Ahmedabad 206337 225751179 2008-07-15T06:17:11Z Gppande 379757 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225748009 by [[Special:Contributions/Indiahn|Indiahn]] ([[User talk:Indiahn|talk]]) {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |native_name = Ahmedabad |type = metropolitan city |locator_position = right |latd=23.03 |longd=72.58 |state_name = Gujarat |district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Kanaji Thakor]] |altitude = 53 |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total = 3,867,336 |population_metro = 5,255,003 |population_metro_as_of = 2008 |population_metro_rank = 7th |population_density = 22473 |area_magnitude = 9 |area_total = 449 |area_telephone = 079 |postal_code = 380 0XX |vehicle_code_range = GJ-1 |footnotes = }} '''Ahmedabad''' ({{lang-gu|અમદાવાદ ''Amdāvād''}}, [[Hindi]]: अहमदाबाद {{IPAudio|lang=Hindi|Ahmedabad.ogg|''Ahmadābād''}}) is the largest city in the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Gujarat]] and the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|seventh-largest urban agglomeration]] in [[India]], with a population of 56&nbsp;[[lakh]]s (5.6&nbsp;million).<ref name=population>{{cite web |publisher=World Gazetteer |title=India: metropolitan areas |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a |accessdate=2006-03-04 }}</ref> Located on the banks of the [[Sabarmati River|River Sabarmati]], the city is the administrative centre of [[Ahmedabad district]], and was the [[capital]] of Gujarat from 1960 to 1970; the capital was shifted to [[Gandhinagar]] thereafter. The city is sometimes called Karnavati, a name for an older town that existed in the same location; in colloquial Gujarati, it is commonly called Amdavad. Ahmedabad was founded in 1411 by [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Sultan Ahmed Shah]] to serve as the capital of the [[Muzaffarid dynasty|Sultanate of Gujarat]]. The city is named after its founder. Under [[British Raj|British rule]], a military [[cantonment]] was established and the city infrastructure was modernised and expanded. Although incorporated into the [[Bombay Presidency]] during the British rule in India, Ahmedabad remained the most important city in the Gujarat region. The city established itself as the home of a booming textile industry, which earned it the nickname "''the [[Manchester]] of the East''."<ref name=manchester>{{cite news |author=A. Srivathsan|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300300200.htm|title= Manchester of the east|work=Young World|publisher=The Hindu|date=2006-06-23|accessdate=2006-07-30}}</ref> The city was at the forefront of the [[Indian independence movement]] in the first half of the 20th century.<ref name=manchester/> It was the centre of many campaigns of [[civil disobedience]] to promote workers' rights, [[civil rights]] and political independence. With the [[States Reorganisation Act|creation of the state of Gujarat]] in 1960, Ahmedabad gained prominence as the political and commercial capital of the state. Once characterised by dusty roads and [[bungalow]]s, the city is witnessing a major construction boom and population increase. A rising centre of education, [[information technology]] and scientific industries, Ahmedabad remains the [[Culture of India|cultural]] and [[Economy of India|commercial]] heart of Gujarat, and much of western India. However, this progress has been marred by natural calamities, political instability and outbreaks of communal violence. ==History== {{main|History of Ahmedabad}} Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as ''Ashapalli'' or ''[[Ashaval]]''. At that time, [[Karandev I]], the [[Solanki]] ruler of Anhilwara (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), waged a successful war against the [[Bhil]] king of Ashaval. Soon after the victory, he established a city called ''Karnavati'' on the banks of the Sabarmati at the site currently known as Maninagar that is not part of modern Ahmedabad. Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] of [[Dholka]] and Ahmedabad was conquered by the [[Sultanate of Delhi]]. [[Image:Cloth map of ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|Map of Ahmedabad, depicted in a miniature style painting on a cloth, circa 19th century]] In 1411, the rule of the [[Muzaffarid dynasty]] was established in Gujarat. According to tradition, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], while camping on the banks of the River Sabarmati, saw a hare chasing a dog. Impressed by this act of bravery, the Sultan, who had been looking for a place to build his new capital, decided to locate the capital here and called it Ahmedabad.<ref> {{cite book |title=Setu City Map: Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar |publisher=Setu Publications |date=1998 | pages=1}}</ref> In 1487, [[Mahmud Begada]], the grandson of Ahmed Shah, [[fortification|fortified]] the city with an outer wall 10&nbsp;km (6&nbsp;miles) in circumference and consisting of [[Ahmedabad's Darwajas|twelve gates]], 189 [[bastion]]s and over 6,000 [[battlement]]s. Ahmedabad was ruled by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when [[Muzaffar II]] was the Sultan of Ahmedabad. Gujarat was then conquered by the [[Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] in 1573. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in [[textile]]s, which were exported to as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler [[Shahjahan]] spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the [[Moti Shahi Mahal]] in [[Shahibaug]]. The armies of the [[Maratha]] generals [[Raghunath Rao]] and [[Damaji Gaekwad]] captured the city and ended Mughal rule in Ahmedabad. A [[famine]] in 1630 and the constant conflicts between the [[Peshwa]] and the Gaekwad armies virtually destroyed many parts of the city, causing its population to flee.