Ahmed Sékou Touré
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{{Infobox_President|name=Ahmed Sékou Touré
|nationality=Guinean
|image=Sekou Toure usgov-83-08641.jpg
|image size = 240px
|image caption = President Ahmed Sekou Toure of the Republic of Guinea arrives for a visit to Washington DC, 1982.
|order=1st [[President of Guinea]]
|term_start=[[October 2]], [[1958]]
|term_end=[[March 26]], [[1984]]
|predecessor=''None (position first established)''
|successor=[[Louis Lansana Beavogui]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1922|1|9|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Faranah]], [[Guinea]]
|dead=yes
|death_date={{death date and age|1984|3|26|1922|1|9|mf=y}}
|death_place=[[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]]
|spouse=
|party=[[Democratic Party of Guinea]]
|vicepresident=
|religion=[[Muslim]]
}}
'''Ahmed Sékou Touré''' (var. '''Ahmen Seku Ture''') ([[1922]]-[[1984]]) was an [[African]] political leader and president of the [[Republic of Guinea]] from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the liberation of the country from [[France]].
==Origins==
Sékou Touré was born on [[January 9]], [[1922]] into a poor family in the west African country of Guinea, while a [[French West Africa|colonial possession]] of [[France]]. His date of birth has never been formally established; there remains a contention that he was born in 1918 at [[Faranah]]. He was a member of the [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] ethnic group<ref name="Augui1">[http://www.radio-kankan.com RADIO-KANKAN: La premiere radio internet de Guinée-Conakry: GUINEE: RADIO-KANKAN<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and was the great-grandson of the famous [[Samory Touré]]<ref> Webster, James & Boahen, Adu (1980), ''The Revolutionary Years; West Africa since 1800'', p. 324.</ref>, who had resisted French rule until his capture.
==Early life==
Sékou's early life was characterized by challenges of authority, including during his education. Sékou was obliged to work to take care of himself. He began working for the Postal Services (PTT), and quickly became involved in [[Labor Union]] activity. During his youth and after becoming president, Sékou Touré studied the works of communist philosophers, especially those of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Vladimir Lenin]].
==Politics==
Sékou's first work in a political group was in the Postal Workers Union (PTT). In 1945, he was one of the founders of their labour Union, becoming the general secretary of the postal workers' union in 1945.
In 1952, he became the leader of the [[Guinean Democratic Party]] which was local section of the [[African Democratic Rally|RDA]] (''African Democratic Rally'', French: ''Rassemblement Démocratique Africain'') , a party agitating for the decolonization of Africa.
In 1956 he organized the [[UGTAN|Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noir]], French West Africa's first general trade union, and was involved in element of the [[French Communist Party]] and the French [[Confédération Générale du Travail|CGT]] union. He was a leader of the RDA, working closely with a future rival, [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], who later became the president of the [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. In 1956 he was elected Guinea's deputy to the [[French national assembly]] and mayor of [[Conakry]], positions he used to launch pointed criticisms of the colonial regime
Touré is remembered as a charismatic figure and while his legacy as president is often distained in his home country, he remains an icon of liberation in the wider African community. Touré served for some time as a representative of African groups in [[France]], where he worked to negotiate for the independence of France's African colonies.
In 1958 Touré's RDA section in Guinea pushed for a "No" in the [[French Union]] referendum sponsored by the French government, and was the only one of France's African colonies to vote for immediate independence rather than continued association with France. Guinea became the only French colony to leave the [[French Community]]. In the event the rest of Francophone Africa gained its independence only two years later in 1960, but the French were extremely vindictive against Guinea: withdrawing abruptly, taking files, destroying infrastructure, and breaking political and economic ties.
[[Image:Keita Toure Nkrumah LOC 3c16242r.jpg|thumb|left300px||Four African leaders (see:[[Casablanca Group]]) arrive at Casablanca airport for [[Union of African States|African Summit]] (1961); from right, [[Modibo Keita]] of [[Mali]], '''Sekou Toure''' of Guinea, [[Mohammed V of Morocco|King Mohammed V of Morocco]], [[Kwame Nkrumah]] of [[Ghana]].]]
