Alexandria
3080
226187075
2008-07-17T06:18:03Z
196.204.163.4
{{about|the city in Egypt}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Alexandria
|native_name = {{lang|ar|إسكندرية}}
|nickname = Pearl of the [[Mediterranean]]
|motto =
|image_skyline = AlexCorniche1.jpg
|imagesize = 240px
|image_caption = Alexandria Beach
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|map_caption = '''Alexandria''' on the map of [[Egypt]]
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|map_caption1 = Map of '''Alexandria'''
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the World|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[Egypt]]
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|leader_title = Governor
|leader_name = Adel Labib
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|established_title = Founded
|established_date = 334 BC
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|area_total_km2 = 2679
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|population_as_of = 2006
|population_note = CAPMS 2006 Census
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|population_total = 4,110,015
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|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
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|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
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|latd = 31.198
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|longd = 29.9192
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|twin1 = [[Baltimore]]
|twin1_country = {{flag|United States}}
|twin2 = [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]]
|twin2_country = {{flag|United States}}
|twin3 = [[Constanţa]]
|twin3_country = {{flag|Romania}}
|twin4 = [[Durban]]
|twin4_country = {{flag|South Africa}}
|twin5 = [[Saint Petersburg]]
|twin5_country = {{flag|Russia}}
|twin6 = [[Shanghai]]
|twin6_country = {{flag|China}}
|twin7 = [[Athens]]
|twin7_country = {{flag|Greece}}
|twin8 = [[Rome]]
|twin8_country = {{flag|Italy}}
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'''Alexandria''' ([[Egyptian Arabic]]: اسكندريه ''Eskendereyya''; [[Arabic language|Standard Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|الإسكندرية}} ''{{unicode|Al-Iskandariyya}}''; {{lang-el|Ἀλεξάνδρεια}}), with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in [[Egypt]], and is the largest seaport that serves about 80% of all of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also a very important tourist resort.
Alexandria extends about 32 km (20 miles) along the coast of the [[Mediterranean sea]] in north-central Egypt. It is home to the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] (the new [[Library of Alexandria]]), and is an important industrial centre because of its [[natural gas]] and [[oil pipeline]]s from [[Suez]]. Alexandria was also an important trading post between Europe and Asia, because it profited from the easy overland connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
In ancient times, Alexandria was one of the most famous cities in the world. It was founded around a small [[Ancient Egypt|pharaonic]] town ''c.'' 331 BC by [[Ancient Macedonians|Greek Macedonian]] king [[Alexander the Great]]. It remained [[capital of Egypt|Egypt's capital]] for nearly a thousand years, until the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]] in 641 AD when a new capital was founded at [[Fustat]], later absorbed into [[Cairo]].
Alexandria was known for the [[Lighthouse of Alexandria]] (one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]), the [[Library of Alexandria]] (the largest library in the ancient world) and the [[Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa]] (one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World#Seven Wonders lists about the Middle Ages|Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages]]). Ongoing [[maritime archaeology]] in the harbour of Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealing details of Alexandria both before the arrival of Alexander, when a city named [[Rhakotis]] existed there, and during the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]].
==History==
{{main|History of Alexandria}}
{{hiero | ''Raqd.t'' (Alexandria) | <hiero>r:Z1:a A35 t::niwt</hiero> | align=right | era=default}}
Alexandria was founded by [[Alexander the Great]] in 332 BC as {{polytonic|Ἀλεξάνδρεια}} (''Alexándreia''). Alexander's chief architect for the project was [[Dinocrates]]. Alexandria was intended to supersede [[Naucratis]] as a [[Hellenistic]] center in Egypt, and to be the link between [[Greece]] and the rich [[Nile Valley]]. An Egyptian townlet, [[Rhakotis]], already existed on the shore and was a resort filled with fishermen and pirates. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city. After Alexander departed, his viceroy, [[Cleomenes]], continued the expansion. In a struggle with the other successors of Alexander, his general [[Ptolemy I of Egypt|Ptolemy]] succeeded in bringing Alexander's body to Alexandria.
