African Grey Parrot
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{{Taxobox
| name = African Grey Parrot
| image = Ave 070910 008.jpg
| image_width = 225px
| image_caption = Congo African Grey Parrot
| image2 = Psittacus erithacus timneh-parrot on cage.jpg
| image2_width = 225px
| image2_caption = Timneh African Grey Parrot
| status = NT
| status_system = iucn3.1
| trend = down
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
| familia = [[Psittacidae]]
| tribus = [[Psittacini]]
| genus = '''''Psittacus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
| species = '''''P. erithacus'''''
| binomial = ''Psittacus erithacus''
| binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
| subdivision =
*''Psittacus erithacus erithacus''<br/><small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
*''Psittacus erithacus timneh''<br/><small>[[Louis Fraser|Fraser]], [[1844]]</small>and see text
}}
The '''African Grey Parrot''' (''Psittacus erithacus'') is a medium-sized [[parrot]] of the [[genus]] ''Psittacus'', endemic to primary and secondary [[rainforest]] of West and Central [[Africa]], and is one of the most intelligent [[bird]]s. They feed primarily on nuts and fruits, supplemented by leafy matter.
There are two [[subspecies]]; the '''Congo African Grey Parrot''' and the slightly smaller '''Timneh African Grey Parrot'''. As their names imply, both subspecies are predominantly grey. They have dark grey wings, and a pale-grey rump. A featherless rim of skin around the eyes is whitish to light grey. The head and neck feathers have paler margins, giving that part of the body a scalloped appearance. The Congo African Grey has a red tail and the Timneh African Grey has a dark-maroon tail.
The African Grey Parrot is popular as a [[pet]] or [[companion parrot]], especially the Congo African Grey Parrot, partly because of its ability to imitate speech. The African Grey Parrot is listed on [[CITES]] appendix II which restricts trade of wild caught species, because wild populations can not sustain trapping for the pet trade.
==Taxonomy and systematics==
The African Grey Parrot was one of the many species originally described by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his 18th century work, ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', and it still bears its original name of ''Psittacus erithacus''. It is the only currently accepted [[species]] of the [[genus]] '''''Psittacus'''''. The generic name is derived from [[Ancient Greek]] ''psittakos'' (ψιττακος), "parrot".<ref>Linnaeus (1758: 824), Liddell & Scott (1980).</ref>
There are two [[subspecies]] universally accepted:<ref name ="Forshaw78" />
* '''Congo African Grey Parrot''', (''Psittacus erithacus erithacus''): <br>This is the dominant subspecies, larger than the Timneh being about {{convert|33|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with light grey feathers, cherry red tails, and an all black beak.<ref name ="Forshaw78">Forshaw & Cooper (1978).</ref> Immature birds of this subspecies have tails with a darker, duller red towards the tip (Juniper and Parr 1999) until their first moult which occurs within 18 months of age. These birds also initially have grey [[iris]]es which change to a pale yellow colour by the time the bird is a year old. The Congo grey parrot is found on the islands of [[Príncipe]] and [[Bioko]] and is distributed from south-eastern [[Ivory Coast]] to Western [[Kenya]], Northwest [[Tanzania]], Southern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) and Northern [[Angola]]. In aviculture, it is often called a "CAG".
* '''Timneh African Grey Parrot''', (''Psittacus erithacus timneh''): <br>These are smaller in size, have a darker charcoal grey coloring, a darker maroon tail, and a light, horn-colored area to part of the upper mandible. The timneh grey parrot is endemic to the western parts of the moist Upper Guinea forests and bordering savannas of West Africa from [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Sierra Leone]] and Southern [[Mali]] east to at least {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the [[Bandama River]] in [[Ivory Coast]]. In aviculture, it is often called a "TAG".
Some aviculturalists recognize a third and even a fourth subspecies, but these are not distinguishable in scientific studies.<ref name="wingscentral1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wingscentral.org/aps/Grey7.aspx|title=An Introduction and Overview of the African Species|accessmonthday=November 26|accessyear=2007|publisher=Wings Computer Consulting Inc.|year=2006|author=Jean Pattison|work=Wings Central|format=html}}</ref>
The "Ghana African Grey", formerly recognized as subspecies ''Psittacus erithacus princeps'', is described as similar to the Congo African Greys, but darker and slightly smaller which originates from [[Fernando Po (island)|Fernando Po]] and Principé Islands.