==As President of Guinea==
In his home country, Sékou Touré was a strong president<ref name="Augui2">[http://www.guineeconakry.info/index.php?action=read&item=1135190294) Accueil | guineeconakry.info<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Opposition to single party rule grew slowly, and by the late 1960s those who opposed his government faced fear of detention camps and secret police. His detractors often had two choices--say nothing or go abroad. From 1965 to 1975 he ended all his relations with France, the former colonial power. Sékou Touré argued that Africa had lost much during colonization, and that Africa ought to retaliate by cutting off ties to former colonial nations. Only in 1978, as Guinea's ties with the [[Soviet Union]] soured, president of France [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] first visited Guinea as a sign of reconciliation.
Throughout his dispute with France, Guinea maintained good relations with several socialist countries. However, Sékou's attitude toward France was not generally well received, and some African countries ended diplomatic relations with Guinea over the incident. Despite this, Sékou's move won the support of many anti-colonialist and [[Pan-African]] groups and leaders.
Touré's primary ally in the region was President [[Kwame Nkrumah]] of [[Ghana]]. After Nkrumah was overthrown in a 1966 coup, Touré offered him a refuge in Guinea and made him co-president. <ref>Webster, James & Boahen, Adu (1980), ''The Revolutionary Years; West Africa since 1800'', p. 377.</ref> As a leader of the Pan-Africanist movement, he consistently spoke out against colonial powers, and befriended leaders from the [[African diaspora]] such as [[Malcolm X]] and [[Stokely Carmichael]], to whom he offered asylum (and who took the two leaders names, as [[Kwame Ture]]).<ref>See Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. Encyclopedia of Black Studies. pp78-80</ref> He, with Nkrumah, helped in the formation of the [[All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party]], and aided forces fighting [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colonialism in neighboring [[Guinea-Bissau]] (for which the Portuguese launched an attack upon Conakry).
Relations with the United States fluctuated during the course of Touré's reign. While Touré was unimpressed with [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower administration]]'s approach to Africa, he came to consider President [[John F. Kennedy]] a friend and an ally. He even came to state that Kennedy was his "only true friend in the outside world". He was impressed by Kennedy's interest in African development and commitment to civil rights in the United States. Touré blamed Guinean labor unrest in 1962 on [[Soviet]] interference and turned to the United States.
Relations with Washington soured, however, after Kennedy's death. When a Guinean delegation was imprisoned in [[Ghana]], after the overthrow of Nkrumah, Touré blamed Washington. He feared that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] was plotting against his own regime.
<!-- In September 1958, Guinea participated in the referendum on the new French constitution. On acceptance of the new constitution, French overseas territories had the option of choosing to continue their existing status, to move toward full integration into metropolitan France, or to acquire the status of an autonomous republic in the new quasi-federal French Community. If, however, they rejected the new constitution, they would become independent forthwith. French President Charles de Gaulle made it clear that a country pursuing the independent course would no longer receive French economic and financial aid or retain French technical and administrative officers. The electorate of Guinea rejected the new constitution overwhelmingly, and Guinea accordingly became an independent state on 2 October 1958, with Ahmed Sékou Touré, leader of Guinea's strongest labor union, as president.
During its first three decades of independence, Guinea developed into a militantly socialist state, which merged the functions and membership of the Parti Démocratique de Guinée (PDG) with the various institutions of government, including the public state bureaucracy. This unified party-state had nearly complete control over the country's economic and political life. Guinea expelled the US Peace Corps in 1966 because of alleged involvement in a plot to overthrow President Touré. Similar charges were directed against France; diplomatic relations were severed in 1965 and did not resume until 1975. An ongoing source of contention between Guinea and its French-speaking neighbors was the estimated half-million expatriates in Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire; some were active dissidents who, in 1966, formed the National Liberation Front of Guinea (Front de Libération Nationale de Guinée—FLNG).
