Agra
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2008-07-12T06:05:52Z
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{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->
|native_name = Agra
|skyline=TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg
|type = Metro
|locator_position = left
|latd = 27.18|longd = 78.02
|state_name = Uttar Pradesh
|district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
|altitude = 171
|population_as_of = 2001
|population_total = 1400000
|population_density =
|area_magnitude = 6
|area_total =
|area_telephone = 91(562)
|postal_code = 282 XXX
|vehicle_code_range = UP-80
|footnotes =
}}
'''Agra''' ([[help:IPA|pronounced]] {{audio-IPA|Agra.ogg|[ɑːɣrə]}}) ({{lang-hi|आगरा}}, {{lang-ur|آگرا}}) is a city on the banks of the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] in the northern [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It finds mention in the epic Mahabharata when it was called Agrabana, or Paradise. [[Ptolemy]], the famous 2nd century geographer, marked it on his map of the world as Agra. Tradition and legend ascribe the present city of Raja Badal Singh (around 1475) whose Fort, Badalgarh, Stood on or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 12th century Persian poet Salman writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra, then held by one King Jaipal, by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref>[http://agra.nic.in/hist.htm District Profile - Government Website]</ref> It was ruled by Sultan [[Sikandar Lodi]] in the year 1506. It achieved fame as the capital of the [[Mughal]] emperors from 1526 to 1658 and remains a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era buildings, most notably the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra Fort]] and [[Fatehpur Sikri]], all three of which are [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]].
==Geography ==
Agra is situated on the banks of [[Yamuna river]]. It has an average elevation of 171 metres (561 ft). On the north it is bounded by Mathura, on the south by Dhaulpur, on the east by [[Firozabad]], on the south-east by [[Fatehabad, Agra|Fatehabad]] and on the west by Bharatpur. Agra is the third biggest city in [[Uttar Pradesh]].
The Agra district is divided into Six Tehsils and 15 Blocks. Total number of Nayay Panchayats in the district are 114 while Gram Sabhas stands at 636. The total populated villages are 904. The total number of police stations in the district are 41 out of which 16 are in Urban area and 25 are in Rural area. The total number of Railway Stations (including Halts) are 29 and Bus Stands/Bus Stops are 144. Total number of Broad Gauge lines is 196 K.M. and Meter Gauge is 35 K.M..
===Climate===
{{climate chart|[[Agra]]
|2|22|10
|6|25|10
|12|31|0
|19|38|0
|25|41|0
|28|48|60
|26|48|210
|25|46|200
|23|33|110
|16|34|10
|9|29|0
|6|24|0
|source = [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=16224&refer=&units=metric Weatherbase]
|float=right
|clear=both
}}
Agra, located on the Indo-Gangetic plain has a sub-tropical climate, with long, hot summers from April to September. The monsoon months from July to September see about 67 cm of rainfall annually. Winters last from November to February, with day time temperatures averaging about 24 degrees, while night temperatures around 6 degrees. Temperatures below freezing are not uncommon during the winter. The best months to visit Agra are March, October and November.
==Demographics==
As of the [[As of 2000|2000]] Indian [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Agra had a population of 1,800,000. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Agra has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 63.5%; with 76% males literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
==History==
Agra is a medieval city situated on the banks of the river [[Yamuna]]. It is generally accepted that Sultan [[Sikandar Lodi]], the Ruler of [[Delhi Sultanate]] founded it in the year 1504. After the sultan's death the city passed on to his son Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodi]]. He ruled his Sultanate from Agra until he fell fighting to [[Babur]] in the [[First battle of Panipat]] fought in 1526.
In the year 1556, the great Hindu warrior, [[Hemu]] Vikramaditya also known as Hem Chander Vikramaditya won Agra as Prime Minister cum Chief of Army of [[Adil Shah]] of Afgan [[Sur Dynasty]]. The commander of [[Humayun]] / [[Akbar]]'s forces in Agra was so scared of Hemu that he ran away from Agra without the fight. This was [[Hemu]]'s 21st continuous win, who later on won [[Delhi]] also and had his [[coronation]] at [[Purana Qila, Delhi|Purana Qila]] in Delhi and re-established his Kingdom and the [[Vikramaditya]] Dynasty in [[North India]].
The golden age of the city began with the [[Mughals]]. It was known then as Akbarabad and remained the capital of the [[Mughal Empire]] under Emperor [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]]. [[Shah Jahan]] later shifted his capital to [[Shahjahanabad]] in the year 1649.