Though Cleomenes was mainly in charge of seeing to Alexandria's continuous development, the ''Heptastadion'' and the main-land quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and becoming the center of the new commerce between [[Europe]] and the [[Arabia]]n and [[India]]n East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than [[Carthage]]. In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and for some centuries more, was second only to [[Rome]]. It became the main Greek city of Egypt, with an extraordinary mix of [[Greeks]] from many cities and backgrounds.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Erskine |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |title=Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., |volume=Vol. 42, |issue=No. 1 |date=Apr. 1995 |pages=pgs 38–48 [42] |quote=One effect of the newly created Hellenistic kingdoms was the imposition of Greek cities occupied by Greeks on an alien landscape. In Egypt there was a native Egyptian population with its own culture, history, and traditions. The Greeks who came to Egypt, to the court or to live in Alexandria, were separated from their original cultures. Alexandria was the main Greek city of Egypt and within it there was an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds.}}</ref>
[[Image:Sphinx Alexandria.jpg|thumb|left|Alexandria, sphinx made of [[pink granite]], [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]].]]
Alexandria was not only a center of [[Hellenism]] but was also home to the largest [[Jewish]] community in the world. The [[Septuagint]], a [[Greek language|Greek]] translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]], was produced there. The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Hellenistic centre of learning ([[Library of Alexandria]]) but were careful to maintain the distinction of its population's three largest ethnicities: [[Greeks|Greek]], [[Jew]]ish, and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]].<ref name="Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt p. 42-43">{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Erskine |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |title=Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., |volume=Vol. 42 |issue=No. 1 |date=Apr. 1995 |pages=pgs 38–48 [42–43] |quote=The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. […] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.<BR>[…] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, […] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.}}</ref> From this division arose much of the later turbulence, which began to manifest itself under [[Ptolemy IV of Egypt|Ptolemy Philopater]] who reigned from 221–204 BC. The reign of [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon]] from 144–116 BC was marked by purges and civil warfare.
The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 BC, according to the will of [[Ptolemy X of Egypt|Ptolemy Alexander]] but only after it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years. In 115 AD Alexandria was destroyed during the Jewish-Greek civil wars which gave [[Hadrian]] and his architect, [[Decriannus]], an opportunity to rebuild it. In 215 AD the [[Roman Emperors|emperor]] [[Caracalla]] visited the city and, because of some insulting [[satire]]s that the inhabitants had directed at him, abruptly commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms. On 21 July 365, Alexandria was devastated by a [[tsunami]] ([[365 Crete earthquake]]),<ref name="Ammianus Marcellinus, 26.10.15-19">[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_26_book26.htm#C9 "Res Gestae", 26.10.15-19]</ref> an event two hundred years later still annually commemorated as "day of horror".<ref>Stiros, Stathis C.: “The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data”, ''Journal of Structural Geology'', Vol. 23 (2001), pp. 545-562 (549 & 557)</ref> In the late 4th century, persecution of [[Paganism|pagans]] by newly Christian Romans had reached new levels of intensity. In 391, Emperor [[Theodosius I]] ordered the destruction of all pagan temples, and the Patriarch [[Theophilus of Alexandria|Theophilus]], complied with his request. The [[Brucheum]] and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century. On the mainland, life seemed to have centered in the vicinity of the ''Serapeum'' and ''[[Caesareum]]'', both which became Christian churches. The ''[[Pharos]]'' and ''Heptastadium'' quarters, however, remained populous and were left intact.
[[Image:The Roman Theatre in Alexandria.JPG|thumb|The ancient Roman Amphitheatre in Alexandria]]
In 616, Alexandria was taken by [[Khosrau II of Persia|Khosrau II]], King of [[Iran|Persia]]. Although the [[Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Heraclius]] recovered it in 629, in 641 the [[Arab]]s, under the general [[Amr ibn al-As]] during the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]], captured it decisively after a siege that lasted fourteen months. Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of [[Napoleon]]'s expedition to Egypt in 1798. French troops stormed the city on [[July 2]] [[1798]] and it remained in their hands until the arrival of the British expedition in 1801. The British won a considerable victory over the French at the [[Battle of Alexandria]] on [[March 21]] [[1801]], following which they besieged the city which fell to them on [[2 September]] [[1801]]. Mohammed Ali, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, began rebuilding the city around 1810, and by 1850, Alexandria had returned to something akin to its former glory. In July 1882 the city came under bombardment from [[Royal Navy|British naval forces]] and was occupied. In July 1954, the city was a target of an Israeli bombing campaign that later became known as the [[Lavon Affair]]. Only a few months later, Alexandria's Manshia Square was the site of the famous, failed assassination attempt on the life of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]].
==Geography==
[[Image:alexandria egypt.jpg|thumb|220px|Alexandria from space, March 1990]]
===Layout of the ancient city===
The Greek Alexandria was divided into three regions:
;Brucheum
:the Royal or Greek quarter, forming the most magnificent portion of the city. In Roman times Brucheum was enlarged by the addition of an official quarter, making up four regions in all. The city was laid out as a grid of parallel streets, each of which had an attendant subterranean canal;
;The Jews' quarter
:forming the northeast portion of the city;
;Rhakotis
:occupied chiefly by Egyptians (from [[Coptic language|Coptic]] ''Rakotə'' "Alexandria").
