Al-Jurjani
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'''Zayn al-Din Sayyed Isma‘il ibn al-Husayn al-Jorjani''', also spelled '''al-Jurjani''' and '''Gorgani''', was a [[12th century]] royal [[Islamic medicine|Islamic physician]] from [[Gorgan]], [[Iran]].
Jurjani was a pupil of [[Ibn Abi Sadiq]] and [[Ahmad ibn Farrokh]]. He arrived at the court in the Persian [[Xorazm_Province|province of Khwarazm]] in the year [[1110]] when he was already a septuagenarian. There he became a court physician to the governor of the province, Khwarazm-Shah [[Muhammad I of Khwarazm|Qutb al-Din Muhammad I ibn Nushtikin]], who ruled from [[1097]] to [[1127]]. It was to him that he dedicated his most comprehensive and influential work, the Persian-language compendium ''Zakhirah-i Khvarazm'Shahi''.
Jurjani continued as court physcian to Khwarazm'Shah Qutb al-Din's son and successor, ‘Ala al-Ddowleh Atsoz, until at some unspecified time he moved to the city of [[Merv]], the capital of the rival [[Seljuq]] [[Ahmed Sanjar|Sultan Sanjar]] ibn Malikshah (ruled 1118-1157), where he died nearly at 100 lunar years of age.
Jurjani composed a number of important medical and philosophical treatises, in both Persian and Arabic, most of them written after he moved to Khwarazm at the age of 70 lunar years.
==''Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm''==
Al-Jurjani wrote the Persian medical encyclopedia, ''Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm'' (also known as ''The Treasure of Khvarazm Shah''), some time after [[1110]], when he moved to the northern [[Persian Empire|Persian]] province of [[Khwarezm]]. Much of his work was dependent on [[Avicenna]]'s ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' (c. 1025), along with al-Jurjani's own ideas not found in the ''Canon''. The work is composed of ten volumes covering ten medical fields: [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[hygiene]], [[diagnosis]] and [[prognosis]], [[fever]]s, [[disease]]s particular to a part of the body, [[surgery]], [[skin disease]]s, [[poison]]s and [[antidote]]s, and medicaments (both simple and compound). In [[endocrinology]] in particular, al-Jurjani was one of "the first to associate [[exophthalmos]] with [[goitre]]," which not repeated until Calb Pary (1755-1822) in 1825, and later by [[Robert Graves]] (1795-1853) and Carl von Basedow (1799-1854). Al-Jurjani also established an association between goitre and [[palpitation]] in the ''The Treasure of Khvarazm Shah''.<ref>{{citation|journal=International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|year=2003|volume=1|pages=43-45 [45]|title=Clinical Endocrinology in the Islamic Civilization in Iran|last=Nabipour|first=I.}}</ref>
J. G. Ljunggren (1983) suggests that al-Jurjani should be credited with recognizing [[Graves-Basedow disease]], having noted the association of goitre and exophthalmos, in his ''Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm'', the most famous of his five books, and the major [[medical dictionary]] of its time.<ref>{{citation|journal=Lakartidningen|year=1983|date=August 10, 1983|volume=80|issue=32-33|page=2902|title=Who was the man behind the syndrome: Ismail al-Jurjani, Testa, Flagani, Parry, Graves or Basedow? Use the term hyperthyreosis instead|last=Ljunggren|first=J. G.}}</ref><ref name=WNI>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|1517|Basedow's syndrome or disease}} - the history and naming of the disease</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
* B. Thierry de Crussol des Epesse, Discours sur l'oeil d'Esma`il Gorgani (Teheran: Institut Français de Recherche en Iran, 1998), pp. 7-13.
* Lutz Richter-Bernburg, Persian Medical Manuscripts at the University of California, Los Angeles: A Descriptive Catalogue, Humana Civilitas, vol. 4 (Malibu: Udena Publications, 1978). pp. 208
* C.A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey. Volume II, Part 2: E.Medicine (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1971), pp 207-211 no. 361
* The article "Djurdjani" by J. Schacht in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, ed. by H.A.R. Gibbs, B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat, C. Bosworth et al., 11 vols. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960-2002) (2nd ed.), vol. 2, p. 603
* The article "Dakira-ye Kvarazmshahi" by `Ali-Akbar Sa`idi Sirjani in Encyclopedia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater, 6+ vols. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul and Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1983 to present), vol. 6 (1999) pp. 609-610.
* Shoja MM, Tubbs RS. The history of anatomy in Persia. J Anat 2007; 210:359–378.
==See also==
* [[List of Iranian scientists]]
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[[Category:1136 deaths]]
[[Category:Medieval physicians of Persia]]
[[Category:People from Gorgan]]
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