[[Image:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb||Taj Mahal.]] Since Akbarabad was one of the most important cities in India under the [[Mughals]], it witnessed a lot of building activity. [[Babar]], the founder of the Mughal dynasty laid out the first formal Persian garden on the banks of river Yamuna. The garden is called the Aram Bagh or the Garden of Relaxation. His grandson [[Akbar]] raised the towering ramparts of the Great Red Fort besides making Agra, a center for learning arts, commerce and religion. Akbar also built a new city on the outskirts of Akbarabad called [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. This city was built in the form of a Mughal military camp in stone.
His son [[Jahangir]] had a love of gardens and flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort or Laal Kila. [[Shah Jahan]] known for his keen interest in architecture gave Akbarabad its most prized monument, The [[Taj Mahal]]. Built in loving memory of his wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]], the mausoleum was completed in 1653.
[[Shah Jahan]] later shifted the capital to [[Delhi]] during his reign, but this son [[Aurangzeb]] shifted the capital back to Akbarabad and had his father imprisoned in the Fort there. Akbarabad remained capital of India during the rule of [[Aurangzeb]] until he shifted it to [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in the [[Deccan]] in 1653. After the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], the city came under the influence of [[Marathas]] and [[Jats]] and was called Agra, before falling into the hands of the [[British Raj]] in 1803.
[[Image:Agra, Main Street, c.1858.jpg|right|thumb|Agra, Main Street, c.1858]]In 1835 when the [[Presidency of Agra]] was established by the British, the city became the seat of government. During the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] British rule across India was threatened, news of the rebellion had reached Agra on [[11 May]] and on the 30th of May two companies of native infantry, the 44th and 67th regiments, rebelled and marched to [[Delhi]]. The next morning native Indian troops in Agra were forced to disarm, on [[15 June]] [[Gwalior]] (which lies south of Agra) rebelled. By [[3 July]] the British were forced to withdraw into the fort. Two days later a small British force at Sucheta were defeated and force to withdraw, this lead to a mob sacking the city. However the rebels moved onto Delhi which allowed the British to restore order by the 8th of July. Delhi fell to the British in September, the following month rebels who had fled Delhi along with rebels from Central India marched on Agra - but were defeated. After this British rule was again secured over the city until the independence of India in 1947.<ref>[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_092.gif Agra City - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 5, p. 83-84.]</ref>
Agra has birth place of religion like [[Din-i-Ilahi]], which flourished during the rein of [[Akbar]] & [[Radha Swami|Radhaswami Faith]] which has around two million follower worldwide.
==Places of Interest==
[[Image:TM from Red Fort.jpg|thumb|240px|Taj Mahal from Agra fort]]
===Taj Mahal===
Agra's [[Taj Mahal]] is one of the most famous buildings in the world, the mausoleum of Shah Jahan's favorite wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. It is one of the [[New 7 Wonders]] of the world, and one of three [[World Heritage Sites]] in Agra, the others being Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri.
Completed in 1653 CE., the Taj Mahal is believed to have been built by the Mughal Badshah (king) Shah Jahan as the final resting place for his beloved wife, Mumtaz. Finished in marble, it is perhaps India's most fascinating and beautiful monument. This perfectly symmetrical monument took 22 years (1630-1652) of hard labour and 20,000 workers, masons and jewellers to build and is set amidst landscaped gardens. Built by the Persian architect, Ustad Isa, the Taj Mahal is on the bank of the Yamuna River. It can be observed like a mirage from the Agra Fort from where Emperor Shah Jahan stared at it, for the last eight years his life as a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb. It is a masterpiece of symmetry, seeming to be floating in the air from a distance, and each revealed as an illusion experienced as one enters through the main gate. Verses of the Holy [[Koran]] are inscribed on it and at the top of gate 22 small domes, signifying the number of years the monument took to build. The Taj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one. The most elegant dome of the Taj, with a diameter of {{convert|60|ft|m}}, rises {{convert|80|ft|m}} over the building and directly under the dome is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb. Fantastic inlay works using semi-precious stones decorate the interiors.