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation |title=History of Ahmedabad |url=http://www.egovamc.com/A_City/ahmedabad/history.asp |accessdate=2006-05-10 }}</ref> The [[British East India Company]] took over the city in 1818 as a part of the conquest of India. A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) was established by the [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]] (BB&CI), making Ahmedabad an important junction in the traffic and trade between [[North India|northern]] and [[South India|southern India]]. Large numbers of people migrated from rural areas to work in textile mills, establishing a robust industry. The [[Indian independence movement]] developed strong roots in the city when, in 1915, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established two [[ashram]]s &mdash; the [[Kochrab Ashram]] near [[Paldi]] in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now [[Sabarmati Ashram]]) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 &mdash; that would become centres of intense nationalist activities. During the [[Non-Cooperation Movement|mass protests]] against the [[Rowlatt Act]] in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{cite web |first = Unjum |last = Mirza |publisher=Socialist Review |title=Independence Day |year = 1997 |month = September |url=http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr211/mirza.htm |accessdate=2006-06-01 }}</ref> In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the [[Salt Satyagraha]] from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the famous [[Dandi Salt March]]. The city administration and economic institutions were rendered functionless by the large masses of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests in the early 1930s, and again in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]]. Following independence and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the city was scarred by intense communal violence that broke out between [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] and [[Islam in India|Muslims]]. [[Image:Gandhi home.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Sabarmati Ashram]], home of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]] Ahmedabad became the capital of the new state of Gujarat after the bifurcation of the [[Bombay State|State of Bombay]] on [[1 May]] [[1960]]. During that period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a major centre of [[Education in India|higher education]], science and technology. Ahmedabad's economic base was diversified with the establishment of [[heavy industry|heavy]] and [[chemical industry|chemical industries]] in its vicinity around the same period. But the growth in the next two decades was punctuated by political events in and around the city. In 1974, Ahmedabad occupied the centre stage in national politics with the launch of the ''[[Nav Nirman]]'' agitation &mdash; a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the [[L.D. College of Engineering]] that snowballed into a mass agitation against general corruption to remove [[Chimanbhai Patel]], then-chief minister of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=indiatoday.digitaltoday.in |title=60 REVOLUTIONS — NAV NIRMAN MOVEMENT |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2727&acc=high |date=December 20, 2007 |author=Ghanshyam Shah |accessdate=2008-07-03 }}</ref> In the 1980s, a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various [[Indian caste system|castes]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Seminar Publications, New Delhi |first = Achyut |last = Yagnik |title=The pathology of Gujarat |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |year=2002 |month=May |accessdate=2006-05-10 }}</ref> On [[26 January]] [[2001]] a devastating [[2001 Gujarat Earthquake|earthquake]] struck the city, centred near [[Bhuj]], measuring 6.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. As many as 50 multistory buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and devastating the city's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia |first = Anil |last = Sinha |title=Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake |url=http://www.searo.who.int |accessdate=2006-05-13 }}</ref> The following year, [[2002 Gujarat violence|communal riots]] between Hindus and Muslims spread to Ahmedabad, paralysing the city for more than a month. The crisis resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1,044 people across the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm |title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-05-11 |accessdate=2006-07-30 }}</ref> The displacement of thousands of Muslims led to the erection of refugee camps around the city. In recent years, the effects of [[globalization|globalisation]] and the liberalisation of the Indian economy has energised the city's economy.<ref name=jeremy> {{cite news |first=Jeremy|last=Smith | coauthors =|url=http://temple-news.com/2000/10/19/professor-sees-philadelphia-in-an-indian-city/|title=Professor Sees Philadelphia in Indian city|work= |publisher=The Temple News|pages=2|page=1|date=2000-10-19|accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref> The city has witnessed the establishment of scientific and service industries, the expansion of the [[information technology]] sector, and significant improvements in transportation and communications. Ahmedabad's population is growing, which has resulted in a construction and housing boom. However, this has challenged the city's infrastructure and [[States of India by installed power capacity|power supply]].<ref name=jeremy/> ==Geography and climate== {{main|Geography of Ahmedabad}} [[Image:River-Sabarmati-1.jpg|thumb|right|River Sabarmati]] [[Image:Vastrapurlake.jpg|thumb|right|Vastrapur Lake]] [[Image:Gujarat-High-Court.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Gujarat High Court]] in [[Ahmedabad]].]] Ahmedabad is located at {{coor d|23.03|N|72.58|E|}} in western India at an elevation of 53&nbsp;metres (174&nbsp;ft). The city sits on the banks of the River [[Sabarmati]], in north-central Gujarat. It spans an area of 205&nbsp;km² (79.15 square miles). The Sabarmati frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. The city is located in a sandy and dry area. Many of the localities and roads are often spread in sand, reflecting the intensifying fallout caused by [[deforestation]]. The steady expansion of the [[Rann of Kutch]] threatens to increase [[desertification]] around the city area and much of the state. Except for the small hills of [[Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra]], the city is almost flat. Two lakes are within the city's limits &mdash; [[Kankaria|Kankaria Lake]] and [[Vastrapur Lake]]. Kankaria lake, in the neighbourhood of [[Maninagar]], is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Delhi, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], in 1451.