The "Cameroon African Grey", most often referred to as "the big silvers", is supposedly a larger and lighter form which actually has its origin in birds not from [[Cameroon]] but from today's [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].
==Mimicry and intelligence==
[[Image:Congo African Grey Parrot -head detail.jpg|thumb|right|Congo African Grey parrot]]
[[Image:Timneh African Grey Parrot -side of head and face.jpg|thumb|Timmeh African Grey Parrot showing pale upper mandible]]
{{main|Talking birds}}
While comparative judgements of [[animal intelligence]] are always very difficult to make objectively, [[Psittaciformes]] are generally regarded as being the most intelligent of birds. African grey parrots are particularly noted for their [[cognition|cognitive]] abilities, believed to have [[evolution|evolved]] as a consequence of their history of [[co-operation (evolution)|cooperative]] feeding as largely tree-dwelling birds in central Africa.
[[Irene Pepperberg]]'s extensive research with captive African greys, especially the one known as [[Alex (parrot)|Alex]], have provided evidence that these parrots are capable of associating human words with their meanings, at least to some extent, though these conclusions are disputed. Ambitious claims of [[language]] use have been made for another African grey, [[N'kisi]], who has a vocabulary of around a thousand words and speaks in sentences.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}<!-- cite the claimer for "speaks in sentences" --> Although there exists a great deal of debate as to just how well these birds actually understand the meaning of the words they speak, there is little doubt that Greys and other parrots (especially [[macaw]]s and [[cockatoo]]s), along with corvines ([[crow]]s, [[raven]]s, and [[jay]]s), are highly intelligent in comparison with other birds.
It is widely believed in the parrot-keeping community that Greys understand their human companions at various human intelligence levels. For example, some believe that a young Grey (under a year) has the equivalent understanding of a human child in their toddler years, and that it is believed to be equivalent to a 6-year-old human child in its cognitive ability.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7414846.stm</ref>
==African Grey Parrots as pets==
[[Image:Congo African Grey pet on a perch.JPG|upright|thumb|left|A pet Congo African Grey Parrot]]
The history of African Grey parrots kept as pets dates back over 4,000 years. Some [[Egypt]]ian [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]] clearly depict pet parrots{{Verify source|date=August 2007}}. The [[ancient Greek]]s also valued parrots as pets. This custom was later adopted by wealthy [[ancient Rome|Roman]] families who often kept parrots in ornate [[Birdcage|cages]], and parrots were prized for their ability to talk. [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] of England also had an African Grey parrot. Portuguese sailors kept them as companions on their long sea voyages.
Today, many African Grey parrots are hand-reared by breeders for the pet trade, and they can make wonderful and very affectionate [[companion parrot]]s; however, the methods used to produce the birds for the pet trade greatly affects their behaviour and 'pet quality' once the birds are mature at 2 to 4 years old. The hand-rearing process, deprives the birds of parental interactions, which results in the birds becoming imprinted on humans at maturity. This is done primarily to produce tamer birds; often breeder birds are not tamed and may be fearful of humans; babies learn how to interact with humans from their parents' behavior. The degree to which a bird was hand reared may vary; some are hand-reared from point of (artificial) incubation; others may be left with their parents for a few weeks, depending on the breeder's method. The degree to which a bird has been deprived of its natural parents can adversely affect its behaviour once it is an adult; birds which have been raised at least partially natural parents tend to show fewer behavioural problems (suh as plucking or fearfulness) upon maturity (Schmid et al 2005), though birds raised entirely by their parents may be less tame. Some breeders may hand rear babies in the presence of tame adult pet greys that may serve as role models for the babies.
Also to consider is how a baby grey is weaned and fledged. A baby grey should be abundance-weaned (allowed to wean at its own pace) and allowed to learn to fly. Force-weaning and clipping a baby before it learns to fly are believed to occasionally cause development of fearful behaviors when the young grey reaches several years of age.