Opening Times: 6 A.M. to 7.30 P.M. (closed Fridays)
===Agra Fort===
[[Image:AgraFort.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Amar Singh Gate,<br> one of two entrances into Agra's Red Fort'']]
Another world heritage site in Agra. Agra's dominant structure, the [[Agra Fort]] (sometimes called the ''Red Fort''), was built by Akbar in 1565. Be Noted that a Stone Plate located at the Gate of Fort describes it to be built before 1000 and later renovated by Akbar. The red sandstone fort was renovated and converted into a palace during Shah Jahan's time, and reworked extensively with [[marble]] and [[pietra dura]] inlay. Notable buildings in the fort include the [[Pearl Mosque]], the Diwan-e-Am and Diwan-e-Khas (halls of public and private audience), Jehangir's Palace, Khaas Mahal, Sheesh Mahal (mirrored palace), and Musamman Burj.
The great Mughal Emperor Akbar commissioned the construction of the Agra Fort in 1565 CE., although additions were made till the time of his grandson Shah Jahan. The forbidding exteriors of this fort hide an inner paradise. The fort is crescent shaped, flattened on the east with a long, nearly straight wall facing the river. It has a total perimeter of 2.4 k.m., and is ringed by double castellated ramparts of red sandstone punctuated at regular intervals by bastions. A 9 mt. wide and 10 mt. deep moat surround the outer wall.
Shivaji visited Agra fort as per the "Purandar Treaty" entered into with Mirza Raja Jaisingh to met Aurangzeb in the Diwan-i-khas. In the audience he was deliberately placed behind men of lower rank. Insulted Shivaji stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Sing's quarters on 12th May 1666. Fearing the dungeons and execution, in a famously sweet legend, he escaped on the 17th of August 1666. A heroic equestrian statue of Shivaji has been erected outside the fort.
The fort standing as a typical example of the Mughal architecture.It shows how the North Indian style of fort construction differentiated from that of the South.In South majority of the beautiful forts were built on the sea beds like the one at Bekal in Kerala [for more details refer 'History of Bekal Fort' by Nandakumar Koroth]
===Fatehpur Sikri===
{{main|Fatehpur Sikri}}
[[Image:Audienzhalle .jpg|thumb|''Diwan-i-Khas'' – Hall of Private Audience]]
The Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] built Fatehpur Sikri about 35 km from Agra, and moved his capital there. Later abandoned, the site displays a number of buildings of significant historical importance. A [[World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]], it is often visited by tourists to Agra. The name of the place came after Mughal Emperor Babur defeated Rana Sanga in a battle at a place called Sikri (about 40 km from Agra). Then Mughal Emperor Akbar wanted to make Fatehpur Sikri his head quarters. So he built this majestic fort. But due to shortage of water he had to ultimately move his headquarters to Agra Fort.
[[Buland Darwaza]] or the loft gateway was built by the great Mughal emperor, Akbar in 1601 CE. at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbar built the Buland Darwaza to commemorate his victory over Gujarat. The Buland Darwaza is approached by 42 steps. The Buland Darwaza is 53.63 m high and 35 meters wide. Buland Darwaza is the highest gateway in the world and an astounding example of the Mughal architecture. The Buland Darwaza or the magnificence gateway is made of red and buff sandstone, decorated by carving and inlaying of white and black marble. An inscription on the central face of the Buland Darwaza throws light on Akbar's religious broad mindedness, here is an inscription one on the monument which is a message from Jesus advising his followers not to consider this world as their permanent home.
===Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb===
[[Image:Itmad.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The 'Itmad-Ul-Daulah at Agra']]
Empress [[Nur Jehan]] built [[Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb]], sometimes called the ''Baby Taj'', for her father, Ghias-ud-Din Beg, the Chief Minister of Emperor Jahangir. Located on the left bank of the Yamuna river, the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden criss-crossed by water courses and walkways. The mausoleum itself is set on a base about 50 meters square and about 1 meter high. The mausoleum is about 23 meters square. On each corner are hexagonal towers, about 13 meters tall. Small in comparison to many other Mughal-era tombs, it is sometimes described as a jewel box. Its garden layout and use of white marble, pietra dura, inlay designs and [[latticework]] presage many elements of the Taj Mahal.
The walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations - cornelian, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles, or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets. Light to the interior passes through delicate jali screens of intricately carved white marble.