International tensions erupted again in 1970 when some 350 men, including FLNG partisans and Africans in the Portuguese army, invaded Guinea under the leadership of white Portuguese officers from Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau). Waves of arrests, detentions, and some executions followed this invasion, which was repulsed after one day. Between 1969 and 1976, according to Amnesty International, 4,000 persons were detained for political reasons, with the fate of 2,900 unknown. After an alleged Fulani plot to assassinate Touré was disclosed in May 1976, Diallo Telli, a cabinet minister and formerly the first secretary-general of the OAU, was arrested and sent to prison, where he died without trial in November.
In 1977, protests against the regime's economic policy, which dealt harshly with unauthorized trading, led to riots in which three regional governors were killed. Touré responded by relaxing restrictions, offering amnesty to exiles (thousands of whom returned), and releasing hundreds of political prisoners. Ties were loosened with the Soviet bloc, as Touré sought increased Western aid and private investment for Guinea's sagging economy.
Single-list elections for an expanded National Assembly were held in 1980. Touré was elected unopposed to a fourth seven-year term as president on 9 May 1982; according to the government radio, he received 100% of the vote. A new constitution was adopted that month, and during the summer Touré visited the United States as part of an economic policy reversal that found Guinea seeking Western investment to develop its huge mineral reserves. Measures announced in 1983 brought further economic liberalization, including the relegation of produce marketing to private traders.
Touré died on 26 March 1984 while undergoing cardiac treatment at the Cleveland Clinic; he had been rushed to the United States after being stricken in Sa'udi Arabia the previous day. Prime Minister Louis Lansana Béavogui then became acting president, pending elections that were to be held within 45 days. On 3 April, however, just as the Political Bureau of the ruling Guinea Democratic Party (PDG) was about to name its choice as Touré's successor, the armed forces seized power, denouncing the last years of Touré's rule as a "bloody and ruthless dictatorship." The constitution was suspended, the National Assembly dissolved, and the PDG abolished. The leader of the coup, Col. Lansana Conté, assumed the presidency on 5 April, heading the Military Committee for National Recovery (Comité Militaire de Redressement National—CMRN). About 1,000 political prisoners were freed. -->
Over time, Touré's increasing paranoia led him to arrest large numbers of suspected political opponents and imprison them in camps, such as the notorious [[Camp Boiro|Camp Boiro National Guard Barracks]]. Tens of thousands of Guinean dissidents sought refuge in exile. <ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/2007/guinea0407/4.htm#_ftn5 Guinea Background note], [[Human Rights Watch]], 2007. ''Numbers fleeing remain controversial. Anti-Toure activists and the United States government say a million fled, HRW say tens of thousands.'' <br /> For the memorial to victims of Toure's government, see: [http://www.campboiro.org/ campboiro.org/] For their view, reflected in the Statutes of the ''Camp Boiro International Memorial (CBIM)'', see : [http://gjc.fr/cbim-documents/cbim_intro.html Tierno S. Bah: Camp Boiro International Memorial]]. "''At its peak, Camp Boiro was a contemporary of the Khmer Rouge and a precursor of the Rwandan genocides.''" </ref> Once Guinea's reprochment with France began in the late 1970s, another section of his support, [[Marxists]], began to oppose his government's increasing move to [[capitalism |capitalist]] [[liberalisation]]. In 1978 he formally renounced Marxism and reestablished trade with the West. Running again for president unopposed, Touré was reelected in 1982.
Touré died in the city of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in the [[United States]] while undergoing heart surgery on [[March 26]], [[1984]].