<ref name=kankaria>{{cite web |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, India |title=Ahmedabad — What to see |url=http://www.tourismofindia.com/himg/mgahmedabadwhattosee.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060909054812/http://www.tourismofindia.com/himg/mgahmedabadwhattosee.htm |archivedate=2006-09-09 |accessdate=2006-08-03 }}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], the town falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-III]], in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes) while the wind and cyclone zoning is "very high damage risk", according to [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] report.<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf |title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts |accessdate=2006-08-23 |author = |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |date= |year = |month = |format=[[PDF]] |work=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |pages = |language = |archiveurl = |archivedate = }}</ref> There are three main seasons: summer, [[monsoon]] and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is dry. The weather is hot through the months of March to June &mdash; the average summer maximum is 36&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]] (97&nbsp;[[Fahrenheit|°F]]), and the average minimum is 23&nbsp;°C (73&nbsp;°F). From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30&nbsp;°C (85&nbsp;°F), the average minimum is 15&nbsp;°C (59&nbsp;°F), and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall is 93.2&nbsp;cm (36.7 inches), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the river to [[flood]]. The highest temperature recorded is 47&nbsp;°C (116.6&nbsp;°F) and the lowest is 5&nbsp;°C (41&nbsp;°F).<ref name=temperatures>{{cite web |publisher=Canty and Associates LLC |title=Weatherbase entry for Ahmedabad |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=074624&refer=&unit’s=metric |accessdate=2006-05-08 }}</ref> In recent years, Ahmedabad has suffered from increasing air, water and soil pollution from neighbouring industrial areas and textile mills. Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of [[Bhadra]]. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars, the clustered and barricaded ''[[pol (housing)|pol]]'' system of close clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship. It houses the main railway station, the [[General Post Office, Ahmedabad|General Post Office]], and landmark buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated by the construction of [[Ellis Bridge]] in 1875 and later with the modern [[Nehru Bridge]]. This part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, well-planned residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around [[C. G. Road]], [[Ashram Road]], and more recently, the [[Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway]].<ref> {{cite book |title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium |publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design |date=2002 | pages=83 |chapter=Urban Structure and Growth}}</ref> ==Civic administration== [[Image:Centenary of amc.jpg|thumb|Balvantrai Thakore, Sardar Patel and [[Ganesh Mavlankar]] at a ceremony held in the municipality compound to celebrate centenary year of the Ahmedabad Municipality in 1935]] {| class="wikitable" border="1" align="left" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="260" style="margin: 1em 1em 0 0; background: #F4F5F6; border: 1px #C6C7C8 solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%" | colspan="2" bgcolour="#C2D6E5" align="left" | '''Ahmedabad city officials''' |- | width="50%" | '''Mayor''' | [[Kanaji Thakor]] |- | '''Municipal Commissioner''' | [[I. P. Gautam]] |- | '''Police Commissioner''' | [[O. P.Mathur]] |- |} Ahmedabad is administered by the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC). Some of the regions surrounding the city are administered by the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] (AUDA). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the ''Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949''. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 43 wards.<ref name=" Deluge of applications at AMC">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991006/ige06110.html|title= Deluge of applications at AMC|date=October 6, 1999|work= EXPRESS NEWS SERVICE|publisher=www.indianexpress.com|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> Three [[Local Governance in India|corporators]] are elected from each ward, who in turn elect a mayor.<ref name="Will Congress' last bastion AMC go the Rajkot way?">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/323278.cms|title=Will Congress' last bastion AMC go the Rajkot way?|date=26 Nov 2003|work=TNN|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> Executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the Gujarat state government. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the municipal school board, the city bus service, the municipal hospital, and the city library. The city serves as the headquarters of Ahmedabad district and as the seat of the [[Gujarat High Court]]. The Ahmedabad city police are headed by a [[Police Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. Electricity in the city is provided by [[Torrent Power]] AEC Limited, previously a state-run corporation. The city elects one member to the [[Lok Sabha]] and seven to the Gujarat [[Vidhan Sabha]]. Two main political parties have won a significant number of seats in [[Elections in India|elections]] &mdash; the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. Of the thirteen assembly seats of Ahmedabad, ten were won by the BJP and three by the Congress Party during the legislative elections in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |first=Manas|last=Dasgupta |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/24/stories/2007122459401200.htm|title= Congress gains some lost ground in central Gujarat|publisher=The Hindu|date=2007-12-24|accessdate=2007-12-24}}</ref> In the 2005 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation elections, the BJP won 96 seats, 32 seats went to the Congress, and one seat went to an independent candidate.