Acyl
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[[Image:Acyl group.svg|An acyl group|right]]An '''acyl group''' ([[IUPAC]] name: '''alkanoyl''') is a [[functional group]] derived by the removal of one or more [[hydroxyl]] group from an [[oxoacid]].<ref name="gold book">[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology]], [http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00123.html acyl groups]</ref>. In [[organic chemistry]], the acyl group is usually derived from a [[carboxylic acid]] of the form R[[Carbon|C]] [[Oxygen|O]] [[hydroxyl|OH]]. It therefore has the formula R[[Carbon|C]](=[[Oxygen|O]])-, with a [[double bond]] between the carbon and oxygen atoms (i.e. a [[carbonyl group]]), and a single bond between R and the carbon. Acyl groups can also be derived from other types of acids such as [[sulfonic acid]]s, [[phosphonic acid]]s, and some others.
Acyl halides can be used in [[Friedel-Crafts]] acylation to introduce the acyl moiety in an [[aromatic compound]].
In [[biochemistry]], [[Coenzyme A|acyl CoA]]s are derivates of [[fatty acid]] metabolism, with [[acetyl CoA]] as an example. They are actually [[thiol ester]]s.
==Examples==
The names of acyl groups are typically derived from the corresponding acid by substituting the acid ending '''-ic''' with the ending '''-yl''' as shown in the table below. Note that [[methyl]], [[ethyl]], [[propyl]], [[butyl]] etc. end in -yl are not acyl but [[alkyl]] groups, derived from [[alkane]]s.
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Acyl group name<br>(R-CO-)
!colspan="2"|Corresponding carboxylic acid name<br>(R-CO-OH)
|-
!common!!systematic!!common!!systematic
|-
|[[formyl|form'''yl''']]||methanoyl||[[formic acid|form'''ic''' acid]]||methanoic acid
|-
|[[acetyl|acet'''yl''']]||ethanoyl||[[acetic acid|acet'''ic''' acid]]||ethanoic acid
|-
|[[propionyl|propion'''yl''']]||propanoyl||[[propionic acid|propion'''ic''' acid]]||propanoic acid
|-
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[benzoyl|benzo'''yl''']]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[benzoic acid|benzo'''ic''' acid]]
|-
|[[acryl|acr'''yl''']]||propenoyl||[[acrylic acid|acryl'''ic''' acid]]||propenoic acid
|}
==Acyl species==
In '''acyloxy''' groups the acyl group is bonded to oxygen: R-C=O-O-R' where R-C=O is the acyl group.
'''Acylium ions''' are [[cation]]s of the type R-C<sup>+</sup>=O and play an important role as intermediates in [[organic reaction]]s <ref name="gold book"/> for example the [[Hayashi rearrangement]].
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Acylation]]
[[Category:Functional groups]]
[[bg:Ацил]]
[[ca:Grup acil]]
[[de:Acyl]]
[[es:Grupo acilo]]
[[fr:Acyle]]
[[id:Asil]]
[[it:Acile]]
[[pl:Grupa acylowa]]
[[pt:Grupo acilo]]
[[sv:Acylgrupp]]
[[vi:Acyl]]
[[tr:Asil]]
[[zh:酰基]]