Aleutian Islands
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2008-07-14T09:42:18Z
Nedrutland
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/* US possession */
{{Infobox Islands
| name = Aleutian Islands
| image name = Aleutian Islands xrmap.png
| image caption =
| image size =
| locator map =
| map_custom = no
| native name =
| native name link =
| nickname =
| location = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| coordinates =
| archipelago =
| total islands = >300
| major islands = [[Unalaska Island]]
| area_sqmi = 6821
| length_mi = 1200
| width =
| highest mount =
| elevation =
| country = United States
| country admin divisions title = [[U.S. state|State]]
| country admin divisions = {{flag|Alaska}}
| country largest city = [[Unalaska, Alaska|Unalaska]]
| country largest city population = 4,283
| country leader title =
| country leader name =
| population = 8,162
| population as of = 2000
| density =
| ethnic groups = [[Aleut]]
| additional info =
}}
The '''Aleutian Islands''' (possibly from [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] ''aliat'', "[[island]]") are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming an [[island arc]] in the Northern [[Pacific Ocean]], occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900 km) westward from the [[Alaska Peninsula]] toward the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]]. Crossing longitude 180°, they are the westernmost part of the [[United States]] (and technically also the easternmost; ''see [[Extreme points of the United States]]''). Nearly all the [[archipelago]] is part of [[Alaska]] and usually considered as being in the "[[Alaskan Bush]]", but at the extreme western end the small, geologically-related, and remote [[Komandorski Islands]], are in [[Russia]]. The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. The [[Alaska Marine Highway]] passes through the islands.
Physiographically, they are a distinct section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn are part of the larger [[Geography of the United States Pacific Mountain System|Pacific Mountain System]] physiographic division.
==Geography==
[[Image:Aleutians-space.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Aleutians seen from space]]
[[Image:UnalaskaAlaska.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Unalaska Island]] in the Aleutian Islands]]
The islands, known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, comprise five groups: the [[Fox Islands (Alaska)|Fox]], [[Islands of Four Mountains]], [[Andreanof Islands|Andreanof]], [[Rat Islands|Rat]] and [[Near Islands|Near]] island groups (with [[Buldir Island]] halfway between Rat and Near Islands, but part of neither group). They are all located between 52° and 55° N latitude and 172° E and 163° W longitude.
The axis of the archipelago near the mainland of Alaska has a southwest trend, but near the 129th meridian its direction changes to the northwest. This change of direction corresponds to a curve in the line of [[volcanic]] fissures that have contributed their products to the building of the islands. Such curved chains are repeated about the Pacific Ocean in the [[Kuril Islands]], the [[Japan]]ese chain and in the [[Philippines]]. All these island arcs are at the edge of the [[Pacific Plate]] and experience a lot of [[seismic]] activity, but are still habitable; the Aleutians lie between the Pacific and North American [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]]. The general elevation is greatest in the eastern islands and least in the western. The island chain is a western continuation of the [[Aleutian Range]] on the mainland.
[[Image:North-Pacific-air-routes.png|thumb|250px|left|Active Aleutian volcanoes]]
The great majority of the islands bear evident marks of volcanic origin, and there are numerous volcanic cones on the north side of the chain, some of them active; many of the islands, however, are not wholly volcanic, but contain crystalline or sedimentary rocks, and also amber and beds of [[lignite]]. The coasts are rocky and surf-worn, and the approaches are exceedingly dangerous, the land rising immediately from the coasts to steep, bold mountains.
[[Makushin Volcano]] (5691 ft/1,735 m) located on Unalaska Island, is not quite visible from within the town of [[Unalaska, Alaska|Unalaska]], though the steam rising from its cone is visible on a (rare) clear day. [[Denizen]]s of Unalaska need only to climb one of the smaller hills in the area, such as Pyramid Peak or Mt. Newhall, to get a good look at the snow-covered cone. The volcanic [[Bogoslof Island|Bogoslof]] and [[Fire Island, Alaska|Fire Islands]], which rose from the sea in 1796 and 1883 respectively, lie about 30 miles (48 km) west of Unalaska Bay.