<ref>{{cite news |first=Manas|last=Dasgupta|author=| coauthors =|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/16/stories/2005101605480800.htm|title= BJP wrests control of Ahmedabad municipal body|work= |publisher=The Hindu|pages=|page=1|date=2005-10-16|accessdate=2006-07-30|language=}}</ref> ==Economy== [[Image:Ahmedabad Mall.jpg|thumb|Retail is a big portion of the commercial economy]] {{main|Economy of Ahmedabad}} Ahmedabad is the largest inland industrial centre in western India, and has historically enjoyed a reputation as an important base of commerce, trade and industry. Under Muzaffarid rule, the city was a major trade destination for western India, because of its proximity to the port at [[Surat]] and for its access to the hinterland of Gujarat. In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry developed and thrived in the city &mdash; on [[30 May]] [[1861]] [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]] founded the first Indian textile mill, the [[Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited]]. This was followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as the [[Calico Mills]] in 1880 by Maganbhai, and mills founded by industrialists such as [[Ambalal Sarabhai]] and [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]].<ref name=jeremy> The textile industry expanded rapidly during the [[World War I|First World War]], and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's [[Swadeshi movement]], which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.<ref> {{cite book |title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium |publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design |date=2002 | pages=34 | chapter=Industry and Commerce}}</ref> [[Arvind Mills]], located in Ahmedabad, is one of the largest textile mills in the country. Ahmedabad has a thriving chemicals and [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals industry]]. Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India &mdash; [[Zydus Cadila]] and [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]] &mdash; are based in the city. The city serves as the corporate headquarters of the [[Adani Group]], which is a leading multinational trading and infrastructure development company. The [[Nirma]] group of industries, which runs a large number of detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. In recent year many foreign companies have set up their sales offices and production facilities in Ahmedabad. Amongst them are [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch Rexroth]], Germany (hydraulic components); [[Stork N.V.|Stork]], Netherlands (textile machinery; joint venture with ATE, India's leading textile equipment trading house); [[Rollepaal]], Netherlands (pipe extrusion equipment); and Johnson Pumps, Sweden. The completion and operation of the [[Sardar Sarovar Project]] of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city. In recent years, the Gujarat government has increased investment in the modernisation of the city's infrastructure, providing for the construction of larger roads and improvements to water supply, electricity and communications. The [[information technology]] industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad.<ref name=jeremy/> A [[NASSCOM]] survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_id=19195158|title=Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots|work= |publisher=The Economic Times|date=2002-08-16|accessdate=2006-07-30}}</ref> A diverse labour force of migrant workers from different parts of Gujarat and neighbouring states is integral to the economy of the city. These workers provide vital household labour and services for the city's large middle class. Ahmedabad plays a strong and significant role in providing commercial resources and market access for the economies of neighbouring cities. A majority of the working-age citizens of Ahmedabad are traders and business people. This has led to the creation of major mercantile corporations and [[Artisan#Artisan guilds|artisan guilds]] that are a key influence on the economic life of Gujarat. The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.<ref name=jeremy/> ==Demographics== {{main|Demographics of Ahmedabad}} {{IndiaCensusPop |title= Ahmedabad population |1981= 2548000 |1991= 3312200 |2001= 4362900 |estimate= |estyear= |estref= |footnote= Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm| title=Table 7.2.11 from Government Of India: Ministry Of Statistics And Programme Implementation|publisher=mospi.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-23}}</ref> }} As per 2001 India [[Census#India|census]] Ahmedabad had a population of 3,520,085. This figure was limited to the municipal region. The total population of the Ahmedabad Urban Agglomeration (which includes the region governed by AUDA) came to 4 million. The urban agglomeration constitutes 21.7% of total Gujarat urban population.<ref name="Urban Scenario:Index of Primacy">{{cite web|url=http://www.udd.gujarat.gov.in/Default_files/UrbanScenario.htm|title=Urban Scenario:Index of Primacy|publisher=www.udd.gujarat.gov.in|accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref> There are 886 females to every 1000 males. Ahmedabad has a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.89%, which is the highest in Gujarat (87.81% males and 71.12% females are literate).