==Hero or tyrant?==
Ahmed Sékou Touré remains a polarising figure even today. During his presidency Touré was seen from abroad as a charismatic leader who was respected among Guineans, and loved by many. This remains a point of debate among Guineans, as in elections he did not have meaningful opposition, and a number of opposition politicians were jailed. His early actions to reject the French and then to appropriate wealth and farmland from traditional landlords <ref>See: William Derman. Serfs, Peasants, and Socialists: A Former Serf Village in the Republic of Guinea. University of California Press (1968, 2nd ed 1973). ISBN: 978-0520017283</ref> angered many powerful forces, but the increasing failure of his government to provide either economic opportunities of democratic rights angered more. While still revered in much of Africa<ref>As one example see [http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders/102904/part5.pdf the text of a posthumous award given to Touré by the South African presidency].</ref> and in the Pan-African movement, many Guineans, and activists of the Left and Right in Europe, have become critical of Touré's failure to institute meaningful democracy or free media.<ref name+"Augui3">http://www.fsa.ulaval.calpersonel/Vernag?leadership/disk/Guinee-dicateur-enfantshtm</ref>
==References==
* Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African. '''Ahmed Sékou Touré'' pp1857-58. Basic Civitas Books (1999). ISBN 0465000711
* Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. Encyclopedia of Black Studies. Sage Publications (2005) ISBN 076192762X
* {{fr}} Ibrahima Baba Kake. Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran. Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p
* Lansiné Kaba. From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957-1984; in Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960-1980. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis(eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
* Phineas Malinga. ''Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy'' in African Communist. 1985 N° 100, pp. 56-64.
* Baruch Hirson. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/hirson/1989/clr-james.htm Communalism and Socialism in Africa: The Misdirection of C.L.R . James]. Communalism and Socialism in Africa, 1989.
* John Leslie. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1960/xx/africansoc.htm Towards an African socialism], [[International Socialism]] (1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp.15-19.
* {{fr}} Alpha Mohamed Sow, ''Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen)'', in Les ethnies ont une histoire, Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp. 386-405, KARTHALA Editions (2003) ISBN 2845863896
* Parts of this article were translated from French Wikipedia's [[:fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré]].
===News articles===
* New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and GuineaBy THOMAS F. BRADY Special to The New York Times. May 2, 1959, Saturday Page 2, 339
* GUINEA SHUNS TIE TO WORLD BLOCS; But New State Gets Most Aid From East -- Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By JOHN B. OAKES, The New York Times, October 25, 1959, Sunday Page 16, 576 words
* Red Aid to Guinea Rises By HOMER BIGART Special to The New York Times. March 6, 1960, Sunday Page 4, 608 words
* HENRY TANNER. REGIME IN GUINEA SEIZES 2 UTILITIES; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns -- Pledges Compensation, Special to The New York Times. February 2, 1961, Thursday, Page 3, 336 words
* TOURE SAYS REDS PLOTTED A COUP; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), New York Times. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, Page 14, 247 words
* Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Guinea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By [[David Halberstam]] July 8, 1962, Sunday [[The New York Times Magazine]], Page 146, 3783 words
* GUINEA RELAXES BUSINESS CURBS; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), The New York Times, December 8, 1963, Sunday Page 24, 333 words
* U.S. PEACE CORPS OUSTED BY GUINEA; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By RICHARD EDER Special to The New York Times, November 9, 1966, Wednesday, Page 11, 655 words
* Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, [[The New York Times]], January 26, 1968, Friday Page 52, 578 words
* ALFRED FRIENDLY Jr. TOURE ADOPTING A MODERATE TONE; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. New York Times. April 28, 1968, Sunday, Page 13, 525 words
* Ebb of African 'Revolution' , [[The New York Times]], December 7, 1968, Saturday Page 46, 305 words
* Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), [[The New York Times]], January 16, 1969, Thursday Page 10, 139 words
* Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), [[The New York Times]], March 22, 1969, Saturday Page 14, 146 words
* 12 FOES OF REGIME DOOMED IN GUINEA Special to The New York Times May 16, 1969, Friday Page 2, 213 words
* Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea by Portuguese By The Associated Press, The New York Times, November 23, 1970, Monday Page 1, 644 words
* Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, [[The New York Times]], November 29, 1970, Sunday, Page 194, 717 words
* GUINEAN IS ADAMANT ON DEATH SENTENCES, [[The New York Times]], January 29, 1971, Friday. Page 3, 145 words
* Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; GUINEA IS SEEKING HELP ON BAUXITE, [[The New York Times]], February 15, 1971, Monday Section: BUSINESS AND FINANCE, Page 34, 897 words