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==Climate==
[[Image:AleutianIslandsFromSpace.jpg|thumb|310px|Aleutian Islands]]
The climate of the islands is oceanic, with moderate and fairly uniform temperatures and heavy rainfall. Fogs are almost constant. Summer weather is much cooler than Southeast Alaska ([[Sitka]]), but the winter temperature of the islands and of the [[Alaska Panhandle]] is very nearly the same. The mean annual temperature for [[Unalaska]], the most populated island of the group, is about 38 °F (3.4 °C), being about 30 °F (−1.1 °C) in January and about 52 °F (11.1 °C) in August. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded on the islands are 78 °F (26 °C) and 5 °F (−15 °C) respectively. The average annual rainfall is about 80 in (2,030 mm), and Unalaska, with about 250 rainy days per year, is said to be one of the rainiest places within the [[United States]].
==Flora==
The growing season lasts about 135 days, from early in May till late in September, but agriculture is limited to the raising of a few vegetables. With the exception of some stunted [[willow]]s, the vast majority of the chain is destitute of native trees. On some of the islands, such as [[Adak]] and [[Dutch Harbor|Amaknak]], there are a few [[coniferous]] trees growing, remnants of the [[Aleutian Islands#Russian period|Russian period]]. But while tall trees grow in many cold climates, Aleutian conifers—some of them estimated to be two hundred years old—rarely reach a height of even ten feet, and many of them are still less than five feet tall. This is because the islands, much like the [[Falklands]] and other islands of similar [[latitude]]s, experience such strong winds that taller trees are vulnerable to snapping off.
Instead of trees, the islands are covered with a luxuriant, dense growth of herbage, including [[Poaceae|grasses]], [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s and many flowering plants.
==Economy==
On the less mountainous islands, the raising of [[domestic sheep|sheep]] and [[reindeer]] was once believed to be practicable. There are Bison on islands near Sand Point. Sheep raising seems to have died off with the advent of synthetic fibers which lowered the value of wool. During the 1980s, there were some [[llama]] being raised on [[Unalaska]]. Today, the economy is primarily based upon [[Fishing industry|fishing]], and, to a lesser extent, the presence of American military. The only crop is [[potato]]. [[Chicken]]s are raised in barns under protection from cold.
==Demographics==
The native people refer to themselves as Unangan, and are now generally known by most non-natives as the "[[Aleut]]".
The [[Aleut language]] is one of the two main branches of the [[Eskimo-Aleut languages|Eskimo-Aleut]] language family. This family is not known to be related to any others.
In the 2000 [[census]], there was a population of 8,162 on the islands, of whom 4,283 were living in the main settlement of [[Unalaska, Alaska|Unalaska]].
==History==
===Prehistory===
Because of the location of the islands, stretching like a broken bridge from Asia to America, many anthropologists believe they were a route of the first human occupants of the Americas. The earliest known evidence of human occupation in the Americas is much further south; the early human sites in Alaska have probably been submerged by rising waters during the current [[interglacial]] period.
People living in the Aleutian Islands developed fine skills in hunting, fishing, and basketry. Hunters made their weapons and watercraft. The baskets are noted for being finely woven with carefully shredded stalks of [[beach rye]].
===Russian period===<!-- This section is linked from [[Aleutian Islands]] -->
Explorers, traders, colonists, and missionaries arrived from [[Russia]] beginning in 1741.