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Education Department of Government of Gujarat |title=Director of Literacy in Gujarat |url=http://gujarat-education.gov.in/Literacy/aboutus.htm |accessdate=2008-07-06 }}</ref> According to the census for the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Ninth Plan]], there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41% (1663 families) live [[poverty threshold|below the poverty line]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ahmedabad District Collectorate |title=BPL Census for ninth plan |url=http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/applications/content.asp?Content_Id=764&Title_Id=195&language=E&SiteID=8 |accessdate=2006-05-10 }}</ref> Approximately 440,000 people live in [[slum]]s in the city.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |title=Slum Population in Million Plus Cities |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061223112810/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html |archivedate=2006-12-23 |accessdate=2006-05-11 }}</ref> Ahmedabad is home to a large population of [[Vanika|Vanias]] (i.e., traders), belonging to the [[Vaishnava]] sect of Hinduism and the sects of [[Jainism]]. Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]]. [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are commonly spoken, especially in commerce, education, politics and government. [[Image:Ahmedabad Synagogue.jpg|thumb|left|Jewish [[Synagogue]] in Ahmedabad]] Ever since its foundation, the city has attracted migrant workers from other areas of Gujarat including [[Kutch District|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and from the neighbouring states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Maharashtra]] as well as the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]]. There is a sizeable population of [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Marathi people|Marathis]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Malayali]]s and [[Marwaris]], who bring their native language and culture to the city.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The military base near the city, and government institutions such as [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]], bring an influx of people from across India. Ahmedabad enjoys great religious diversity. According to the 2001 census, 84.62% of the people in Ahmedabad are Hindu, 2.92% Jain, 11.4% Muslim and 0.72% [[Christianity in India|Christian]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm | title=Census GIS Household |accessdate=2006-05-11 }}</ref> The city is home to a major population of [[Parsi]]s and a community of 300 [[Bene Israel]] Jews living in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |title=The Last Jews in India and Burma |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm |author=Nathan Katz |coauthors = Ellen S. Goldberg |accessdate=2006-04-27 }}</ref> There are 2273 registered [[non-resident Indian|NRI]]'s from Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation |title=NRI Directory |url=http://www.egovamc.com/nri/nri.asp |accessdate=2008-02-07 }}</ref> Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by "community organizations" (i.e. cooperatives), and "the spatial growth of the city is to the extent contribution of these organizations."<ref>{{citation|last=Sapovadia|first=Vrajlal|year=2007|chapter=A critical study of urban land ownership by an individual vis-à-vis institutional (or community) based ownership - The Impact of type of ownership on spatial growth, efficiency and equity: A case study of Ahmedabad, India|title=Urban Research Symposium 2007|location=Washington, DC|publisher=World Bank|url=http://www.worldbank.org/urban/symposium2007/papers/sapovadia.pdf|page=22}}.</ref> ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Ahmedabad}} [[Image:Shree Swaminarayan Sampraday, Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad]]]] Ahmedabad enjoys a thriving cultural tradition, being the centre of Gujarati cultural activities and diverse traditions of different ethnic and religious communities. Popular celebrations and observances include [[Uttarayana|Uttarayan]] &mdash; an annual [[kite]]-flying day on [[14 January]]. The nine nights of [[Navratri]] are celebrated with people performing [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] &mdash; the folk dance of Gujarat &mdash; at venues across the city. The festival of lights &mdash; [[Diwali|Deepavali]] is celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house, the decorating the floors with the [[rangoli]] and the bursting of firecrackers. Other festivals such as [[Holi]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Christmas]] are celebrated with enthusiasm. The annual [[Rath Yatra]] procession on the ''Ashadh-sud-bij'' date of the [[Hindu calendar]] and the procession of ''Tajia'' during the Muslim holy month of [[Muharram]] are integral parts of the city's culture. The people of Ahmedabad enjoy rich [[Indian cuisine|culinary traditions]]. The most popular form of meal &mdash; a typical Gujarati ''thali'' (meal) &mdash; consists of [[roti|rotli]], [[dal]], rice and ''Shaak'' (cooked vegetables, sometimes with [[curry]]), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted ''papads''. Popular beverages include [[buttermilk]] and tea; sweet dishes include ''[[laddu|laddoos]]'' and [[mango]]. There are many restaurants, which serve a wide array of Indian and international cuisines. Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as a strong tradition of [[vegetarianism]] is maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities. The first all-vegetarian [[Pizza Hut]] in the world opened in Ahmedabad.