African National Congress 2503 225970614 2008-07-16T07:16:49Z Rcbutcher 579140 /* See also */ {{Refimprove|article|date=November 2007}} {{Infobox South Africa Political Party | |party_name = African National Congress |party_logo = [[Image:ANClogo.png|ANC logo]] |party_wikicolourid = ANC |leader = [[Jacob Zuma]] |members = 290|foundation = [[8 January]] [[1912]] |ideology = [[Democratic socialism]] |international = [[Socialist International]] |colours = Yellow, Green, Black |headquarters = [[Luthuli House]]<br>54 Sauer Street<br>Johannesburg |website = [http://www.anc.org.za www.anc.org.za] }} The '''African National Congress''' (ANC) has been [[South Africa]]'s governing party, supported by its [[tripartite alliance]] with the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] (COSATU) and the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP), since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. It defines itself as a "disciplined force of the left".<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference51/declaration.html ANC Party Declaration] from the African National Congress, retrieved [[May 15]] [[2008]]</ref> Members founded the organization as the '''South African Native National Congress''' (SANNC) on [[8 January]], [[1912]] in [[Bloemfontein]] to increase the rights of the [[black people|black]] South African population. [[John Dube]], its first president, and poet and author [[Sol Plaatje]] are among its founding members. The organization became the ANC in 1923 and formed a military wing, the [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (Spear of the Nation) in 1961. It has been the ruling party in South Africa on the national level since 1994. It gained support in the [[South African general election, 1999|1999 elections]], and further increased its majority in [[South African general election, 2004|2004]]. ==Origins== Formed initially on 8th January 1912 by [[John Dube]], [[Pixley ka Isaka Seme]] and [[Sol Plaatje]] along with chiefs, people's representatives, and church organizations, and other prominent individuals to bring all Africans together as one people to defend their rights and freedoms, the ANC from its inception represented both traditional and modern elements, from tribal chiefs to church and community bodies and educated black professionals, though women were only admitted as affiliate members from 1931 and as full members in 1943. The formation of the [[African National Congress Youth League|ANC Youth League]] in 1944 by [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Walter Sisulu]], and [[Oliver Tambo]] heralded a new generation committed to building non-violent mass action against the legal underpinnings of the white minority's supremacy. In 1947 the ANC allied with the [[Natal Indian Congress]] and [[Transvaal Indian Congress]], broadening the basis of its opposition to the government... ==Opposition to Apartheid== The return of an [[Afrikaner]]-led [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government by the overwhelmingly white electorate in 1948 signaled the advent of the policy of [[History of South Africa in the Apartheid Era|Apartheid]]. During the 1950s, non-whites were removed from [[electoral roll]]s, residence and mobility laws were tightened and political activities restricted. In June 1952, the ANC joined with other anti-Apartheid organizations in a [[Defiance Campaign]] against the restriction of political, labour and residential rights, during which protesters deliberately violated oppressive laws, following the example of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Gandhi's work in South Africa|passive resistance]] in [[KwaZulu]]-[[Natal Province|Natal]] and [[Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha|in India]]. The campaign was called off in April 1953 after new laws prohibiting protest meetings were passed. In June 1955 the [[Congress of the People]], organised by the ANC and Indian, [[Cape Coloured|Coloured]] and White organizations at [[Kliptown]] near [[Johannesburg]], adopted the [[Freedom Charter]], henceforth the fundamental document of the anti-Apartheid struggle with its demand for equal rights for all regardless of race. As opposition to the regime's policies continued, 156 leading members of the ANC and allied organisations were arrested in 1956; the resulting "[[Treason Trial]]" ended with their acquittal five years later. The ANC first called for an [[academic boycott of South Africa]] in protest of its Apartheid policies in 1958 in [[Ghana]]. The call was repeated the following year in [[London]].