In 1741 the Russian government sent [[Vitus Bering]], a [[Denmark|Dane]] in the service of Russia, and [[Alexei Ilyich Chirikov|Alexei Chirikov]], a Russian, in the ships ''[[Saint Peter (ship)|Saint Peter]]'' and ''[[Saint Paul (ship)|Saint Paul]]'' on a voyage of discovery in the Northern [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. After the ships were separated by a storm, Chirikov discovered several eastern islands of the Aleutian group, and Bering discovered several of the western islands, finally being wrecked and losing his life on the island of the [[Komandorski Islands]] (Commander Islands) that now bears his name ([[Bering Island]]). The survivors of Bering's party reached the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] in a boat constructed from the wreckage of their ship, and reported that the islands were rich in fur-bearing animals.
Siberian fur hunters flocked to the Commander Islands and gradually moved eastward across the Aleutian Islands to the mainland. In this manner [[Russia]] gained a foothold on the northwestern coast of North America. The Aleutian Islands consequently belonged to Russia, until that country [[Alaska Purchase|transferred]] all its possessions in North America to the United States in 1867.
The Russians were ruthless in their expansion, using technology and cruelty to enslave the Aleuts, especially for [[sea otter]] hunting. The Russians captured otter pelts from the Aleutian Islands, through the [[Gulf of Alaska]], along the Alaska Panhandle, and south, even to [[California]]. Some Aleuts were moved to the [[Pribilof Islands]] so that fur seals could be captured there as well.
By 1760, the Russian merchant [[Andrian Tolstykh]] had made a detailed census in the vicinity of [[Adak Island|Adak]] and extended Russian citizenship to the Aleuts.
Despite some attempts to eliminate slavery and reduce cruel treatment in the 1790s, the [[Russian-American Company|Shelikhov company]] depended on the labor of Aleut hunters to collect sea otter pelts.
During his third and last voyage, in 1778, Captain [[James Cook]] surveyed the eastern portion of the Aleutian archipelago, accurately determined the position of some of the more important islands and corrected many errors of former navigators.
=====Christian influences=====
Among the first [[Christianity|Christian]] missionaries to arrive in the Aleutian Islands was a party of ten [[Russian Orthodox]] monks and priests, who arrived in 1793. Within two years, a monk named Herman was the only survivor of that party. He settled on [[Spruce Island]], near [[Kodiak Island]], and often defended the rights of the Aleuts against the Russian trading companies. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as St [[Herman of Alaska]].
Another early Christian missionary of the Russian Orthodox Church was Father Veniaminov who arrived in [[Unalaska]] in 1824. He was named Bishop Innokentii in 1840 and moved to [[Sitka]]. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as [[Saint Innocent of Alaska]].
The principal settlements were on Unalaska Island. The oldest was Iliuliuk (also called Unalaska), settled in 1760-1775, with a customs house and an Orthodox church.
===US possession===
After the American [[Alaska purchase|purchase of Alaska]] from Russia in 1867, further development took place. New buildings included a [[Methodist]] mission and orphanage, and the headquarters for a considerable fleet of United States [[revenue cutter]]s which patrolled the [[sealing]] grounds of the [[Pribilof Islands]]. The first public school in Unalaska opened in 1883.
The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] extended American citizenship to all Natives (and this law has been held to include the indigenous peoples of Alaska) in 1924.
A hospital was built in Unalaska in 1933 by the US [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]].
=====World War II=====
During [[World War II]], small parts of the Aleutian islands were occupied by [[Japan]]ese forces, when [[Attu Island|Attu]] and [[Kiska]] were invaded in order to divert American forces away from the main Japanese attack at [[Midway Atoll]]. The U.S. Navy, having broken the Japanese naval radio codes, knew that this was just a diversion, and it did not expend large amounts of effort in defending the islands. A few Americans were taken to Japan as prisoners of war. Most of the civilian population of the Aleutians were interned by the United States in camps in the [[Alaska Panhandle]]. During the [[battle of the Aleutian Islands]], American forces invaded Japanese-held Attu and defeated the Japanese, and subsequently regained control of all the islands. The islands were also a stopping point for hundreds of aircraft sent from California to Russia as part of the war effort.{{Dubious|date=March 2008}}
Monday, [[June 3]], [[2002]] was celebrated as [[Dutch Harbor Remembrance Day]]. The governor of Alaska ordered state flags lowered to half-staff to honor the 78 soldiers who died during the two-day Japanese air attack in 1942. The [[Aleutian World War II National Historic Area]] Visitors Center opened in June 2002.
