Adenosine diphosphate 89226 218358957 2008-06-10T08:24:21Z Ryan Delaney 97276 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Dascal17|Dascal17]] to last version by Ryan Delaney (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Chembox new |ImageFile=ADP structure.svg |ImageSize= |IUPACName= |OtherNames= |Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo=58-64-0 | PubChem=197 | SMILES=Nc1ncnc2[n](cnc12)[C@@H]3O[C@H]<br>(COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)([O-])=O)C(O)C3O }} |Section2= {{Chembox Properties | Formula=C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N<sub>5</sub>O<sub>10</sub>P<sub>2</sub> | MolarMass=427.201 | Appearance= | Density= | MeltingPt= | BoilingPt= | Solubility= }} |Section3= {{Chembox Hazards | MainHazards= | FlashPt= | Autoignition= }} }} '''Adenosine diphosphate''', abbreviated '''ADP''', is a [[nucleotide]]. It is an [[ester]] of [[pyrophosphoric acid]] with the [[nucleoside]] [[adenosine]]. ADP consists of the [[pyrophosphate]] [[Functional group|group]], the [[pentose]] [[sugar]] [[ribose]], and the [[nucleobase]] [[adenine]]. ADP is the product of [[adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] [[dephosphorylation]] by [[ATPase]]s. ADP is converted back to ATP by [[ATP synthase]]s. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in [[cells (biology)|cells]]. ADP is stored in [[dense bodies]] inside [[blood]] [[platelet]]s and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, [[P2Y12]] and P2X1), leading to further platelet activation.<ref>Murugappa S, Kunapuli SP, "The role of ADP receptors in platelet function", ''Front Biosci.'', 2006, 11:1977-86</ref> ADP in the blood is converted to [[adenosine]] by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via [[adenosine receptor]]s. The anti-platelet drug Plavix ([[clopidogrel]]) inhibits the P2Y12 receptor. ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref> The conversion of these two molecules plays a critical role in supplying energy for many processes of life.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref> The deletion of one of ATP’s phosphorous bonds generates about the same amount of energy derived from human digestion of a single peanut, approximately 7.3 kilocalories per Mole of ATP.<ref>Farabee, M.J. The Nature of ATP. ATP and Biological Energy [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html</ref> ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food; in humans this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref> Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store the energy from sunlight, via conversion of ADP to ATP.<ref>Farabee, M.J. The Nature of ATP. ATP and Biological Energy [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html</ref> Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref> == See also == * [[Nucleoside]] * [[Nucleotide]] * [[DNA]] * [[RNA]] * [[Oligonucleotide]] * [[Adenosine triphosphate]] * [[Apyrase]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides}} [[Category:Nucleotides]] [[Category:Cellular respiration]] {{biochem-stub}} [[cs:Adenosindifosfát]] [[da:Adenosindifosfat]] [[de:Adenosindiphosphat]] [[es:Adenosín difosfato]] [[id:Adenosin difosfat]] [[it:Adenosindifosfato]] [[he:ADP]] [[lt:ADP]] [[hu:Adenozin-difoszfát]] [[nl:Adenosinedifosfaat]] [[ja:アデノシン二リン酸]] [[oc:Adenosina difosfat]] [[pl:Adenozynodifosforan]] [[pt:Adenosina difosfato]] [[ru:Аденозиндифосфат]] [[simple:Adenosine diphosphate]] [[sr:Аденозин дифосфат]] [[sh:Adenozin difosfat]] [[fi:ADP]] [[sv:Adenosindifosfat]] [[tr:Adenozin difosfat]] [[uk:АДФ]] [[zh:二磷酸腺苷]]