<ref>[http://www.flwi.ugent.be/cie/Palestina/palestina174.htm Building the Academic Boycott in Britain], Hilary Rose, Resisting Israeli Apartheid: Strategies and Principles, An International Conference on Palestine, London, 5 December 2004</ref> In 1959 a number of members broke away from the ANC because they objected to the ANC's reorientation from [[African nationalist]] policies. They formed the rival [[Pan Africanist Congress]] (PAC), led by [[Robert Sobukwe]]. ===Protest and banning=== The ANC planned a campaign against the [[dompas|Pass Laws]], which required [[blacks]] to carry an [[identity card]] at all times to justify their presence in White areas, to begin on [[31 March]] [[1960]]. The PAC pre-empted the ANC by holding unarmed protests [[21 March|10 days earlier]], during which 69 protesters were killed and 180 injured by police fire in what became known as the [[Sharpeville massacre]]. In the aftermath of the tragedy, both organisations were banned from [[political dissent|political activity]]. International opposition to the regime increased throughout the 1950s and 1960s, fueled by the growing number of newly independent nations, the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]] in Britain and the [[civil rights movement]] in the [[United States]]. In 1960, the leader of the ANC, [[Albert Luthuli]], won the [[Nobel Prize/Peace|Nobel Peace Prize]], a feat that would be repeated in 1993 by the next leader of the ANC, [[Nelson Mandela]], and [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] jointly, for their actions in helping to negotiate peaceful transition after Mandela's release from prison, which was a great step towards better rights for blacks. ===Violent political resistance=== Following the [[Sharpeville massacre]] in 1960, the ANC leadership concluded that the methods of non-violence such as those utilised by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] against the [[British Empire]] during their colonisation of [[India]] were not suitable against the Apartheid system. A military wing was formed in 1961, called [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK), meaning "Spear of the Nation", with Mandela as its first leader. MK operations during the 1960s primarily involved targeting and [[sabotage|sabotaging]] government facilities. Mandela was arrested in 1962, convicted of sabotage in 1964 and sentenced to life imprisonment on [[Robben Island]], along with Sisulu and other ANC leaders after the [[Rivonia Trial]]. During the 1970s and 1980s the ANC leadership in exile under [[Oliver Tambo]] made the decision to target Apartheid government leadership, command and control, secret police, and military-industrial complex assets and personnel in decapitation strikes, targeted killings, and guerilla actions such as bomb explosions in facilities frequented by military and government personnel. A number of civilians were also killed in these attacks. Examples of these include the Amanzimtoti bombing<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/3chap1.htm five people are killed and over sixty injured in an explosion at an Amanzimtoti shopping centre in December]</ref>, the Sterland bomb in Pretoria<ref name=trc>[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/2000/ac200199.htm STERLAND THEATRE COMPLEX; LION BRIDGE FEEDS AND VAN ASWEGEN BROTHERS: BOMBINGS]</ref>, the Wimpy bomb in Pretoria<ref>[http://www.dna-online.co.za/PBHS/PBHS-Events-of-1986.htm An explosion at 14h00 injures 16 people at a Wimpy Bar]</ref>, the Juicy Lucy bomb in Pretoria<ref name=trc/> and the Magoo's bar bombing in Durban.