Two main streets, lined with [[colonnade]]s and said to have been each about 60 metres (200 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]) wide, intersected in the centre of the city, close to the point where the Sema (or Soma) of Alexander (his [[Mausoleum]]) rose. This point is very near the present [[mosque]] of [[Nebi Daniel]]; and the line of the great East–West "Canopic" street, only slightly diverged from that of the modern Boulevard de Rosette. Traces of its pavement and canal have been found near the Rosetta Gate, but better remnants of streets and canals were exposed in 1899 by [[Germany|German]] excavators outside the east fortifications, which lie well within the area of the ancient city.
[[Image:DSC00996.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Alexandria Port|The Eastern Harbor]] of Alexandria]]
Alexandria consisted originally of little more than the island of Pharos, which was joined to the mainland by a [[mole (architecture)|mole]] nearly a mile long (1260 m) and called the ''Heptastadion'' ("seven stadia" — a ''[[stadium]]'' was a Greek unit of length measuring approximately 180 m). The end of this abutted on the land at the head of the present Grand Square, where the "Moon Gate" rose. All that now lies between that point and the modern "Ras Al Teen" quarter is built on the silt which gradually widened and obliterated this mole. The "Ras Al Teen" quarter represents all that is left of the island of Pharos, the site of the actual lighthouse having been weathered away by the sea. On the east of the mole was the Great Harbour, now an open bay; on the west lay the port of Eunostos, with its inner basin Kibotos, now vastly enlarged to form the modern harbour.
In [[Strabo]]'s time, (latter half of 1st century BC) the principal buildings were as follows, enumerated as they were to be seen from a ship entering the Great Harbour.
#The Royal Palaces, filling the northeast angle of the town and occupying the promontory of Lochias, which shut in the Great Harbour on the east. Lochias (the modern Pharillon) has almost entirely disappeared into the sea, together with the palaces, the "Private Port" and the island of Antirrhodus. There has been a land [[subsidence]] here, as throughout the northeast coast of Africa.
#The Great Theatre, on the modern Hospital Hill near the Ramleh station. This was used by Caesar as a fortress, where he withstood a siege from the city mob after the [[battle of Pharsalus]]
#The [[Poseidon]], or [[Temple (Greek)|Temple]] of the [[Poseidon|Sea God]], close to the [[Theatre]]
#The Timonium built by [[Mark Antony]]
#The Emporium (Exchange)
#The Apostases (Magazines)
#The Navalia (Docks), lying west of the Timonium, along the sea-front as far as the mole
#Behind the Emporium rose the Great Caesareum, by which stood the two great [[obelisk]]s, each of which become known as “[[Cleopatra's Needle]]”, and were transported to [[New York City]] and [[London]]. This temple became, in time, the Patriarchal Church, though some ancient remains of the temple have been discovered. The actual Caesareum, the parts not eroded by the waves, lies under the houses lining the new sea-wall.
#The [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|Gymnasium]] and the [[Palaestra]] are both inland, near the Boulevard de Rosette in the eastern half of the town; sites unknown.
#The Temple of [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]]; site unknown.
#The Mausolea of Alexander (Soma) and the Ptolemies in one ring-fence, near the point of intersection of the two main streets
#The [[Musaeum]] with its famous [[Library of Alexandria|Library]] and theatre in the same region; site unknown.
#The [[Serapeum]], the most famous of all Alexandrian temples. Strabo tells us that this stood in the west of the city; and recent discoveries go far as to place it near “Pompey's Pillar” which was an independent monument erected to commemorate [[Diocletian]]'s siege of the city.
The names of a few other public buildings on the mainland are known, but there is little information as to their actual position. None, however, are as famous as the building that stood on the eastern point of Pharos island. There, the [[Lighthouse of Alexandria|The Great Lighthouse]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World]], reputed to be 138 meters (450 ft) high, was sited. The first [[Ptolemy]] began the project, and the second Ptolemy completed it, at a total cost of 800 [[talent (weight)|talent]]s. It took 12 years to complete and served as a [[prototype]] for all later [[lighthouse]]s in the world. The light was produced by a furnace at the top and the tower was built mostly with solid blocks of limestone. The Pharos lighthouse was destroyed by an earthquake in the 14th century, making it the second longest surviving ancient wonder next to the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]. A temple of [[Hephaestus]] also stood on Pharos at the head of the mole.