Some grey parrots may not be compatible with small children. African Grey parrots are very strong, and they can inflict serious wounds on human flesh with their powerful beaks. Their nails are naturally sharp and can scratch, although they don't use them aggressively. Pet owners often liken the experience of keeping an African Grey to that of raising a young child, not only because of the birds' intelligence, but also arising from the substantial time commitment required. While captive-bred birds usually assimilate into their new households with relative ease, wild-caught African Grey parrots (which are no longer legally available in the US or EU) can find it difficult or impossible to adapt to life in a cage as a pet. They may show great fear of humans and emit a growling sound as a fear response and may panic when approached. Unlike more common pets, African Grey parrots have not been greatly "modified" by selective breeding; they are only available as wild-type birds. As opposed to the many color varieties available in [[budgie]]s and [[Rose-ringed Parakeet]]s, the closest African Grey Parrots get to a color variant are the "Cameroon African Greys" which, are a natural variation of the normal wild bird's colour.
African Grey parrots, like most pet parrots, are considered by many{{Who|date=May 2008}}<!-- cite the many --> to be very high-maintenance pets, as they require a good deal of personal attention and many hours each day out of their cages. While numbers vary with each source, most{{Who|date=May 2008}}<!-- cite the most --> agree that three hours out of cage daily and 45 minutes of physical interaction is the minimum attention required for good mental health. African Greys – particularly Congo African Greys – are known to be wary of strangers, and tend to bond solely with their main carer if they do not interact with different people regularly. While interspecies friendships with other parrots are uncommon with African Greys, as essentially social animals, they will benefits from being kept in the company of other birds.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
[[Image:Psittacus erithacus -juvenile -side upper body.jpg|right|thumb|Juvenile Congo African Grey Parrot. Irises are dark grey.]]
Grey parrots are prone to behavioural problems if they are not provided with a stimulating environment and allowed plenty of time out of their cage each day. They should be given a range of toys, changed regularly, to keep them occupied and these toys should include destructible ones made from natural materials such as cardboard, wood, or natural fibres. Toys should also include 'puzzle toys' or 'foraging toys'. These hold food treats and require the bird to learn how to extract the food from the toy. Boredom and over-use of the cage can typically lead to problems such as self-plucking, where the bird damages or removes its own feathers. Many Greys are traditionally kept in small cages (small enough to prevent the bird from flying). Occasionally for young, clumsy or very nervous greys (often greys that have been clipped at a young age), a smaller cage may be necessary for a time to avoid the bird falling and injuring itself or becoming frightened. However, most greys will benefit greatly from a large cage which allows more space for different perches, toys, and exercise. Provided the bird spends several hours each day out of the cage, interacting with its caretaker and/or other birds and people, a cage which is 4 feet long by 3 feet deep and 3 feet high is adequate. The bar-spacing should be ¾ inch to 1 inch. The height of a cage is typically not important, except in the case of playtop cages that are taller than the owner, in which case the bird may show some aggressive behaviours. Grey parrots kept as companion animals should have access to a range of other places within the room in which they are kept and these should include a playstand which holds a range of perches and further toys. A companion African Grey should be kept in a [[bird-safe]] environment and placed in a fairly 'busy' part of the home, such as the living room, where the bird can occupy himself or herself in watching the household activities. However, the cage should always have a solid back or be placed against a solid wall, as this helps to give the bird a feeling of security not otherwise available to the 'goldfish bowl effect' of being in a cage.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
Grey parrots should be trained to accept some requests or 'commands' from their carers, including flight requests (Glendell 2007). [[Wing clipping]] is very controversial. Some owners prefer to clip to prevent a parrot from flying in the house and potentially getting into danger. However, African greys are heavy-bodied birds and more prone to clipping-related problems than other parrots. Clipped birds may crash-land and injure themselves, often on the sternum. Clipped birds may also damage their new 'blood' feathers as these grow down in the moulting process and this can result in persistent bleeding and is painful for the bird. Severely clipped birds may have balance problems and fall often. Greys should never be clipped until after they have learned to fly; ideally, they should not be clipped at all for the first 1-2 years. If a grey must be clipped, it must be done by someone experienced with greys; a clipped grey should still be able to fly or glide short distances to avoid injury. Birds with clipped or damaged flight feathers can have flight restored immediately by a specialist avian vet imping (splinting) donor feathers back onto the bird's clipped feathers. Birds which have evolved as fundamentally flying creatures have no behavioural reperetoire to cope with enforced flightlessness (Glendell 2008) and such a degree of disabling can have adverse effects on the bird's well-being. Using reward-based training methods based on applied behaviour analysis (see Dr Susan Friendman's articles at www.thegabriellefoundation.org) most birds can be taught to fly to and from their carers on request. They can also be taught to fly off certain places in the home which may not be safe for them to perch on. This basic training obviates the need for any wing-clipping and allows the bird to perform its normal behaviours. Wing clipping is a severe form of environmental impoverishment to a creature which is adapted to a flying lifestyle.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}<!-- the whole paragraph needs some kind of sourcing -->