<ref name=pizza>{{cite news |first= Sumitra|last=Senapaty|author=| coauthors =|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600150100.htm|title=Bon `veggie' appetit|work=Internet Edition|publisher=The Hindu Business Lines|pages=|page=|date=2002-11-16|accessdate=2006-07-30|language=}}</ref> The [[Indian architecture|architectural]] history of Ahmedabad stretches across the last millennium. The Sultanate fused Hindu craftsmanship with [[Islamic architecture]], giving rise to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style. Many [[mosque]]s in the city are built in this fashion. <ref>{{cite book |title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium |publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research. |date=2002 | pages=103 | chapter=Architectural Legacies of Ahmedabad}}</ref> After independence modern buildings came up in Ahmedabad when renowned architects were given commissions in the city like [[Louis Kahn]] who designed the Indian Institute of Management; [[Le Corbusier]] who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owner's Association; and [[Buckminister Fuller]] who designed the Calico Dome. [[B. V. Doshi]] came to the city from Paris to supervise [[Le Corbusier]]'s works and later set up the School of Architecture. His local masterpieces include Sangath, the Doshi-Hussain Gumpha and the School of Architecture. [[Charles Correa]], who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and [[Achut Kanvinde]] the Indian Textile Industries Research Association. [[Christopher Charles Benninger]]'s first work, the Alliance Francaise, is located in the Ellis Bridge area. Hashmuck C. Patel, and his son Dr. Bimal Patel, are renowned architects of the city having designed the [[St. Xavier's High School Loyola Hall]], Gujarat High Court and the [[Ahmedabad Management Association]]. Dr. Bimal Patel recently designed a major addition to Louis Kahn's campus, the Indian Institute of Management. [[Image:Law Garden 3.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional clothes called ''Chania Cholis'' being sold at Law Garden]] Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their speciality of folk art. The Paldi area is famous for shops selling works of embroidery from the [[Kutch District|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions. The artisans of Rangeela [[pol (housing)|pol]] are famous for making ''bandhinis'' (tie and dye work), while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional ''mojri'' footwear. High-quality idols of [[Ganesha]] and other religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area. The shops at the [[Law Garden]] are famous for their mirror work handicraft. [[Victorian architecture]] is showcased in most college, railway station and government buildings, mainly constructed during the colonial period. Many Gujarati intellectuals migrated to Ahmedabad due to its prosperity. Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of [[Gujarati literature]] &mdash; [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]. Musicians and instrumentalists from across the world come to perform at the popular classical music festival held each [[1 January]] by the [[Saptak School of Music]]. The [[Sanskar Kendra]] — one of the many buildings in Ahmedabad designed by [[Le Corbusier]] — is a city museum depicting history, art, culture and architecture of Ahmedabad. The [[Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial]] have a permanent display of photographs, documents and other articles of Mahatma Gandhi and [[Sardar Patel]]. The [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles. Ahmedabad maintains a strong popular literary tradition in large public libraries maintained by the literary societies, research and government institutions and colleges. The [[Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library]] has a collection of rare original manuscripts in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] languages.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium |publisher=Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design |date=2002 | pages=44–59 | chapter=Arts and Literature}}</ref> ==Sports== [[Image:Sports Club Ahmedabad2.jpg|thumb|right|Cricket stadium at the Sports Club of Gujarat]] [[Cricket in India|Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the city. Both [[One Day International|one-day international]]s and [[Test cricket|test matches]] are played at the [[Sardar Patel Stadium]]. The stadium has frequently served as venue for matches during major tournaments such as the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]], the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]]. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's [[Sports Club of Gujarat]], which, as the home ground of the [[Gujarat cricket team]] is the venue for domestic tournaments such as the [[Ranji Trophy]], the [[Duleep Trophy]] and many inter-school and collegiate tournaments. Even though other sports are overshadowed by cricket's popularity, [[field hockey]], [[badminton]], [[tennis]], and [[squash (sport)|squash]] are gaining popularity at collegiate levels. There has been a significant increase in recent years in the number of private sports clubs, [[gymkhana]]s, gymnasiums and sports teams sponsored by corporations, private associations, schools and colleges. Young people congregate in the evenings to play cricket and football at numerous public and neighbourhood grounds. [[Geet Sethi]], a five-time winner of the [[World Professional Billiards Championship]] and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]], hails from Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad has produced cricketers such as [[Jasu Patel]] and [[Parthiv Patel]] who have been members of the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]].<Ref>{{cite web|title=Players and Officials - Parthiv Patel| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |accessdate=2007-11-13| first=S |last=Rajesh | month=September |year=2007 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32242.html}}</ref><Ref>{{cite web|title=Players and Officials - Jasubhai Patel| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |accessdate=2007-11-13| url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/32236.html}}</ref> [[Tejas Bakre]], a [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]], also hails from Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite news|title= Bakre scripts a silent coup|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980521/14150404.html|author= Hari Hara Nandanan|publisher=Indian Express|date=1998-05-21|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas Bakre conferred Grandmaster title|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/784675.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=2004-07-20|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> ==Transport== [[Image:India Road.jpg|thumb|right|Bridge in Ahmedabad]] Ahmedabad is one of the six operating divisions of the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]].