<ref>[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1999/9909/p9900916a.htm TRC TO HEAR MCBRIDE MAGOOS BAR BOMBING AMNESTY APPLICATION]</ref> ANC acts of sabotage aimed at government institutions included the bombing of the Johannesburg Magistrates Court, the attack on the [[Koeberg nuclear power station]], the rocket attack on [[Voortrekkerhoogte]] in [[Pretoria]], and the 1983 [[Church Street bombing]] in Pretoria, which killed 16 and wounded 130. The ANC was classified as a [[terrorist]] <ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=305 US National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism web site]</ref> organisation by the South African government and by some Western countries including the [[United States of America]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. In June 2008, the US removed Nelson Mandela and the ANC from their terror watchlist. During this period, the South African military engaged in a number of raids and bombings on ANC bases in [[Botswana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Lesotho]] and [[Swaziland]]. [[Dulcie September]], a member of the ANC who was investigating the [[arms trade]] between [[France]] and South Africa was assassinated in [[Paris]] in 1988. In the ANC's training camps, the ANC faced allegations that dissident members faced torture, detention without trial and even execution in ANC prison camps.<ref name="Cleveland>{{cite journal|author=Cleveland, Todd|year=2005|title="We Still Want the Truth": The ANC's Angolan Detention Camps and Post-Apartheid Memory|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|volume=25|issue=1|pages=63–78|doi=10.1215/1089201X-25-1-63}}</ref><ref name="WP1">{{cite news|title=Torture Allegations Bedevil ANC Leadership|publisher=[[Washington Post]]|date=[[1992-10-26]]}}</ref> In South Africa, the campaign to make the townships "ungovernable" led to kangaroo courts and mob executions of opponents and collaborators, often by [[necklacing]].<ref>http://www.rhodesia.nl/trurec1.htm [Truth and Reconsiliation Commission Documents]</ref> <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972361-2,00.html South Africa: The Lost Generation]</ref> As the years progressed, the ANC's attacks, coupled with [[Disinvestment from South Africa|international pressure]] and internal dissent, increased in South Africa. The ANC received financial and tactical support from the [[USSR]], which orchestrated military involvement with surrogate [[Cuba]]n forces through [[Angola]]. However, the fall of the USSR after 1989 brought an end to its funding of the ANC and also changed the attitude of some Western governments that had previously supported the Apartheid regime as an ally against communism. The South African government found itself under increasing internal and external pressure, and this, together with a more conciliatory tone from the ANC, resulted in a change in the political landscape. [[State President of South Africa|State President]] [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] unbanned the ANC and other banned organisations on [[2 February]] [[1990]], and began peace talks for [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|a negotiated settlement to end Apartheid]]. ==Coming to power== {{Apartheid}} [[Image:Sea Point ANC office Annelize van Wyk MP.jpg|thumb|right|African National Congress constituency office in [[Sea Point]], Cape Town, for [[Annelize van Wyk]] MP.]] In April 1994, in a tripartite alliance with the [[South African Communist Party]] and the [[Congress of South African Trade Unions]], the ANC won a landslide victory in the [[South African general election, 1994|1994 general election]], and [[Nelson Mandela]] was elected the first black [[President of South Africa]]. In [[Kwa-Zulu Natal]], the ANC maintained an uneasy [[coalition]] with the [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] after neither party won a majority in the [[South African general election, 1994|1994]] and [[South African general election, 1999|1999]] provincial elections. In 2004 the party contested national elections in voluntary coalition with the [[New National Party (South Africa)|New National Party]] (NNP), which it effectively absorbed following the NNP's dissolution in 2005. After the 1994 and 1999 elections it ruled seven of the nine provinces, with [[Kwa-Zulu Natal]] under the IFP and the [[Western Cape Province]] under the NNP. As of 2004, it gained both the Western Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal after a combination of the NNP's electoral base being eroded by the DA and a poor showing by the IFP. By 2001 the [[tripartite alliance]] between the ANC, COSATU and SACP began showing signs of strain as the ANC moved to more liberal economic policies than