparagine which, when heated in the presence of glucose, forms acrylamide. Based on current stage of knowledge, acrylamide is a natural byproduct that forms when certain carbohydrate-rich foods are fried, baked, or roasted at high temperatures above 120°. Acrylamide can cause cancer in laboratory animals at high doses, although it is not clear whether it causes cancer in humans at the much lower levels found in food. <ref>[http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FY578 Acrylamide in Foods: A Review and Update]</ref> === Raw, Dried, and Pickled Foods=== Acrylamide in [[olive]]s, prunes, and dried pears <ref>[http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/070920-acrylamid/index_EN Acrylamide in dried Fruits]</ref> develops through another process. It has been suggested that environmental pathways, such as the breakdown of the [[herbicide]] [[glyphosate]] (Roundup), are sources too. ===Tobacco=== [[tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is also a major acrylamide source.<ref>[ http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/2471 Assessment of the Relation between Biomarkers for Smoking and Biomarkers for Acrylamide Exposure in Humans]</ref> ===Beverages=== Estimates for the proportion of acrylamide in adults’ diet coming from the consumption of [[coffee]] range from twenty to forty percent; [[plum|prune]] juice has a high concentration of acrylamide, though adults consume it in far smaller quantities.<ref>[http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/presentations/acry2004/acry_2004_dinovihoward.pdf page 17 Top Eight Foods by Acrylamide Per Portion]</ref> === Cooking Methods that Affect Acrylamide Production=== Acrylamide cannot be created by boiling, and very few uncooked foods contain any detectable amounts. [[Maillard reaction|Browning]] during [[baking]], [[frying]] or [[deep-frying]] will produce acrylamide and over-cooking foods may produce large amounts of acrylamide. Acrylamides can also be created during [[microwaving]]. The [[FDA]] has analyzed a variety of U.S. food products for levels of acrylamide since 2002, these results can be found [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/acrydata.html here]. ==Reduction of acrylamide formation== The Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries in the EU [http://www.ciaa.be/asp/index.asp (CIAA)] has published a number of brochures to help people reduce the amount of acrylamide formed in their food. They offer a general acrylamide [http://www.ciaa.be/asp/documents/brochures_form.asp?doc_id=41 “toolbox”] as well as publications specific to reducing the acrylamide in [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/biscuits-EN-final.pdf biscuits, crackers & crispbreads], [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/bread-EN-final.pdf bread products], [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/cereals-EN-final.pdf breakfast cereals], [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/crisps-EN-final.pdf potato crisps (chips)], and [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/french%20fries-EN-final.pdf French fries]. === Storage === In the case of potatoes for instance the storage temperature should not drop below 8°C. When the temperature is as low as 4°C the [[fructose]] content rises sharply, so that the acrylamide formation during baking or deep-frying will be higher. === Raw Material=== New varieties of [[potatoes]] are being bred that produce less or no acrylamide. ===Production methods=== In many cases it is advisable to lower the maximum temperature during baking. Also new production methods such as [[Vacuum fryer|vacuum frying]] may lower the acrylamide formation. When [[silicone]] is used as a foam inhibitor in deep-frying [[fat]]s in the [[food industry]] the acrylamide content is doubled. === Recipe formulation=== [[Asparaginase]], a naturally-occurring enzyme, can be added to bread or potato mixtures to reduce formation of acrylamide during cooking. <ref>{{cite conference | last = KORNBRUST | first = B. A. | coauthors = Stringer, M. A., Hendriksen, H. V. | title = Enzymatic reduction of acrylamide formation using asparaginase from Aspergillus oryzae | booktitle = World Grains Summit: Foods and Beverages | date = September 17-20, 2006 | location = San Francisco, California USA | url = http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2006/abstracts/o-94.htm }} </ref> == Published articles on the potential health risks to humans== === Inhaled, absorbed or ingested acrylamide=== There is evidence that exposure to large doses can cause damage to the male [[reproductive]] [[gland]]s. Direct exposure to pure acrylamide by inhalation, skin absorption, or eye contact irritates the exposed [[mucous membranes]], e.g. the [[nose]], and can also cause [[sweating]], [[urinary incontinence]], [[nausea]], [[myalgia]], [[speech disorder]]s, [[numbness]], [[paresthesia]], and weakened legs and hands. In addition, the acrylamide monomer is a potent [[neurotoxin]], causing the disassembly or rearrangement of [[intermediate filament]]s.