In the first century, the population of Alexandria contained over 180,000 adult male citizens (from a papyrus dated 32 CE), in addition to a large number of freedmen, women, children and slaves. Estimates of the total population range from 500,000 to over 1,000,000, making it one of the largest cities ever built before the [[Industrial Revolution]] and the largest pre-industrial city that was not an imperial capital.
==Ancient remains==
Very little of the ancient city has survived into the present day. Much of the royal and civic quarters sank beneath the harbour due to [[earthquake]] [[subsidence]], and the rest has been rebuilt upon in modern times.
"Pompey's Pillar" is the best-known ancient monument still standing today. It is located on Alexandria's ancient [[acropolis]] — a modest hill located adjacent to the city's Arab [[cemetery]] — and was originally part of a temple colonnade. Including its [[pedestal]], it is 30 m (99 ft) high; the shaft is of polished red granite, roughly three meters in diameter at the base, tapering to two and a half meters at the top. The structure was plundered and demolished in the 4th century when a bishop decreed that Paganism must be eradicated. "Pompey's Pillar" is a misnomer, as it has nothing to do with [[Pompey]], having been erected in 293 for [[Diocletian]], possibly in memory of the rebellion of [[Domitius Domitianus]]. Beneath the acropolis itself are the subterranean remains of the Serapeum, where the mysteries of the god [[Serapis]] were enacted, and whose carved wall niches are believed to have provided overflow storage space for the ancient Library.
Alexandria's [[catacomb]]s, known as ''Kom al Sukkfa'', are a short distance southwest of the pillar, consist of a multi-level labyrinth, reached via a large spiral staircase, and featuring dozens of chambers adorned with sculpted pillars, statues, and other [[syncretism|syncretic]] Romano-Egyptian religious symbols, burial niches and [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]], as well as a large Roman-style banquet room, where memorial meals were conducted by relatives of the deceased. The [[catacomb]]s were long forgotten by the citizens until they were discovered by accident in the 1800s.
The most extensive ancient excavation currently being conducted in Alexandria is known as ''Kom al Dikka'', and it has revealed the ancient city's well-preserved theatre, and the remains of its [[Roman baths|Roman-era baths]].
==Antiquities==
[[Image:Egypt.Alexandria.PompeysPillar.01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pompey's Pillar]]
Persistent efforts have been made to explore the antiquities of Alexandria. Encouragement and help have been given by the local [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] Society, and by many individuals, notably Greeks proud of a city which is one of the glories of their national history.
The past and present directors of the museum have been enabled from time to time to carry out systematic excavations whenever opportunity is offered; [[D. G. Hogarth]] made tentative researches on behalf of the [[Egypt Exploration Fund]] and the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies in 1895; and a German expedition worked for two years (1898–1899). But two difficulties face the would-be excavator in Alexandria: lack of space for excavation and the underwater location of some areas of interest.
Since the great and growing modern city stands right over the ancient one, it is almost impossible to find any considerable space in which to dig, except at enormous cost. Also, the general [[subsidence]] of the coast has sunk the lower-lying parts of the ancient town under water. This underwater section, containing much of the most interesting sections of the Hellenistic city, including the palace-quarter, is still being extensively investigated by the French underwater archaeologist [http://www.franckgoddio.org Franck Goddio] and his [[underwater archaeology|team]]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/203470.stm</ref> and<ref>http://newssearch.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/search/results.pl?q=Alexandria+underwater&scope=newsukfs&tab=news</ref>. It raised a noted head of [[Ptolemy XV Caesarion|Caesarion]]. These are even being opened up to tourists, to some controversy<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/940333.stm</ref>.
The spaces however, that are most open are the low grounds to northeast and southwest, where it is practically impossible to get below the Roman [[stratum|strata]].
The most important results were those achieved by Dr. G. Botti, late director of the museum, in the neighbourhood of “Pompey's Pillar”, where there is a good deal of open ground. Here substructures of a large building or group of buildings have been exposed, which are perhaps part of the Serapeum. Nearby immense [[catacomb]]s and ''columbaria'' have been opened which may have been appendages of the temple. These contain one very remarkable vault with curious painted reliefs, now lighted by electricity and shown to visitors.
The objects found in these researches are in the museum, the most notable being a great basalt bull, probably once an object of cult in the Serapeum. Other catacombs and tombs have been opened in [[Kom el-Shuqafa]] (Roman) and Ras et-Tin (painted).