its alliance partners were comfortable with. The focus for dissent was the [[GEAR]] program, an [[initialism]] for "Growth, Employment and Redistribution." In late 2004 this was again thrown into sharp relief by [[Zwelinzima Vavi]] of COSATU protesting the ANC's policy of "quiet diplomacy" towards the worsening conditions in [[Zimbabwe]], as well as [[Black Economic Empowerment]], which he complained benefits a favoured few in the black elite and not the masses. As of 2005 the alliance was facing a crisis as [[Jacob Zuma]], who was fired from his position as [[Deputy President of South Africa]] by Thabo Mbeki, faced [[political corruption|corruption]] charges. Complicating the situation was the fact that Zuma remained Deputy President of the ANC, and maintained a strong following amongst many ANC supporters, and the ANC's alliance partners<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20051016093406344C153857 Alliance cracks widen as Zuma goes for broke] ''IOL''</ref>. In October 2005, top officials in the [[National Intelligence Agency]], who were Zuma supporters, were suspended for illegally spying on an Mbeki supporter, [[Saki Macozoma]], amid allegations that ANC supporters were using their positions within organs of state to spy on, and discredit each other <ref>[http://www.sundayindependent.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=2962595 New ANC spy vs spy bombshell]''Sunday Independent''</ref>. In December 2005, Zuma was charged with [[rape]] <ref>[http://iafrica.com/news/sa/663024.htm Details of the Zuma rape allegations] ''iafrica.com''</ref> and his position as Deputy President of the ANC was suspended. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4506608.stm Jacob Zuma's ANC duties suspended] ''BBC''</ref> Jacob Zuma was acquitted of the rape charges, and was reinstated as Deputy President of the organisation. A battle for leadership of the ANC followed, culminating at the party's national conference in Polokwane (16-20 December, 2007), where both Jacob Zuma and Thabo Mbeki were nominated for the position of president. On 18 December 2007, Jacob Zuma was elected President of the ANC at the [[52nd National Conference of the African National Congress|ANC conference in Polokwane]]<ref>http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=328048&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/ Zuma is new ANC President</ref> The ANC also faced (sometimes violent) protests in [[township (South Africa)|townships]] over perceived poor service delivery, as well as internal disputes, as [[South African municipal election, 2006|local government elections]] approached in 2006.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=261817 ANC says more cities to be run by women] ''Mail & Guardian''</ref><ref>[http://www.capeargus.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=49&fArticleId=3074657 ANC poll rebels 'have as good as resigned'] ''Cape Argus''</ref> ===Party list=== Politicians in the party win a place in parliament by being on the ''Party List'', which is drawn up before the elections and enumerates, in order, the party's preferred MPs. The number of seats allocated is proportional to the popular national vote, and this determines the cut-off point. The ANC has also gained members through the controversial [[floor crossing (South Africa)|floor crossing]] process. ==Key personalities within the ANC== * Before 1948: [[John Dube]], [[Sol Plaatje]], [[Pixley ka Isaka Seme]], [[Alfred Bitini Xuma]] * 1948 to 1994: [[Chris Hani]], [[Ahmed Kathrada]], [[Albert Lutuli]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Govan Mbeki]], [[Thabo Mbeki]], [[Raymond Mhlaba]], [[Thomas Nkobi]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], [[Walter Sisulu]], [[Joe Slovo]], [[Tatamkulu Afrika]], [[Robert Sobukwe]], [[Oliver Tambo]], [[Dulcie September]] * After 1994: [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Sydney Mufamadi]], [[Thabo Mbeki]], [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]], [[Tokyo Sexwale]], [[Jacob Zuma]], [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] ===Presidents of the ANC=== * 1912 - 1917 [[John Dube|John Langalibalele Dube]] (1871 - 1946) * 1917 - 1924 [[Sefako Mapogo Makgatho]] (1861 - 1951) * 1924 - 1927 [[Zacharias Richard Mahabane]] (1881 - 1970) * 1927 - 1930 [[Josiah Tshangana Gumede]] (1870 - 1947) * 1930 - 1936 [[Pixley ka Isaka Seme]] (1882 - 1951) * 1937 - 1940 [[Zacharias Richard Mahabane]] (2x) * 1940 - 1949 [[Alfred Bitini Xuma]] (1890 - 1962) * 1949 - 1952 [[James Moroka|J. S. Moroka]] * 1952 - 1967 [[Albert Luthuli]] (1898 - 1967) * 1967 - 1991 [[Oliver Reginald Tambo]] (1917 - 1993) * 1991 - 1997 [[Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela]] * 1997 - 2007 [[Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki]] * 2007 - present [[Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma]] ===Deputy Presidents of the ANC=== * 1952 - 1958 [[Nelson Mandela]] * 1958 - 1985 [[Oliver Tambo]] * 1985 - 1991 [[Nelson Mandela]] * 1991 - 1994 [[Walter Sisulu]] * 1994 - 1997 [[Thabo Mbeki]] * 1997 - 2007 [[Jacob Zuma]] * 2007 - present [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] ===Secretaries-General of the ANC=== * (1912 - 1915) [[Sol Plaatje]] * (1915 - 1917) [[Selope Thema]] * (1917 - 1919) [[H. L. Bud M'belle]] * (1919 - 1923) [[Saul Msane]] * (1923 - 1927) [[T. D. Mweli-Skota]] * (1927 - 1930) [[E. J. Khaile]] * (1930 - 1936) [[Elijah Mdolomba]] * (1936 - 1949) [[James Arthur Calata]] * (1949 - 1955) [[Walter Sisulu]] * (1955 - 1958) [[Oliver Tambo]] * (1958 - 1969) [[Duma Nokwe]] * (1969 - 1991) [[Alfred Nzo]] * (1991 - 1997) [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] * (1997 - 2007) [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] * (2007 - present) [[Gwede Mantashe]] ==Criticism== ===Terrorism and violence=== During its days in exile, the ANC was often criticised by western governments who shared the South African government's characterization of the group as a terrorist organization. The ANC is also criticized for its attacks on civilian targets, as this Time magazine article states "But the attacks have proved 1) that the ANC insurgents, however badly trained they may be on the whole, are well armed and can handle heavy weapons and explosives, and 2) that they do not shy away from inflicting civilian casualties, including among blacks." www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954942-2,00.html . Several high-profile anti-Apartheid activists such as [[Archbishop Desmond Tutu]] criticized the ANC for its willingness to resort to violence, arguing that tactics of non-violent resistance, such as civil disobedience were more productive. The ANC's willingness to ally with [[Communist]]s was also the subject of both foreign and domestic criticism. A [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] report of the late 1980s described the ANC as ''"a major terrorist organization"''. Several hardline [[black nationalist]]s were also critical of the ANC's willingness to embrace whites as equals, even allowing them to serve on the group's executive committee. ===Favouritism=== Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] criticized the ''Party List'' system in a speech given in 2004 as discouraging debate and encouraging patronage within the ANC. He also singled out business deals that favour the "recycled few" in [[Black Economic Empowerment]] deals instead of the poor majority. ===Party and State conflict=== The ANC has been heavily criticized for having ANC members in government roles award large state contracts, involving tens of billions of Rands, to its party funding vehicle, [[Chancellor House]]. At times, the decision to award the contract was made by the same state employees who sit on the ANC fundraising committee. [[Chancellor House]] is named after Mandela's former work premises. ===Controversy over corrupt members=== Another accusation frequently levelled against the ANC is that they protect their high-ranking members in the face of controversy, and as such are seen as supporting criminal behaviour. Recent issues of this nature include the [[Schabir Shaik]] fraud trial linked to former Deputy President [[Jacob Zuma]], the sexual misconduct and criminal charges of [[Beaufort West Municipality, Western Cape|Beaufort West]] municipal manager [[Truman Prince]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1700232,00.html|title=Action against Prince 'a farce'|date=2005-05-05|first=Ronel|last=Bester|publisher=[[Die Burger]]}}</ref> and the [[Oilgate]] scandal, in which millions of Rand in funds from a state-owned company were