Many of Nur Jahan's relatives are interred in the mausoleum. The only asymmetrical element of the entire complex is that the cenotaphs of her father and mother have been set side-by-side, a formation replicated in the Taj Mahal
===Sikandra (Akbar's tomb)===
[[Image:LDAkbarTombCenter.jpg||right|thumb|200px|[[Tomb of Akbar the Great]]]]
[[Sikandra, Agra|Sikandra]], the last resting place of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar the Great]],is on Delhi-Agra Highway, is only 13 kilometres from the [[Agra Fort]]. [[Tomb of Akbar the Great|Akbar's tomb]] reflects the completeness of his personality. The vast, beautifully carved, red-ochre sandstone tomb with deers, rabbits and langoor monkeys is set amidst a lush garden. Akbar himself planned his own tomb and selected a suitable site for it. To construct a tomb in one's lifetime was a [[Tartary]] custom which the [[Mughal]]s followed religiously. Akbar's son [[Jahangir]] completed the construction of this pyramidal tomb in 1613.
===Swami Bagh Samadhi===
The Swami Bagh Samadhi is the mausoleum of Huzur [[Shiv Dayal Singh|Swamiji Maharaj]] (Shri Shiv Dayal Singh Seth) in the [[Swamibagh]] section, on Bhagwan Talkies to Dayal bagh road, in the outskirts of the city. He was the founder of the [[Radha Swami|Radhaswami Faith]] and the Samadhi is sacred to its followers. Construction began in 1908 and still continues. It is believed that the construction will never end at Swami Bagh. It is often seen as the "next Taj Mahal". The carvings in stone, using a combination or coloured marble, is life-like and not seen anywhere else in India. The picture shown is taken from the backside and shows only two floors. When completed, the samadhi will have a carved dome and a gateway.
===MankaMeswar Temple===
MankaMeswar Temple is one of the four ancient temples dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]] that are located on the four corners of Agra City. It is located in the near the Jama Masjid and is about 2.5 kilometers from [[Taj Mahal]] and about less than 1 km from [[Agra Fort]]. Being located in the old city, the temple is surrounded by Mughal-era markets, some of which date back to the early days of Mughal rule in India.
===Jama Masjid===
The [[Jama Masjid (Agra)|Jama Masjid]] is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan's daughter, Princess [[Jahanara Begum]], built in 1648, notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets.
===Chini Ka Rauza===
Notable for its [[Persian architecture|Persian]] influenced dome of blue glazed tiles, the [[Chini Ka Rauza]] is dedicated to the Prime Minister of Shah Jahan, Allama Afzel Khal Mullah Shukrullah of Shiraz.
===Ram Bagh===
The oldest [[Mughal garden]] in India, the [[Ram Bagh]] was built by the Emperor [[Babur]] in 1528 on Yamuna's bank. It lies about 2.34 km north of Taj Mahal. The pavilions in this garden are designed in such a manner that the wind from the Yamuna, combined with the greenery, keeps these pavilions cool even during the peak of summer. Aram Bagh is also incorrectly called Ram Bagh by the locals.
===Mariam's Tomb===
[[Mariams Tomb]], is the tomb of Mariam, the wife of great Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]. The tomb is within the compound of Christian Missionary Society.
===Mehtab Bagh===
[[Mehtab Bagh]], is on the opposite bank of River Yamuna on which the Taj is present.
===Keetham Lake===
Also known as Sur Sarovar, the Keetham Lake is situated at about 23 kilometres from Agra within the Surdas Reserved Forest. The lake has an impressive variety of aquatic life and water birds. The tranquil surroundings present an ideal relaxing place.
<center>
<gallery>
Image:Akbar-tomb.jpg|Mughal Emperor Akbar's Tomb, near Agra, India.
Image:Dayal-bagh-12.JPG|Soami Bagh Samadh, in Dayalbagh.
Image:The Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri.jpg|Panch Mahal in [[Fatehpur Sikri]].
</gallery>
</center>
== To Do ==
For the First time, THE TAJ MAHAL MARATHON [http://www.thetajmahalmarathon.com/index.htm] will be run on 21st September in 2008, The Incredible marathon will take off from the sleepy Village of Niyamat Pur outside Agra and will Finsih at The Taj Mehtab Bagh (garden), with spectacular views of the Taj Mahal, a love story in Marble set in Paradise gardens. What better way to celebrate Taj Mahal being one of the new seven wonders in the world! The run will also put Agra in the adventure sports.