The German excavation team found remains of a Ptolemaic colonnade and streets in the north-east of the city, but little else. Hogarth explored part of an immense brick structure under the mound of ''Kom el-Dika'', which may have been part of the Paneum, the Mausolea or a Roman fortress.
The making of the new foreshore led to the dredging up of remains of the Patriarchal Church; and the foundations of modern buildings are seldom laid without some objects of antiquity being discovered. The wealth underground is doubtlessly immense; but despite all efforts, there is not much for antiquarians to see in Alexandria outside the museum and the neighbourhood of “Pompey's Pillar”. The native tomb-robbers, well-sinkers, dredgers and the like, however, come upon valuable objects from time to time, most of which find their way into private collections.
==Modern city==
[[Image:Alexandria 12-9-2005 3.JPG|thumb|400px|Alexandria at night]]
===Hais (urban districts)===
Modern Alexandria is divided into 6 hais:
*'''[[Montaza, Alexandria|Montaza]]''' hai: population 943,100
*'''Eastern Alexandria''' hai: population 933,600
*'''Middle (or Downtown) Alexandria''' hai: population 566,500
*'''[[Amreya]]''' hai: population 457,800
*'''Western Alexandria''' hai: population 450,300
*'''Gumrok''' hai: population 186,900
There are also two cities under the jurisdiction of the Alexandria governorate Forming [[metropolitan]] Alexandria:
*'''[[Borg Al-Arab]] city''': population 186,900
*'''[[New Borg Al-Arab]] city''': population 7600
===Neighborhoods===
Neighborhoods of Alexandria include: Agami, Amreya, Anfoushi, Assafra, Attarine, Azarita (aka ''Mazarita''; originally
''Lazarette''), Bab Sidra, Bahari, Bachus, Bulkeley (aka ''Bokla''), Burg el-Arab, Cleopatra, Dekheila, [[Downtown, Alexandria, Egypt|Downtown]], [[Alexandria Port|Eastern Harbor]], Fleming, Gabbari (aka: ''Qabbari'', ''Qubbary'', ''Kabbary''), Gianaclis, Glym (short for ''Glymenopoulos''), Gumrok (aka ''al-Gomrok''), Hadara, Ibrahimeya, King Mariout, Kafr Abdu, Karmous, also known as ''Karmouz'', Kom el-Dik (aka ''Kom el-Dekka''), [[Al-Labban, Alexandria, Egypt|Labban]], Laurent, Louran, [[Maamoura Beach, Alexandria|Maamoura Beach]], Maamoura, Mafrouza, Mandara, Manshiyya, Mex, Miami, [[Montaza, Alexandria|Montaza]], Muharram Bey, Mustafa Kamel, Ramleh (aka ''el-Raml''), Ras el-Tin, Rushdy, Saba Pasha, San Stefano, [[Al Shatby|Shatby]], Schutz, Sidi Bishr, Sidi Gaber, Smouha, [[Sporting, Alexandria, Egypt|Sporting]], [[Stanley, Alexandria, Egypt|Stanley]], Syouf, Tharwat, Victoria, Wardeyan, [[Alexandria Port|Western Harbor]], and Zizinia.
===Squares===
*[[Ahmed Orabi|(Ahmed) Orabi]] Square, in [[Downtown, Alexandria, Egypt|Downtown]]
*Mansheya Square, in Mansheya
*[[Saad Zaghlul]] Square, in [[Downtown, Alexandria, Egypt|Downtown]]
*Tahrir Square (formerly ''[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Mohammed Ali]] Square'', originally ''Place des Consuls''), in [[Downtown, Alexandria, Egypt|Downtown]]
*[[Ahmed Zewail]] Square, near Wabour El Mayah
===Palaces===
*[[Montaza Palace]], in [[Montaza, Alexandria|Montaza]]
*[[Ras el-Tin Palace]], in Ras el-Tin
*Presidential Palace, in Maamoura
===Educational institutions===
Educational institutions in Alexandria include:
''Colleges and Universities:''
*[[Alexandria University]]
*[[Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport]]
*[[Alexandria Institute of Technology|Alexandria Institute of Technology (AIT)]]
*High Institute For Computers & Information Systems - HICIS Abo Qir
*[[Pharos University in Alexandria]]
*[[Université Senghor]]
''Schools:''
[[Image:College saint marc.jpg|thumb|[[Collège Saint Marc]]]]
[[Image:ISJA.jpg|thumb|[[Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide]]]]
[[Image:Lycee Francais d'Alexandrie 2001.JPG|thumb|[[Lycée Al-Horreya, Alexandria]]]]
*Abbas Helmy High School
*Al Abaseya High School
*Al-Madina Al-Monawara High School
*Al-Ramml High School
*Alexandria House of English
*British School of Alexandria
*collège Notre Dame de Sion
*Collège de la Mère de Dieu
*[[Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria|Collège Saint Marc]]
*Deutsche Schule der Borromärinnen DSB A "Saint Charles Borromé"
*Ecole Champollion
*Ecole Gérard
*Ecole Saint Gabriel
*Ecole Saint-Vincent de Paul
*Ecole Sainte Catherine
*Egyptian American School
*Egypt Modern School
