Actinobacteria
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{{Taxobox | name = Actinobacteria
| image =Actinomyces_israelii.jpg
| image_caption = [[Scanning electron micrograph]] of ''Actinomyces israelii''.
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = '''Actinobacteria'''
| phylum_authority = [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] | date = 1974
| classis = '''Actinobacteria'''
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses/Orders
| subdivision =
*Acidimicrobidae
**Acidimicrobiales
*:<small>Contains one genus ''[[Acidimicrobium]]''</small>
*[[Actinobacteridae]]
**[[Actinomycetales]]
**[[Bifidobacteriales]]
*Coriobacteridae
**Coriobacterales
*:<small>Contains one family ''[[Coriobacteriaceae]]''</small>
*Rubrobacteridae
**Rubrobacterales
*:<small>Contains one genus ''[[Rubrobacter]]''</small>
*Sphaerobacteridae
**Sphaerobacterales
*:<small>Contains one genus ''[[Sphaerobacter]]''</small>
}}
'''Actinobacteria''' or '''actinomycetes''' are a group of [[Gram-positive]] [[bacterium|bacteria]] with high [[G+C ratio]]. They include some of the most common [[soil life]], playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as [[cellulose]] and [[chitin]] and thereby playing a vital part in organic matter turnover and [[carbon cycle]]. This replenishes the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of [[humus]] formation. Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few [[pathogen]]s, such as ''[[Mycobacterium]]'', ''[[Corynebacterium]]'', ''[[Nocardia]]'', ''[[Rhodococcus]]'' and a few species of ''[[Streptomyces]]''.
Actinobacteria are well known as [[secondary metabolite]] producers and hence of high pharmacological and commercial interest. In [[1940]] [[Selman Waksman]] discovered that the soil [[bacteria]] he was studying made [[actinomycin]], a discovery which granted him a [[Nobel Prize]]. Since then hundreds of naturally occurring [[antibiotics]] have been discovered in these terrestrial [[microorganism]]s, especially from the genus ''[[Streptomyces]]''.
Genomes of 44 different strains of Actinobacteria from different genera are either already sequenced or underway right now.
Some Actinobacteria form branching filaments, which somewhat resemble the [[mycelium|mycelia]] of the unrelated [[fungus|fungi]], among which they were originally classified under the older name Actinomycetes. Most members are [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]], but a few, such as ''Actinomyces israelii'', can grow under anaerobic conditions. Unlike the [[Firmicutes]], the other main group of Gram-positive bacteria, they have DNA with a high [[GC-content]] and some Actinomycetes species produce external [[spore]]s.
Representative genera include:
* ''[[Actinomyces]]''
* ''[[Arthrobacter]]''
* ''[[Corynebacterium]]''
* ''[[Frankia]]''
* ''[[Micrococcus]]''
* ''[[Micromonospora]]''
* ''[[Mycobacterium]]''
* ''[[Nocardia]]''
* ''[[Propionibacterium acnes|Propionibacterium]]''
* ''[[Streptomyces]]''
== References ==
* Stackebrandt E, Rainey FA, and Ward-Rainey NL (1997). Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. ''Int J Syst Bacteriol'' '''47''':479-491. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/2/479 Abstract]
==External links==
* [http://www.gmo-safety.eu/en/safety_science/102.docu.html Effects of transgenic T4 lysozyme potato plants on micro-organisms in the soil – focusing on bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere]
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