<ref name="kuperman">{{cite journal | author = Kuperman AS. | title = Effects of acrylamide on the central nervous system of the cat | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 123 | issue = 3 | pages = 182-192 | year = 1958 | id = PMID 13564393}}</ref><ref>Alberts, Lewis, Johnson, Raff, Roberts, and Walter ,''Molecular Biology of the Cell'', 4th Edition, Routledge, March, 2002, ISBN 0-8153-3218-1</ref> Ingested acrylamide is metabolised to a chemically reactive [[epoxide]], [[glycidamide]].<ref>Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, Sixty-fourth meeting, Rome, 8-17 February 2005, Summary and conclusions. [http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/summaries/summary_report_64_final.pdf] Retrieved on [[2008-01-01]]</ref> ===British Journal of Cancer=== In 2003, the British Journal of Cancer published an article titled [http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v88/n1/abs/6600726a.html;jsessionid=31631C9FC1A840221144DD1ECDC2EBE0 “Dietary acrylamide and cancer of the large bowel, kidney, and bladder: Absence of an association in a population-based study in Sweden.”] The article was based on a study lead by L A Mucci that reanalysed a population-based Swedish case-control study encompassing cases with cancer of the large bowel, bladder and kidney, and 538 healthy controls. Researchers assessed the impact of dietary acrylamide “by linking extensive food frequency data with acrylamide levels in certain food items recorded by the Swedish National Food Administration. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, adjusting for potential confounders.” Dr. Mucci’s group “found consistently a lack of an excess risk, or any convincing trend, of cancer of the bowel, bladder, or kidney in high consumers of 14 different food items with a high (range 300-1200 mug kg-1) or moderate (range 30-299 mug kg-1) acrylamide content.” Dr. Mucci’s group was surprised by one finding, writing “Unexpectedly, an inverse trend was found for large bowel cancer (P for trend 0.01) with a 40% reduced risk in the highest compared to lowest quartile.” Sounding a note of cautious optimism, the article concludes “We found reassuring evidence that dietary exposure to acrylamide in amounts typically ingested by Swedish adults in certain foods has no measurable impact on risk of three major types of cancer. It should be noted, however, that relation of risk to the acrylamide content of all foods could not be studied.” <ref>[http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v88/n1/abs/6600726a.html;jsessionid=31631C9FC1A840221144DD1ECDC2EBE0 “Dietary acrylamide and cancer of the large bowel, kidney, and bladder: Absence of an association in a population-based study in Sweden.”]</ref> ===Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention=== A number of studies pertaining to acrylamide have appeared in various issues of Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Two of the more germane are [http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/2304“A Prospective Study of Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Endometrial, Ovarian, and Breast Cancer”] and [http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/266 “Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide in Humans after Ingestion of a Defined Dose in a Test Meal to Improve Risk Assessment for Acrylamide Carcinogenicity.”] The first study was lead by Dr. Janneke G. Hogervorst and included 62,573 women, aged 55-69 years. The acrylamide intake of subcohort members and cases was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was based on chemical analysis of all relevant Dutch foods. Subgroup analyses were done for never-smokers to eliminate the influence of smoking; an important source of acrylamide. After 11.3 years of follow-up, the researchers observed 327, 300, and 1,835 cases of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer, respectively. Hogervorst’s group concluded that his subjects faced “increased risks of postmenopausal endometrial and ovarian cancer with increasing dietary acrylamide intake, particularly among never-smokers. Risk of breast cancer was not associated with acrylamide intake.” <ref>[http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/2304) “A