*[[El Nasr Boys' School]]
*[[El Nasr Girls' College]]
*Gamal Abdel Naser High School
*[[Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide]]
*Kaumeya Language School (KLS)
*Janaklees National School (JNS)
*[[Lycée Al-Horreya, Alexandria|Lycée Al-Horreya]]
*[[Manar English Girls School]]
*Mubarak Technologichal School (MTS)
*Muharram Bey Schools
*[[Modern American School, Alexandria|Modern American School]]
*Pioneers American sporting school
*[[Riada Language School]] (RLS)
*[[Sacred Heart Girls' School]] (SHS)
*[[Schutz American School, Alexandria|Schutz American School]]
*Sidi Gaber Language School {SLS}
*Taymour English School (TES)
*[[Victoria College, Alexandria|Victoria College]]
*Zahran Language School (Z.L.S)
===Libraries===
The [[Royal Library of Alexandria]] in Alexandria, [[Egypt]], was once the largest [[library]] in the world. It is generally thought to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC, during the reign of [[Ptolemy II of Egypt]]. It was likely created after his father had built what would become the first part of the Library complex, the temple of the [[Muse]]s — the [[Musaeum|Museion]], Greek ''Μουσείον'' (from which the modern English word ''[[museum#etymology|museum]]'' is derived).
[[Image:Library of Alexandria.jpg|thumb|The [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]], a modern project based on reviving the ancient [[Library of Alexandria]].]]
It has been reasonably established that the Library, or parts of the collection, were destroyed by fire on a number of occasions (library fires were common and replacement of handwritten manuscripts was very difficult, expensive and time-consuming). To this day the details of the destruction (or destructions) remain a lively source of controversy. The [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] was inaugurated in 2003 near the site of the old Library.
===Museums===
* [[Alexandria Aquarium]]
* [[The Graeco-Roman Museum]]
* [[The Royal Jewelry Museum]]
* The Museum of Fine Arts
* The Cavafy museum
===Recreational===
[[Image:AlexandriaMonument.jpg|thumb|210px|right|Alexandria monument]]
[[Image:Montaza Alexandria.jpg|thumb|200px|Facade of the [[Montaza Palace]]]]
*Montaza Royal Gardens
*[[Antoniades park]]
*[[Shallalat Gardens]]
*[[Alexandria Zoo]]
*[[Green Plaza]]
*[[Fantasy Land]]
*[[Maamoura Beach, Alexandria]]
*[[Marina, Egypt|Marina Village]]
===Religion===
Religious institutions include:<br />
''Churches'' <br />
[[Alexander Nevsky|Saint Alexander Nevsky]] Church (Russian Orthodox Rite), Saint Anargyri Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Church of the [[Annunciation]] (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite) [[Archangel Gabriel|Archangels Gabriel]] and [[Archangel Michael|Michael]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Catherine]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Catherine]] Church (Latin Catholic Rite), [[Cyril of Alexandria|Pope Cyril I]] Church, in Cleopatra (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Cathedral of the [[Dormition]], in Mansheya (Greek Catholic Rite), Church of the [[Dormition]] (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Elijah|Prophet Elijah]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Georges]] Church, in Sporting (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Georges]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Church of the [[Immaculate Conception]], in Ibrahemeya (Greek Catholic Rite), Church of the Jesuits, in Cleopatra (Latin Catholic Rite), [[Saint Joseph]] Church, in Fleming (Greek Catholic Rite), [[Joseph of Arimathea|Saint Joseph of Arimathea]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)|Saint Mark Cathedral]] , in ''Ramleh'' (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Mark]] Church, in [[Shatby]] (Latin Catholic, Coptic Catholic and Coptic Orthodox Rites), [[Saint Mark]] & [[Nectarios|Saint Nectarios]] Chapel, in [[Ramleh]] (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Mark]] & [[Peter of Alexandria|Pope Peter I]] Church (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Mary]] Church, in Assafra (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Mary]] Church, in Gianaclis (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Menas]] Church, in Fleming (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Mina Church]], in Mandara (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Nicholas]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Paraskevi]] Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Saint Sava]] Cathedral, in [[Ramleh]] (Greek Orthodox Rite), [[Tekle Haymanot|Saint Tekle Haymanot]] Church (Coptic Orthodox Rite), [[Theodore of Amasea|Saint Theodore]] Chapel (Greek Orthodox Rite), <br />
