Adenosine diphosphate
89226
218358957
2008-06-10T08:24:21Z
Ryan Delaney
97276
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Dascal17|Dascal17]] to last version by Ryan Delaney (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
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|ImageFile=ADP structure.svg
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|Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo=58-64-0
| PubChem=197
| SMILES=Nc1ncnc2[n](cnc12)[C@@H]3O[C@H]<br>(COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)([O-])=O)C(O)C3O
}}
|Section2= {{Chembox Properties
| Formula=C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N<sub>5</sub>O<sub>10</sub>P<sub>2</sub>
| MolarMass=427.201
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|Section3= {{Chembox Hazards
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'''Adenosine diphosphate''', abbreviated '''ADP''', is a [[nucleotide]]. It is an [[ester]] of [[pyrophosphoric acid]] with the [[nucleoside]] [[adenosine]]. ADP consists of the [[pyrophosphate]] [[Functional group|group]], the [[pentose]] [[sugar]] [[ribose]], and the [[nucleobase]] [[adenine]].
ADP is the product of [[adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] [[dephosphorylation]] by [[ATPase]]s. ADP is converted back to ATP by [[ATP synthase]]s. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in [[cells (biology)|cells]].
ADP is stored in [[dense bodies]] inside [[blood]] [[platelet]]s and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, [[P2Y12]] and P2X1), leading to further platelet activation.<ref>Murugappa S, Kunapuli SP, "The role of ADP receptors in platelet function", ''Front Biosci.'', 2006, 11:1977-86</ref> ADP in the blood is converted to [[adenosine]] by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via [[adenosine receptor]]s. The anti-platelet drug Plavix ([[clopidogrel]]) inhibits the P2Y12 receptor.
ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref> The conversion of these two molecules plays a critical role in supplying energy for many processes of life.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref> The deletion of one of ATP’s phosphorous bonds generates about the same amount of energy derived from human digestion of a single peanut, approximately 7.3 kilocalories per Mole of ATP.<ref>Farabee, M.J. The Nature of ATP. ATP and Biological Energy [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html</ref> ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food; in humans this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref> Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store the energy from sunlight, via conversion of ADP to ATP.<ref>Farabee, M.J. The Nature of ATP. ATP and Biological Energy [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html</ref> Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance.<ref>Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Nucleoside]]
* [[Nucleotide]]
* [[DNA]]
* [[RNA]]
* [[Oligonucleotide]]
* [[Adenosine triphosphate]]
* [[Apyrase]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides}}
[[Category:Nucleotides]]
[[Category:Cellular respiration]]
{{biochem-stub}}
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