allegedly funneled into ANC coffers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Special Report: Oilgate|url=http://www.mg.co.za/specialreport.aspx?area=oilgate|publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]]|accessdate=2007-04-27}}</ref> Links between factions in the ANC, specifically the ANC Youth League leadership, and businessman [[Brett Kebble]] gained media attention following Kebble's murder in September 2005. In December 2007 the ANC elected their new National Executive Committee (NEC), the highest structure in the party. Out of the 80 member committee, 16% are (post-apartheid) convicted criminals. Most of these members have been convicted of fraud, while one member, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, was convicted of the kidnapping of a 14-year old boy (who was also murdered). According to an article in the Mail & Guardian, "by adding those who have been disciplined or moved, and those with dark clouds of unanswered questions hanging over their heads, the figure shifts to 29%."<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=329910&area=/insight/insight__national/ ANC rogues' gallery : Mail & Guardian Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Directorate of Special Operations (also, DSO or Scorpions) is a multidisciplinary agency that investigates and prosecutes organized crime and corruption. It is a unit of The National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa. The staff of 2000 Scorpions consist of the best police, financial, forensic and intelligence experts of South Africa. After allegations of corruption, the ANC decided to merge the Scorpions with the Police by June 2008, reducing their power.[1] The disbandment was recommended by South Africa's minister of safety and security, Charles Nqakula.[2] This has been opposed by businesses in South Africa. [3] ==See also== {{Commonscat}} *[[Africa Hinterland]] (Arms smuggling operation) *[[Anti-Apartheid Movement]] *[[Azanian People's Organisation]] *[[Congress of South African Trade Unions]] *[[Henri Curiel]] *[[Pan Africanist Congress]] *[[Radio Freedom]] *[[Shell House Massacre]] *[[Socialist Party of Azania]] *[[United Democratic Front (South Africa)]] == References == <references/> ==External links== *[http://www.anc.org.za/ African National Congress] official site *[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/anctoday/2004/at48.htm#art2 Response by the ANC General Secretary to COSATU's assessment, 2004] *[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mbeki/1996/sp960508.html "Today it feels good to be an African"] - [[Thabo Mbeki]], Cape Town, 8 May 1996 *[http://www.geocities.com/socialistparty/LabHist/Nimrod.htm Interview with Nimrod Sejake, an ANC dissident, "The ANC has sold out!"] Interviewed by Laurence Coates Offensiv 385 (10 February 2000) {{South Africa political parties}} {{South African topics}} [[Category:African National Congress]] [[Category:African and Black nationalism]] [[Category:Anti-Apartheid organisations]] [[Category:Organizations formerly designated as terrorist]] [[Category:National liberation movements]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1912]] [[Category:Political parties in South Africa]] [[Category:Socialist International]] [[Category:Organizations associated with apartheid]] [[af:African National Congress]] [[ar:المؤتمر الوطني الأفريقي]] [[bn:আফ্রিকান ন্যাশনাল কংগ্রেস]] [[ca:Congrés Nacional Africà]] [[cs:Africký národní kongres]] [[da:African National Congress]] [[de:African National Congress]] [[es:Congreso Nacional Africano]] [[eo:Afrika Nacia Kongreso]] [[fr:Congrès national africain]] [[gl:Congreso Nacional Africano]] [[ko:아프리카 민족회의]] [[id:Kongres Nasional Afrika]] [[zu:African National Congress]] [[is:Afríska þjóðarráðið]] [[it:African National Congress]] [[he:הקונגרס הלאומי האפריקני]] [[sw:ANC]] [[lt:Afrikos nacionalinis kongresas]] [[ms:Kongres Kebangsaan Afrika]] [[nl:African National Congress]] [[ja:アフリカ民族会議]] [[no:African National Congress]] [[nn:ANC]] [[nov:Afrikani National Kongrese]] [[pl:Afrykański Kongres Narodowy]] [[pt:Congresso Nacional Africano]] [[ru:Африканский национальный конгресс]] [[sk:Africký národný kongres]] [[fi:ANC]] [[sv:African National Congress]] [[tr:Afrika Ulusal Kongresi]] [[uk:Африканський Національний Конгрес]] [[yo:ANC]] [[zh:南非非洲人国民大会]]