<ref name="WR Organisation">{{cite news|url=http://www.wr.indianrail.gov.in/organisation.htm|title=Organisation|publisher=www.wr.indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> Railway lines connect the city to all towns in Gujarat, and to major cities in the rest of India. The [[Ahmedabad Railway Station]] is the main terminals for the city apart from five other stations at [[Maninagar Railway Station|Maninagar]], Vatva, Gandhigram, Asarva and Sabarmati stations.<ref name="Railway stations">{{cite web|url=http://www.egovamc.com/A_City/ahmedabad/abt_city.asp|title=Railway stations|publisher=www.egovamc.com|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> The [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] provides for both domestic and international aviation for the city and the neighbouring cities of [[Gandhinagar]], [[Mehsana]] and [[Nadiad]]. The airport also connects the city with destinations across India and the world.<ref name="ahmedabad airport">{{cite web|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/ahmedabad_generalinfo.jsp|title=ahmedabad airport|publisher=aai.aero|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> [[Indian National Highway 8|National Highway 8]], linking [[Delhi]] to [[Mumbai]], passes though Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad is connected to [[Vadodara]] through [[Indian National Expressway 1|National Expressway 1]], a 94&nbsp;km (58&nbsp;mi) long highway with only two exits. This expressway is part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project.<ref>{{cite news |first=|last=|author=| coauthors =|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2003/01/30/stories/2003013001841300.htm|title= PM flags off Ahmedabad expressway|work=Internet Edition|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|pages=| page =|date=2003-01-30|accessdate=2006-07-30|language=}}</ref> Ahmedabad is directly connected by highways to [[Bhavnagar]], Nadiad, Mehsana, [[Surendranagar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Rajkot]] and Gandhinagar. [[Image:SG Road2.jpg|thumb|S.G. Highway]] The city's main traffic arteries are the Mahatma Gandhi Road, C. G. Road, the Jawaharlal Nehru Road, the Ashram Road and the Sarkhej-Gandhinagar highway (S.G. Highway). [[Auto rickshaw]]s, [[Auto rickshaw#Share autos|share autos]] and buses are the most popular forms of public transport. The [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] (AMTS) runs the local bus service in the city. In 2005, AMTS began a drive to convert all of its petrol and diesel engine buses to run on [[compressed natural gas]] engines to reduce the effects of air pollution. AMTS runs 750 buses.<ref name="AMTS">{{cite news |title=Take the smart route, hop on to a hi-tech bus |work=Ahmedabad edition (print)|publisher=The Times of India|page = 5|date=2005-04-06}}</ref> Bicycles and motorcycles are a popular medium of transport with the city's young people and students.[[Ahmedabad BRTS]] project has been launched by the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]. The first phase of the project was expected to be over by September 2007.But its delayed and now its expected to be completed by August 2008.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tanvir A Siddiqui |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=209867|title=BRTS project finally hits the road, off to a ‘flyover’ start|work=Ahmedabad Newsline|publisher=The Indian Express|pages=|page=|date=2006-11-15|accessdate=2006-11-22}}</ref> ==Education== {{main|Education in Ahmedabad}} [[Image:Gujarat University3.jpg|thumb|The Gujarat University clock tower in Ahmedabad]] Schools in Ahmedabad are run either by the municipal corporation, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations. Most schools are affiliated with the [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]]. A few schools are affiliated to the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] and [[IB Diploma Programme|International Baccalaureate]] . A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with [[Gujarat University]]. Other [[Deemed University|deemed universities]] in Ahmedabad include the [[Nirma University of Science & Technology]] and the [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]].<ref name=universities>{{cite web |publisher=University Grants Commission, India |title= List of University (State wise) — Gujarat |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/univbrowse.php?st=Gujarat |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608111127/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/univbrowse.php?st=Gujarat |archivedate=2007-06-08 |accessdate=2006-03-30 }}</ref> The prestigious [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] was established in 1920 by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]; it was among the first institutions of higher learning managed entirely by Indians, despite British control. Prestigious institutions such as the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad| Indian Institute of Management]], the [[National Institute of Design]], the [[Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad|Mudra Institute of Communications]], the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], the [[Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India]], and the [[Center for Environmental Planning and Technology]] are located in Ahmedabad. Many national academic and scientific institutions, such as the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] and the [[Space Applications Centre]] of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], were established in the 1960s largely through the efforts of prominent astrophysicist and industrialist [[Vikram Sarabhai]].