* Political Ferment Hurts Guinea , [[The New York Times]], January 31, 1972, Monday Section: SURVEY OF AFRICA'S ECONOMY, Page 46, 464 words
* GUINEAN, IN TOTAL REVERSAL, ASKS MORE U.S. INVESTMENT By BERNARD WEINRAUB, [[The New York Times]], , ; Foreign Desk July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 5, 592 words
* GUINEA IS SLOWLY BREAKING OUT OF ITS TIGHT COCOON By ALAN COWELL, [[The New York Times]], , ; Foreign Desk, December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1098 words
* IN REVOLUTIONARY GUINEA, SOME OF THE FIRE IS GONE By ALAN COWELL, [[The New York Times]], , ; Foreign Desk, December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1181 words
* GUINEA'S PRESIDENT, SEKOU TOURE, DIES IN CLEVELAND CLINIC By CLIFFORD D. MAY, [[The New York Times]], , ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 1, 1253 words
* THOUSANDS MOURN DEATH OF TOURE By CLIFFORD D. MAY [[The New York Times]], ; Foreign Desk, March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 1, 591 words
* AHMED SEKOU TOURE, A RADICAL HERO By ERIC PACE [[The New York Times]], ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 6, Column 1, 1249 words
* IN POST-COUP GUINEA, A JAIL IS THROWN OPEN. CLIFFORD D. MAY. Special to The New York Times. Foreign Desk, April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 4, 1336 words.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D91E39F93AA15750C0A962948260&scp=21&sq=Sekou+Toure&st=nyt TOPICS; HOW TO RUN THINGS, OR RUIN THEM], The New York Times, March 29, 1984.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E6D81638F934A35757C0A962948260&scp=88&sq=Sekou+Toure&st=nyt Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm], The New York Times, April 7, 1984.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC163AF930A35752C0A96E948260&scp=4&sq=Sekou+Toure&st=nyt Guinea Frees Toure's Widow], REUTERS, The New York Times, January 3, 1988.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE1DE153CF93BA15751C0A963958260&scp=49&sq=Sekou+Toure&st=nyt How France Shaped New Africa], HOWARD W. FRENCH, The New York Times, February 28, 1995.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E3DA1139F937A25757C0A960958260&scp=41&sq=Sekou+Toure&st=nyt Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution], KAREN DE WITT, The New York Times, April 14, 1996.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DC1131F935A25752C1A96E958260&scp=44&sq=Sekou+Toure&st=nyt Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57], MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, The New York Times, November 16, 1998.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2348561.stm 'Mass graves' found in Guinea]. BBC, 22 October 2002.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E6DD1438F930A15752C1A9659C8B63&scp=39&sq=Sekou+Toure&st=nyt Stokely Speaks] (Book Review), ROBERT WEISBROTThe New York Times Review of Books, November 23, 2003.
{{Expert-subject|Biography}}
===Notes===
<references />
===Other secondary works===
* Ladipo Adamolekun. Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building. Methuen (August 1976). ISBN 0416778402
* Koumandian Kéita. Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature. Nubia (1984).
* Ibrahima Baba Kaké. Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran. [[Jeune Afrique]], Paris (1987)
* Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo. La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré (Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985). ISBN: 978-2702113905
* Kaba Camara. Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré : cela a bien eu lieu.
* Ousmane Ardo Bâ. Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré. [[Harmattan]], Paris (1986) ISBN: 978-2858026494
* Mahmoud Bah. Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré
* Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo. Noviciat d'un évêque : huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré
* André Lewin. Diallo Telli. Le destin tragique d'un grand Africain
* Dr. Thierno Bah. Mon combat pour la Guinée
* Nadine Bari. Chroniques de Guinée (1994)
* Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)
* Maurice Jeanjean. Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain
* Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée
* Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique
* Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957-1984
* Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur
* Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime : lettre ouverte au président Mitterand
* Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré : quarante ans de dictature
* Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir : l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984
===Works by Touré (partial)===
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. 8 novembre 1964 (Conakry) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, (1965)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. A propos du Sahara Occidental : intervention du président Ahmed Sékou Touré devant 1e 17e sommet de l'OUA, Freetown, 1e 3 juillet 1980. (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Address of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of the Republic of Guinee (sic) : suggestions submitted during the West Africa consultative regional meeting held at Conakry, during 19 and 20 November 1971. (Cairo : Permanent Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization, 1971)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Afrika and imperialism. Newark, N.J. : Jihad Pub. Co., 1973.