Prospective Study of Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Endometrial, Ovarian, and Breast Cancer”]</ref> The second study was lead by Dr. Uwe Fuhr and sought to evaluate the how much of the acrylamide humans eat is absorbed into the body. The study consisted of six young healthy volunteers consuming a meal containing 0.94 mg of acrylamide and then providing urine was for up to 72 hours thereafter. Fuhr’s group concluded that “most of the acrylamide ingested with food is absorbed in humans.” <ref>[http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/266 “Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide in Humans after Ingestion of a Defined Dose in a Test Meal to Improve Risk Assessment for Acrylamide Carcinogenicity”]</ref> === Heat-generated Food Toxicants (HEATOX) === The Heat-generated Food Toxicants ([http://www.slv.se/default.aspx?id=1379&epslanguage=EN-GB HEATOX]) Project was a “multidisciplinary research project involving 24 partners in 14 countries.” It ran from late 2003 to early 2007. Its objectives were to “estimate health risks that may be associated with hazardous compounds in heat-treated food [; and] find cooking/processing methods which minimise the amounts of these compounds, thereby providing safe, nutritious and high-quality food-stuffs.”<ref>http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/D62_final_project_leaflet_.pdf</ref> Its final report is located [http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/Heatox_Final%20_report.pdf here]. Unlike more academic studies, HEATOX sought also to provide consumers with advice on how to lower their intake of acrylamide. The group recommends that “National authorities highlight the following: '''Potatoes low in sugar''' <ul> <li>Low sugar potato varieties</li> <li>Maintenance of suitable storage temperature during the supply chain</li> <li>Low sugar levels in prefabricated potato products for domestic frying. </li> </ul> '''Best frying temperature''' <ul> <li>Frying temperature in the range 145 to 170°C for deep frying potatoes. </li> <li>Clear and accurate cooking instruction on the package of pre-fried products. </li> <li>Clear and accurate instruction for fryers for domestic use. </li> </ul> '''Golden, not brown!''' <ul> <li>French fries and roast potatoes cooked to a golden-yellow rather than golden-brown colour. </li> <li>Bread toasted to the lightest colour acceptable. </li> </ul> <ref>http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/D62_final_project_leaflet_.pdf</ref> ===International Journal of Cancer=== In March, 2003, the International Journal of Cancer published an article with the forthright title [http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ijc.11118 “Fried potatoes and human cancer.”] The article reported on a study conducted between 1991 – 2000 in Italy and Switzerland that analyzed the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, larynx, large bowel, breast and ovaries. It was lead by Claudio Pelucchi whose team found “reassuring evidence for the lack of an important association between consumption of fried/baked potatoes and cancer risk.”<ref> [http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ijc.11118 “Fried potatoes and human cancer”]</ref> More recently, in January, 2008, one of the HEATOX members published [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/medline/pmid;18183576?FIRSTINDEX=850&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=850&resourcetype=HWCIT “Acrylamide exposure and incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study.”] The article addresses a study lead by Dr. PT Olesen of the National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark. The abstract to the study states “So far, epidemiological studies have not shown any association between human cancer risk and dietary exposure to acrylamide. The purpose of this study was to conduct a nested case control study within a prospective cohort study on the association between breast cancer and exposure to acrylamide using biomarkers.” The study found that “[a]fter adjustment for smoking behavior. . . a positive association was seen between acrylamide-hemoglobin levels and estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. . . . A weak association between glycidamide hemoglobin levels and incidence of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer was also found, this association, however, entirely disappeared when acrylamide and glycidamide hemoglobin levels were mutually adjusted.” <ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/medline/pmid;18183576?FIRSTINDEX=850&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=850&resourcetype=HWCIT “Acrylamide exposure and incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study.”]