== Education ==
Agra has always been a centre for education and learning. It was during the advent of Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education. In the coming decades Agra saw great literary figures come from the city. Abul Fazl and others were among the pioneers. The Urdu literature grew by leaps and bounds in the city. Mir Taqi "Mir" and Mirza Asadullah Beg "Ghalib" were the icons produced by the city. <br />
Britishers introduced the western concept of education in Agra. In the year 1823, Agra College, one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the '''Scindia rulers'''. <br />
Agra University was established on 1st July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces, the Rajputana, the Central Provinces and almost to entire North India, at present around 142 Colleges are affiliated to this University. In the British era, Agra became a great center of hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm. The historic Agra University was later rechristened as Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University [http://www.dbrau.ac.in/] by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Ms. Mayawati. <br />
Britishers also introduced English medium schools to the city known as convent schools as they were attached to a church. [[St. Peter's College, Agra]] [http://www.stpetersagra.com], built in 1846, is in fact one of the oldest of its kind in the country. Other prominent school are St. Patrick's Junior College, St. Conrad's Inter College, St. Paul's School, DPS[http://www.dps.ac.in/]. Most of the better school in Agra are affiliated to ICSE Board.<br />
Agra is also home to some of the oldest and renowned colleges<br />
[[Dayalbagh Educational Institute]] [http://www.dei.ac.in/]. Radhasoami Satsang Sabha, started the Radhasoami Educational Institute, as a co-educational Middle School, open to all, on January 1, 1917. Within six months, it was raised to the level of a High School; Intermediate classes were started in 1922; it became a Degree College in 1947, with the introduction of B.Com. classes affiliated to Agra University; B.Ed. (B.T.) classes were added in 1951 and the first batch of B.Sc. students was sent up for the final examination in 1955. A Technical School, which later developed into a College, was started in 1927 for imparting training in automobile, electrical and mechanical engineering, leading to the award of diploma in the concerned branch of the Board of Technical Education, U.P. The Leather Working School, started in 1930, gives instructions in both theory and practice for manufacture of leather goods. To further the cause of women's education, Prem Vidyalaya was started in 1930. It is now an Intermediate College. The Women's Training College was established in 1947 for B.A. and B.Ed. classes. M.Ed. classes were added in 1958. M.A. in Psychology, English and Hindi in 1969 and M.A. (Music) in 1976.
A new and significant development of far-reaching consequence, in the history of education at Dayalbagh, was the establishment of DAYALBAGH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE as a registered body in 1973, which integrated and brought under one umbrella all the educational institutions of Dayalbagh, including the School of Comparative Study of Religion, the School of Languages and the School of Art and Culture.
In 1975, it formulated an innovative and comprehensive programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission, as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education, Government of India, conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, to implement the new scheme. <br />
[[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]] [http://www.snmcagra.in/], Agra, named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh, poetess and freedom fighter, Bharat Kokila Smt. Sarojini Naidu, is one of the first three Medical Schools of the country. During year 2004-2005, S. N. Medical College & Hospital is celebrating its 150th Foundation year (1854-2004)<br />
St. John's College, Agra [http://stjohnscollegeagra.com], was established in 1850 by the Church Missionary Society of England through the efforts of the Agra C. M. S. Association which came into being in 1840. [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], the 9th President of India received his education from St. John's college.
==Contact==
Agra comes under Uttar Pradesh (west) circle as per TRAI.
===Landlines===
'''BSNL''' [http://www.upw.bsnl.co.in/],'''Airtel''' [http://airtel.in/level2_t7.aspx?path=1%2f105] are the two main providers of terrestrial telephone lines in Agra.
===Internet===
There are several internet cafes / Cyber Cafes from where you can access the internet for sending email or uploading your digital photos.
*'''Reliance world'''[http://www.relianceworld.in] offers you broadband connectivity at many location across the city.
*'''Sify iway'''[http://www.iway.com/] also offers broadband connectivity at different locations spread all over the city.
==Media==
===News Paper===
Among the Hindi New Paper which are published in Agra, the prominent are
* Amar Ujala [http://www.amarujala.com/today/default.asp]
* Dainik Jagran [http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/]
* Aaj<br />
Agra has not got a English daily of its own, but all the English daily which are published from Delhi are readily available in the city.<br />
===FM Channels===
There are at present 2 FM channel in Agra
* Big FM (92.7 FM) [http://www.big927fm.com/index.asp?selcity=26] - Owned by the Reliance ADAG Group
* Radio Mantra (91.9 FM) - Owned by the Shri Puran Multimedia
==Further reading==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00artlinks/agra_havell/index.html A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri, and the Neighbourhood-by E. B. Havell, 1904.]
== References ==
{{commonscat|Agra}}
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://agra.nic.in/ Official Website of Agra maintained by NIC]
* {{coord|27.190000|78.010000}}
* {{wikitravel}}
*[http://www.pratheep.com/agra.shtml Agra photo album]
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1504]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agra]]
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