''Mosques''<br />
[[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] Mosque, in Somouha, [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilal]] Mosque, El-Gamee el-Bahari, in Mandara, Hatem Mosque, in Somouha, Hoda el-Islam Mosque, in Sidi Bishr, [[Abu el-Abbas el-Mursi Mosque]], in [[Anfoushi]], El-Mowasah Mosque, in Hadara, Sharq el-Madina Mosque, in Miami, El-Shohadaa' Mosque, in Mostafa Kamel, Qaed Ibrahim Mosque, Yehia Mosque, in Zizinya, Sidi Beshr Mosque, in Sidi Beshr, Sidi Gaber Mosque, in Sidi Gaber, Asr El Islam Mosque, In Sidi Gaber, El Qabany Mosque, In Fleming, Abo El Nor Mosque, In Bakos, El Manara Mosque, In Shatby, Ansar EL Haq Mosque, In Sidi Beshr, EL Sayda Amna Mosque, In Sidi Gaber, El Sadaka Mosque, In Sidi Beshr, Tag EL Ser Mosque, Victoria, EL Fath Mosque, Semouha, and Nour Al-Islam mosque in Camp Cezar
==Sightseeing==
===Demolished monuments===
*The [[Lighthouse of Alexandria]] was one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World|Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]].
===Existing monuments===
*'''The Roman Amphitheatre
*''''Pompey's Pillar''''
===Citadels===
*[[Citadel of Qaitbay]]
===Famous spots===
*Bir Massoud, Miami
*The Unknown Soldier, Ahmed Orabi Square in Mansheya
*[[Montaza, Alexandria|El Montaza Royal Gardens]]
*[[Maamoura Beach, Alexandria|Maamoura Beach]]
==Transportation==
[[Image:The yellow tram passing through Saad Zaghloul's square.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Alexandria Tram#Tram lines|The yellow tram]], a taxi and a minibus in "Saad Zaghloul square", Alexandria.]]
[[Image:SrassenbahnNetzplanAlexandria1996.png|thumb|Alexandria tramway routes]]
===Airports===
- Alexandria is served by the nearby [[El Nouzha Airport|Al Nozha Airport]], located 7 km to the southeast.
- Another airport serves Alexandria named [[Borg al Arab Airport]] located about 25 km away from city center. This airport has been in use since about 2003. It was a military airport before that, and until now there is a military section there.
===Highways===
* The International coastal road. (Alexandria - [[Port Said]])
* [[Cairo-Alexandria desert road|The Desert road]]. (Alexandria - Cairo /220 km 6-8 lanes, mostly lit)
* The Agricultural road. (Alexandria - Cairo)
* The Circular road. ''the turnpike''
* Ta'ameer Road "Mehwar El-Ta'ameer" - (Alexandria - North Coast)
===Train===
Extends from "Misr Station"; the main train station in Alexandria, to [[Abu Qir]].
Train stations include:
* Misr Station (the main station)
* Sidi Gaber Station
===Tram===
{{main|Alexandria Tram}}
An extensive tramway network built in 1860 and is the oldest in Africa. A single ticket costs 25 Egyptian [[piastre]]s (2007). The tram network is divided into two parts joined in the "Raml Station". Trams working east of the "Raml Station" are painted blue and usually known as "Tram Al-Raml". The ones operating to the west of "Raml station" are painted yellow and is a little smaller with a single tram working on both routes.
Trams are the slowest means of transport in Alexandria but are convenient for short trips, 2-3 stations. If you are a sightseer with time to spare it is the cheapest way to see most of Alexandria.
===Taxis===
Taxis are a main means of public transportation in Alexandria. Taxis are painted black and yellow. Fare usually starts from 2 [[Egyptian pound]]s (2007). All taxis are required by law to have a meter but almost none is actually used since the fares have not changed in a very long time to keep up with inflation. Exactly what amount to charge a taxi is not exactly known and is left to the customers to estimate how much the trip is worth (like all other cities in Egypt, including [[Cairo]]) but most Alexandrians who use taxis usually know from experience what every trip costs. This creates a problem for travelers and tourists who are usually over-billed for their trips. Tourists are always advised to ask for how much they should pay for a taxi before hailing one.