</ref> ===Journal of the American Medical Association=== The March 15, 2005 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) contained an article titled [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/11/1326 “Acrylamide Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Swedish Women,”] written by Lorelei A. Mucci, ScD, MPH. The study cohort consisted of 43,404 Swedish women in the Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort. The women’s greatest single source of acrylamide was from coffee (54% of intake), fried potatoes (12% of intake), and crisp bread (9% of intake). The study concluded “Compared with the lowest quintile of acrylamide intake, there was no significantly increased risk of breast cancer in the higher quintiles and no evidence of a linear dose response. For quintile 5 compared with quintile 1, the relative risk was 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.55). Furthermore, there was no association between breast cancer risk and higher intake of any specific foods including coffee, fried potatoes, and crisp bread.” <ref>[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/11/1326 “Acrylamide Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Swedish Women,”]</ref> ===World Health Organization=== The World Health Organization WHO has set up a [http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/chemicals/acrylamide/en/ clearinghouse] for information about acrylamide that includes database of researchers/data providers; References for research published elsewhere; Information updates about the current status of research efforts; and updates on information relevant to the health risk of acrylamide in food. One question the site’s FAQ addresses is whether there can be an acceptable level of acrylamide in food. The WHO states that “Acrylamide belongs to the group of chemicals thought to have no reliably identifiable ‘threshold’ of effects, meaning that very low concentrations will also result in very low risks, but not in zero risk: some risk is always present when the chemical is ingested. However, for these carcinogens, risk is thought to increase with increasing exposure. Very low risks (even of cancer), such as those that are less than one in one million, are considered to be acceptable to some consumers. To others this is unacceptable. The important pre-requisite for any decision is, however a clear picture of the nature and level of the risk, as well as the potential for lowering this level. This clear picture does not exist for acrylamide at present.” <ref>http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/acrylamide_faqs/en/index1.html</ref> ==Safe levels of Acrylamide== In June of 2002, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a report about the health implications of acrylamide in food. After study, the Consultation concluded that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for acrylamide neuropathy is 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day and the NOAEL for fertility changes is four times higher than for peripheral neuropathy. The study continued, “On the basis of current knowledge, controlling for peripheral neuropathy is expected to control for effects on fertility. The estimated average chronic human dietary intake is in the order of 1 μg/kg body weight/day. This provides a margin between exposure and the NOAEL of 500.” <ref>[http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/en/acrylamide_summary.pdf FAO/WHO Consultation on the Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food; Geneva, 25-27 June 2002, Summary Report]</ref> Hence, a woman weighing 132 pounds (about 60 kg) could safely consume 30mg of acrylamide daily; a man weighing 180 pounds (about 82 kg), about 41 mg; a child weighing 40 pounds (about 18 kg), 9 mg. <ref>for these and all other unit conversions, see [http://www.convertworld.com/en/weight/Kilogram.html this])</ref> Referring to the chart below for the amount of acrylamide in foods, in a single day, the child can eat 13 KG (28 pounds) of French fried potatoes, the woman can drink 86 KG (23 gallons) of prune juice, and the man can eat 29 KG (63 pounds) of oven baked potatoes and each of them will have ingested less than 50 percent of the NOAEL of acrylamide. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Food ! AA Concentration (μg/kg) ! Portion Size (g) ! AA (μg) per Portion |- | French Fries (OB) | 697.8 | 70 | 48.8 |- | Prune Juice | 174 | 140 | 24.4 |- | French Fries (RF) | 333.7 | 70 | 23.3 |- | Postum | 93 | 240 | 22.3 |- | Potato Chips | 545.9 | 30 | 16.4 |- | Canned Black Olives | 550 | 15 | 8.2 |- | Breakfast Cereal | 131 | 55 | 7.3 |- | Brewed Coffee | 8.5 | 240 | 3.2 |} (adapted from [http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/presentations/acry2004/acry_2004_dinovihoward.pdf Table: Top Eight Foods by Acrylamide Per Portion], page 17) ==Public awareness== On April 24, 2002, the Swedish National Food Administration ([[Livsmedelsverket]]) announced that acrylamide can be found in [[baking|baked]] and [[frying|fried]] starchy [[food]]s, such as [[potato chips]], [[bread]]s and [[cookie]]s. Concern was raised mainly because of the [[carcinogen]]ic effects of acrylamide. This was followed by a strong but short-lived interest from the press. On [[2005-08-26]], [[California]] [[attorney general]] [[Bill Lockyer]] filed a lawsuit against top makers of [[french fries]] and [[potato chips]] to warn consumers of the potential risk from consuming acrylamide.<ref>Office of the attorney general, State of California, Department of justice [http://ag.ca.gov/newsalerts/release.php?id=1207] Retrieved on [[2008-01-01]]</ref> In 2007, more than 100 articles were written about acrylamide, according to Nexis and Factiva, including pieces in the LA Times<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-me-kfc25apr25,0,683258.story ] </ref>, the Boston Globe <ref>[http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/fitness/articles/2007/09/24/does_a_chemical_formed_in_cooking_french_fries_really_cause_cancer/ ] </ref>, the Guardian<ref>[http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/food/story/0,,2221538,00.html ]</ref>, and the Wall Street Journal, among others. Of these articles, nearly half appeared in November and December, when people were frying potatoes for latkes, and roasting pigs and turkeys (and probably drinking prune juice). ==See also== *[[Acrydite]]- research on this compound casts light on Acrylamide *[[Deep-frying]]<!--hyphenated!--> *[[Deep fryer]]<!--no hyphen!--> *[[Vacuum fryer]]<!--no hyphen!--> ==References== <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags and the tag below --> {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{ICSC|0091|00}} *{{PGCH|0012}} *{{INRS|title=Acrylamide|number=119|year=1992}} *[[IARC]] Monograph "[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol60/volume60.pdf Acrylamide.]" * [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/5.html National Pollutant Inventory - Acrylamide] * [http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/chemicals/acrylamide/en/ World Health Organization] * [http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/dw_contamfs/acrylami.html Environmental Protection Agency]'Acrylamide and Food' * [http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/iris/recordisplay.cfm?deid=187729 EPA releases a Toxicological Review of Acrylamide (External Review Draft) for public comment - 01/2008] * [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press01282003.html Harvard School of Public Health press release; baked and fried food does not increase risk of certain cancers in humans] * [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press03152005.html Harvard School of Public Health press release; no breast cancer risks from acrylamide via food] * [http://www.acrylamide-food.org/ Acrylamide Infonet] * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8122-1740864,00.html Girls who eat chips more likely to get breast cancer] * [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/business/21chips.html California Wants to Serve a Warning With Fries] * [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110559266/ABSTRACT Prospective study of dietary acrylamide and risk of colorectal cancer among women] * [http://www.konsumentverket.se/html-sidor/livsmedelsverket/enginformationakryl.htm Report about acrylamide in food and cancer risks] * [http://www.foodrisk.org/hazard/chemical/contaminants/acrylamide/index.cfm Information about Acrylamide from www.foodrisk.org] * [http://www.crime.co.nz/c-files.asp?ID=46 Court case about a suspected acrylamide poisoning] * [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/acryfaq.html Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (cfsan.fda.gov) FAQ] [[Category:Amides]] [[Category:Hazardous air pollutants]] [[Category:IARC Group 2A carcinogens]] [[Category:Monomers]] [[ar:اكريلاميد]] [[da:Akrylamid]] [[de:Acrylamid]] [[es:Acrilamida]] [[fr:Acrylamide]] [[it:Acrilammide]] [[nl:Acrylamide]] [[ja:アクリルアミド]] [[no:Akrylamid]] [[pl:Akrylamid]] [[pt:Acrilamida]] [[sv:Akrylamid]] [[th:อะคริลาไมด์]] [[zh:丙烯酰胺]]