<ref name=isro>{{cite web|url= http://www.isro.org/centres/cen_ahe.htm|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070608111127/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/univbrowse.php?st=Gujarat|archivedate=2007-06-08|title= Ahmedabad|accessdate= 2006-03-30||publisher= Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref> The [[Ahmedabad Management Association]] is a notable institution established to impart management training and experience to young students and professionals. A [[satellite campus]] of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] is located at the [[Vishwakarma Engineering College]] campus in [[Chandkheda]]. The campus was opened with a plan to offer 100 courses in various technical disciplines.<ref>{{cite news|title=IIT-Mumbai extension centre opened in Chandkheda|publisher=Indian Express|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/IITMumbai-extension-centre-opened-in-Chandkheda/270627/| date=2008-02-08|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> ==Media== [[Image:All India Radio Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|right|Broadcasting tower of the All India Radio, Ahmedabad]] Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as [[The Times of India]], [[Indian Express]], [[DNA]], [[Economic Times]] and [[Financial Express]]. Newspapers in vernacular languages (Gujarati and Hindi) include [[Divya Bhaskar]], [[Gujarat Samachar]], [[Sandesh]], [[Rajasthan Patrika]] and [[Metro]]. A large number of magazines, periodicals and journals are published from Ahmedabad. The city is home to the historic [[Navajivan Trust|Navajivan Publishing House]]—founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navajivantrust.org/|title=About Us|publisher=Navajivan Trust|accessdate=2008-07-05}}</ref> The Gujarat [[Cinema of India|film]] and [[Television in India|television]] industry has a small but significant presence in the city. The state-owned [[All India Radio]] is broadcast both on the [[amplitude modulation|AM]] and [[frequency modulation|FM]] bands in the city.<ref name=Radio>{{cite web |author=Alan G. Davies |publisher=Asiawaves |title=Radio Stations in Gujarat, India |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/gujarat-radio.htm |accessdate=2006-03-30 }}</ref> Besides, there are six private local [[frequency modulation|FM]] stations—[[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]]), [[Radio City]] (91.1&nbsp;MHz), My fm (94.3&nbsp;MHz), [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] (95.0&nbsp;MHz), Gyan Vaani (104.5&nbsp;MHz) and [[S FM]] (93.51&nbsp;MHz). [[Satellite radio]] was launched in the city by [[WorldSpace]] in 2005.<ref name=Worldspace>{{cite web |publisher=Worldspace Satellite Radio |title=WorldSpace Satellite Radio Lights Up Ahmedabad |url=http://www.worldspace.com/press/11_03_2005.html |date=2005-11-03 |accessdate=2006-07-30 }}</ref> The state-owned television broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] provides free terrestrial channels, while two [[multi system operator]]— [[InCablenet]] and [[Siti Cable]]— provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English and other regional channels via [[cable television|cable]]. [[Direct broadcast satellite]] is yet to gain popularity in Ahmedabad. A network of [[optical fiber|optical fibre]] cables connects almost the entire city. The city's telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance Infocomm]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone]], [[Idea]] and [[Tata Teleservices|Tata Indicom]]. [[Broadband Internet]] services are provided in most parts of the city by the telecom companies. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== <div class="references-small"> * Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. ''History of Interior Design in India Vol 1 : Ahmedabad (2007) ''ISBN 8190409603 * {{cite book |last = Altekar |first = Anant Sadashiv |title=A history of important ancient towns and cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (from the earliest times down to the Moslem conquest |id = ASIN B0008B2NGA }} * {{Harvard reference |Surname1 = Crook |Given1 = Nigel |Year = 1993 |title=India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography |Publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |ISBN = 0195631722 }} * {{cite book |last=Rajan |first = K. V. Soundra |title=Ahmadabad |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India |year=1989}} * {{cite book |last = Forrest |first=George William |title=Cities of India |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |id = ISBN 0-543-93823-9 }} * {{Harvard reference |Surname1 = Gandhi |Given1 = R |Year = 1990 |title=Patel: A Life |Publisher= Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad |ID = ASIN B0006EYQ0A }} * {{cite book |last=Michell |first = George |title=Ahmadabad |publisher=Art Media Resources |year=2003 |id=ISBN 81-85026-03-3}} </div> == External links == {{sisterlinks|Ahmedabad}} *{{wikitravel|Ahmedabad}} *[http://www.egovamc.com/ Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation] *[http://collectorahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/ Ahemdabad Collectorate] *{{coord|23.037399|72.578988|type:city(pop)}} *[http://www.auda.org.in/ Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority] {{Template group |list = {{Ahmedabad topics}} {{Gujarat}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} }} {{featured article}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Ahmedabad| ]] [[Category:Ahmedabad railway division]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Gujarat]] [[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]] [[Category:1411 establishments]] [[Category:Settlements established in the 1410s]] <!--Interwikis--> [[ar:أحمد آباد]] [[bn:আমেদাবাদ]] [[bg:Ахмедабад]] [[ca:Ahmedabad]] [[cy:Ahmedabad]] [[da:Ahmedabad]] [[de:Ahmedabad]] [[et:Ahmedabad]] [[es:Ahmedabad]] [[eo:Ahmadabado]] [[fr:Ahmedabad]] [[gl:Ahmedabad - અમદાવાદ]] [[gu:અમદાવાદ]] [[hi:अहमदाबाद]] [[bpy:অমদাৱাদ]] [[id:Ahmedabad]] [[it:Ahmedabad]] [[he:אחמדאבאד]] [[kn:ಅಹ್ಮದಾಬಾದ್]] [[lv:Ahmedabada]] [[lt:Ahmadabadas]] [[hu:Ahmedábád]] [[mr:अमदावाद]] [[nl:Ahmedabad]] [[new:अहेम्दाबाद]] [[ja:アフマダーバード]] [[no:Ahmedabad]] [[pl:Ahmadabad]] [[pt:Ahmedabad]] [[ro:Ahmedabad]] [[ru:Ахмадабад]] [[simple:Ahmedabad]] [[sr:Ахмедабад]] [[sh:Ahmedabad]] [[fi:Ahmedabad]] [[sv:Ahmedabad]] [[ta:அகமதாபாத்]] [[vi:Ahmedabad]] [[tg:Аҳмадобод]] [[tr:Ahmedabad]] [[uk:Ахмедабад]] [[ur:احمد آباد]] [[vo:Ahmedabad]] [[zh:艾哈迈达巴德]]