African Greys have special dietary requirements, and should be fed plenty of foods rich in calcium and Vitamin A — such as almonds, small amounts of cheese, or leafy greens including mustard greens or broccoli. It is usual to give African grey parrots carefully calculated quantities of calcium and vitamin supplements. An excess of these added vitamins and minerals in an African Grey’s diet can lead to health problems. If very young birds are wing-clipped, they may never gain full coordination and agility in flight. Feather clipping should never be attempted by those inexperienced at it, as serious injury could result. African Grey parrots' lifespans are up to about 60 years, or more, in captivity.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}<!-- the whole paragraph needs some kind of sourcing -->
===Dangerous foods===
* Chocolate<ref name="petcocaresheet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.petco.com/caresheets/bird/Parrot_AfricanGrey.pdf|title=African Grey Parrot|accessmonthday=November 26|accessyear=2007|publisher=PETCO Animal Supplies, Inc|year=2005|work=Care Sheet|format=pdf}}</ref>
* Avocado<ref name="petcocaresheet"/>
* Caffeine<ref name="petcocaresheet"/>
* Alcohol<ref name="petcocaresheet"/>
* Apple seeds (as they contain cyanide)<ref>{{cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara|title=Bad Seed|work=Urban Legends Reference
* Peach pit (contains cyanide)
Cherry Pits
Pages|date=2007-02-20|url=http://www.snopes.com/food/warnings/apples.asp|accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref>
* Mushrooms{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
* Dairy products containing lactose. Items containing lactose are not 'dangerous' for a parrot. However, since birds cannot digest lactose, dairy products containing lactose are of reduced nutritional value to birds.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
* Garlic and onions, cooked or raw, contain a chemical which kills red blood cells{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
* Salt (increases thirst, water consumption and urination){{Fact|date=November 2007}}
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==Status and conservation==
[[Image:Timneh african grey parrot 31l07.JPG|left|thumb|Timneh African Grey Parrot (wings clipped)]]
Rarer than previously believed, it is uplisted from a species of Least Concern to Near Threatened in the 2007 [[IUCN Red List]].<ref>See BirdLife International (2007a. b).</ref> A recent analysis suggests that up to 21% of the global population may be taken from the wild annually,<ref>See BirdLife International (2007a. b).</ref> primarily for the pet trade.
The species is endemic to primary and secondary [[rainforest]] of West and Central Africa.<ref>See Juniper, T. and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.</ref> Grey parrots depend on large, old trees for the large natural hollows used for nesting. Studies in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau have found that the preferred species of nesting trees for grey parrots are also preferred timber species.<ref>See Clemmons, J.R. 2003. Status Survey of the African Grey Parrot (''Psittacus erithacus timneh'') and Development of a Management Program in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. CITES, Geneva, Switzerland. </ref> There is a positive relationship between the status of the species and the status of [[primary forest]]:<ref>Dändliker, G. 1992. The Grey Parrot in Ghana: A population survey, a contribution to the biology of the species, a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations. CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland.</ref> where the [[forests]] are declining, so too are populations of grey parrots.<ref>See Clemmons, J.R. 2003. Status Survey of the African Grey Parrot (''Psittacus erithacus timneh'') and Development of a Management Program in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. CITES, Geneva, Switzerland. </ref>
[[Image:2007-10-28 AfricanGrayParrot SideView Meru.jpg|thumb|right|Congo African Grey parrot (wings clipped)]]
The African Grey Parrot is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]). This requires that exports be accompanied by a permit issued by a national authority and that a finding has been made that the export is non-detrimental to the species in the wild. With exports totaling more than 350,000 specimens from 1994-2003,<ref>See UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database.</ref> the grey parrot is one of the most heavily-traded CITES-listed bird species. In response to continuing population declines, exceeded quotas and unsustainable and illegal trade, including among range States, CITES included the grey parrot in Phase VI of the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 2004. This review has resulted in recommended zero export quotas for several range States and a CITES Decision to develop regional management plans for the species.