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. (Conférences, discours et rapports .). Conakry : Impr. du Gouvernement, (1958-
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Congres général de l'U.G.T.A.N. (Union général des travailleurs de l'Afrique noire) : Conakry, 15-18 janvier 1959 : rapport d'orientation et de doctrine. (Paris) : Présence africaine, c1959.
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Discours de Monsieur Sékou Touré, Président du Conseil de Gouvernement des 28 juillet et 25 aout 1958, de Monsieur Diallo Saifoulaye, Président de L'Assemblée territoriale et du Général de Gaulle, Président du Gouvernement de la Républ (Conakry) : Guinée Française, (1958)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Doctrine and methods of the Democratic Party of Guinea (Conakry 1963).
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Expérience guinéenne et unité africaine. Paris, [[Présence africaine]] (1959)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Guinée-Festival / commentaire et montage, Wolibo Dukuré dit Grand-pére. Conakry : Commission Culturelle du Comité Central, 1983.
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Guinée, prélude à l'indépendance (Avant-propos de Jacques Rabemananjara) Paris, Présence africaine (1958)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Hommage a la révolution Cubaine ; Message du camarade Ahmed Sekou Toure au peuple Cubain a l'occasion du 20e anniversaire de l'attaque de la Caserne de Moncada (Juillet 1973). Conakry : Bureau de Presse de la Presidence de la Republique, (1975).
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. International policy and diplomatic action of the Democratic Party of Guinea; extracts from the report on doctrine and orientation submitted to the 3d National Conference of the P.D.G. (Cairo, Société Orientale de Publicité-Press, 1962)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Opening speech of the Summit of Heads of State and Government by President Ahmed Sékou Touré, chairman of the Summit (November 20, 1980). (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Poemes militants. (Conakry, Guinea) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Political leader considered as the representative of a culture. (Newark, N. J. : Jihad Productions, 19--)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Pour l'amitié algéro-guinéenne. (Conakry, Guinea : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Rapport de doctrine et de politique générale. Conakry : Imprimerie Nationale, 1959.
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Strategy and tactics of the revolution. Conakry, Guinea : Press Office, 1978.
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Unité nationale. Conakry, République de Guinée (B.P. 1005, Conakry, République de Guinée) : Bureau de presse de la Présidence de la République, 1977.
===External links===
* [http://www.sekoutoure.com More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1495000/audio/_1496734_guinea_sekoutoure.ram BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule] (1959).
* [http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&l=1&t=1&c_country=44 Conflict history: Guinea], 11 May 2007. [[International Crisis Group]].
* [http://gjc.fr/bibliotheque/index.html WebGuinee: Camp Boiro Memorial]. Extensive list of reports and articles on the human rights history of Guinea, maintained by AfriQ*Access, Inc., a privately held, Washington, DC-based digital communications and information company.
{{GuineaPresidents}}
{{GuineaPMs}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Touré, Ahmed Sékou}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Pan-Africanism]]
[[Category:French West Africa]]
[[Category:Presidents of Guinea]]
[[Category:Cold War leaders]]
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[[fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[ko:아메드 세쿠 투레]]
[[hr:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[id:Ahmed Sekou Toure]]
[[it:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[nl:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[ja:セク・トゥーレ]]
[[no:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[pl:Ahmed Sekou Touré]]
[[pt:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[ru:Секу Туре, Ахмед]]
[[sl:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[sr:Ахмед Секу Туре]]
[[fi:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]
[[sv:Ahmed Sékou Touré]]