===Recent and miscellaneous developments===
The [[Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act]] became law in 1971. In 1977, the [[Ounalashka Corporation]] (from Unalaska) declared a [[dividend]]. This was the first village corporation to declare and pay a dividend to its shareholders.
In 1906 a new volcanic cone rose between the islets of Bogoslof and Grewingk, near Unalaska, followed by another in 1907. These cones were nearly demolished by an explosive eruption on [[1 September]] [[1907]].
==Miscellaneous==
{{Trivia|date=October 2007}}
The Aleutian Islands are an important part of the [[National Missile Defense]] system proposed to defend the United States from small ballistic missile attacks.
In the movie Balto II: Wolf Quest, the character Aleu was named after these islands.
The last shot of the Civil War was fired from the [[CSS Shenandoah]] in the Aleutian Islands.
==See also==
*[[1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake]]
*[[Aleutians East Borough, Alaska]]
*[[Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska]]
*[[Battle of the Aleutian Islands]]
*[[List of Aleutian Island Volcanoes]]
*[[List of Aleutian Islands]]
*[[Peter the Aleut]]
<center>[[Image:AleutianIslands.jpeg]]<br /><small>Western Aleutian Islands, from a 1916 map of the Alaska Territory</small></center>
==References==
{{commonscat|Aleutian Islands}}
*{{1911}}
Total area of {{convert|6821|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} from [http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9272796 Encyclopædia Britannica Online]
==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">
* Gibson, Daniel D., and G. Vernon Byrd. ''Birds of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska''. Cambridge, Mass: Nuttall Ornthological Club, 2007. ISBN 9780943610733
* Ivanov, Vi︠a︡cheslav Vsevolodovich. ''The Russian Orthodox Church of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands and Its Relation to Native American Traditions-- An Attempt at a Multicultural Society, 1794-1912''. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1997. ISBN 0160487811
* Jochelson, Waldemar. ''Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands''. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1925.
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==External links==
*[http://www.groundtruthtrekking.org/WildCoast.php Seattle to Aleutian Island Expedition]
{{Alaska}}
{{Bering Sea Islands}}
[[Category:Aleutian Islands|*]]
[[Category:Physiographic sections]]
[[bs:Aleutska ostrva]]
[[bg:Алеутски острови]]
[[ca:Illes Aleutianes]]
[[cs:Aleutské ostrovy]]
[[da:Aleuterne]]
[[de:Aleuten]]
[[et:Aleuudid (saarestik)]]
[[es:Islas Aleutianas]]
[[eo:Aleutoj]]
[[eu:Aleutiar uharteak]]
[[fr:Îles Aléoutiennes]]
[[gl:Aleutianas]]
[[ko:알류샨 열도]]
[[id:Kepulauan Aleut]]
[[os:Алеутаг сакъадæхтæ]]
[[is:Aleuteyjar]]
[[it:Isole Aleutine]]
[[la:Insulae Aleutiae]]
[[lt:Aleutų salos]]
[[hu:Aleut-szigetek]]
[[nl:Aleoeten]]
[[ja:アリューシャン列島]]
[[no:Aleutene]]
[[pl:Aleuty]]
[[pt:Ilhas Aleutas]]
[[ro:Insulele Aleutine]]
[[ru:Алеутские острова]]
[[sk:Aleuty]]
[[sl:Aleuti]]
[[sr:Aleutska ostrva]]
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[[fi:Aleutit (saaristo)]]
[[sv:Aleuterna]]
[[vi:Quần đảo Aleutian]]
[[ta:அலூசியன் தீவுகள்]]
[[tr:Aleut Adaları]]
[[uk:Алеутські острови]]
[[zh:阿留申群島]]