In the United States, importation of wild-caught grey parrots is prohibited under the U.S. Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992. In the European Union, an EU Directive of 2007 prevents importation of this and any other 'wild-caught' bird for the pet trade.
==In literature==
* The character 'Gerard' in Michael Crichton's novel, ''Next'', is a transgenic African Grey
*The character Madison in Dick King Smith's novel Harry's Mad is an African Grey Parrot
"Friendly Feathers: Life with Pierre, an African Grey Parrot" by Dr. Fran Smith, illustrated by Deon Matzen
A delightful picture book for children ages 3-8. This is a true story about one African Grey and how he communicates to his family. It demonstrates the Grey's ability to listen, learn, store and use words appropriately at a later time.
Published in May,2008 ISBN 978-0-615-22232-5
==See also==
* [[Alex (parrot)]]
* [[N'kisi]]
* [[Bird-safe]]
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
{{commons|Psittacus erithacus|Psittacus erithacus}}
{{Wikispecies|Psittacus erithacus|Psittacus erithacus}}
* {{aut|Athan, Mattie Sue & Deter, Dianalee}} (2000): ''The African Grey Parrot Handbook.'' Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. <small>ISBN 0-7641-0993-6</small>
* {{IUCN2006|assessors={{aut|BirdLife International}}|year=2004|id=47991|title=Psittacus erithacus|downloaded=9 May 2006}}
* {{aut|BirdLife International}} (2007a): [ [http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/whats_new.html 2006-2007 Red List status changes] ]. Retrieved 2007-AUG-26.
* {{aut|BirdLife International}} (2007b): [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1496&m=0 Grey Parrot - BirdLife Species Factsheet]. Retrieved 2007-AUG-26.
* {{aut|Brinker, Bobbi}} (2005): ''For the Love of Greys.'' <small>ISBN 0-9760576-1-1</small>
* {{aut|Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T.}} (1981): ''Parrots of the World'' (3rd ed.). Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne, New York. <small>ISBN 0701806907</small>
* {{aut|Greene, W.T. & Batty, J.}} (1993): ''African grey parrots.'' Beech Publishing House, Alton. <small>ISBN 1-85736-027-3</small>
Glendell, G. Breaking Bad Habits in Parrots (2007) ISBN 978-1-84286-165-3.
Glendell, G in Veterinary Times (UK) [[18 February]] [[2008]].
* {{aut|Juniper, Tony & Parr, Mike}} (1998): ''Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World.'' [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. <small>ISBN 1873403402</small>
* {{aut|[[Henry George Liddell|Liddell, Henry George]] & [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Robert Scott]]}} (1980): ''[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]'' (Abridged Edition). [[Oxford University Press]], United Kingdom. <small>ISBN 0-19-910207-4</small>
Schmid, R. Doherr, M G. Steiger, A The influence of the breeding method on the
behaviour of adult African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2005, see www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim
* {{aut|[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus, Carolus]]}} (1758): ''Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis.'' (10th edition, vol.1). Laurentius Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm). [http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/no_cache/dms/load/pdf/?IDDOC=265100 PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Mancini, Julie R.}} (1998): ''The African Grey.'' Howell Book House, New York. <small>ISBN 0-87605-443-2</small>
* {{aut|Moustaki, Nikki}} (2004): ''A New Owner's Guide to African Grey Parrots''. TFH Publications, Neptune City, NJ. <small>ISBN 0-7938-2855-4</small>
* {{aut|Mulawka, Edward J.}} (1984): ''African Grey Parrots.'' TFH Publications. <small>ISBN 0-86622-975-2</small>
* {{aut|Pepperberg, Irene}} (2002): ''The Alex Studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots.'' Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London. <small>ISBN 0-674-00806-5</small>
* {{aut|Wright, Maggie}} (2001): ''African Grey Parrots: everything about history, care, nutrition, handling, and behavior.'' Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. <small>ISBN 0-7641-1035-7</small>
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*[http://www.cityparrots.org/ City Parrots] Parrot news, Conservation, Naturalized parrots
* http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=56552 grey parrot Downloadable Audio File of the sounds of the Grey Parrot
[[Category:Birds kept as pets]]
[[Category:Parrots]]
[[Category:Psittacini]]
[[Category:Animal intelligence]]
[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Aviculture]]
[[Category:Talking birds]]
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