===Other means of public transportation===
- [[Bus]]es and [[Minibus]]es.
[[Image:San Stefano Grand Plaza.JPG|thumb|360px|San Stephano Beach in Alexandria.]]
===Port===
{{main|Alexandria Port}}
The [[port]] is divided into:
*The Eastern Harbor
*The Western Harbor
==Culture==
==="Eskendereyya"===
This is a list of all words related to the word "Alexandria" in Arabic:
* '''''al-Iskandareyya(h)''''' (الإسكندرية) (noun) (formal): Refers to the city of "Alexandria", used in formal texts and speech. Its [[Egyptian Arabic]] equivalent is '''''Eskenderreya''''' or '''''Iskindereyya(h)'''''. ''Iskandariyya(h)'' and ''Eskendereyya(h)'' are different in pronunciation, though they have the same [[spelling]] when written in Arabic. In [[Literary Arabic]], ''Iskandariyya(h)'' always takes the definite article ''al-'', whereas in Egyptian Arabic, ''Eskendereyya(h)'' never takes ''el-'' (''el-'' is the Egyptian Arabic equivalent of ''[[al-]]''). The optional ''h'' at the end of both of them is called a ''[[ta' marbuta]]'' which is not usually pronounced, but is always written.
* "'''Alex'''" (noun): Natives of both Alexandria and Cairo refer to Alexandria as "Alex", especially in informal English texts. In an English conversation between two Egyptians (whether Alexandrians or Cairenes), you would usually hear "I'm going to Alex tomorrow" instead of "I'm going to Alexandria tomorrow."
* '''''Esakandarani''''' (اسكندراني) (adjective): Means 'native Alexandrian' or 'from Alexandria' in Egyptian Arabic.
===Sports===
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Borg arab satdium.jpg|thumb|300px|Borg El Arab Stadium]] -->
[[Image:DSC01990.JPG|thumb|A group of [[cycling|cyclists]] in Alexandria]]
The main sport that interests Alexandrians is [[Association football|soccer]], as is the case in all Egypt and [[Northern Africa]]. Alexandria was one of three cities that participated in hosting the [[African Cup of Nations]] in January 2006, which [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]] won. Sea sports such as [[surfing]], [[jet-skiing]] and [[water polo]] are practised on a lower scale.
Alexandria has four [[stadium]]s:
*[[Borg El Arab Stadium]]
*[[Harras El-Hedoud Stadium]]
*[[Alexandria Stadium]]
*El-Krom Stadium
Other less popular sports like [[tennis]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]] are usually played in private [[social clubs|social]] and [[sports club]]s, like:
*Alexandria Sporting Club - in "[[Sporting, Alexandria, Egypt|Sporting]]"
*Alexandria Country club
*El Etehad Club
*El Olympy Club
*Lagoon Resort Courts
*Smouha Club - in "Smouha"
===Writings===
====Novels====
* ''Academic Year'' (1955, set in late 1940s) by [[D.J. Enright]].
* ''[[The Alexandria Quartet]]'' (1957-60, set in 1930s) by [[Lawrence Durrell]].
* ''The Bat'' (part of the ''Drifting Cities'' trilogy) (1965, set in 1943-44) by Stratis Tsirkas.
* ''The Danger Tree'' (1977, set in 1942, partly in Alexandria) by [[Olivia Manning]].
* ''The Beacon at Alexandria'' (1986, set in 4th century) by [[Gillian Bradshaw]].
* ''City of Saffron'' (tr. 1989, set in 1930s) by Edwar Al-Kharrat.
* ''Girls of Alexandria'' (tr. 1993, set in 1930s and '40s) by Edwar Al-Kharrat.
* ''No One Sleeps in Alexandria'' (1996, set during [[World War II]]) by Ibrahim Abdel Meguid.
* ''Miramar'' (1967) by [[Naguib Mahfouz]].
* ''[[Pashazade]]'' (2001, first book of the [[Arabesk trilogy|''Arabesk'' trilogy]] set in a liberal Islamic [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Alexandria in the 21st century) by [[Jon Courtenay Grimwood]].
====History====
* ''Alexandria: a history and a guide'' (1922; numerous reprints) by [[E.M. Forster]].
* ''Alexandria: City of Memory'' (Yale University Press, 2004) by Michael Haag.
====Memoir====
* ''Out of Egypt'' (1994; describes family history in Alexandria) by [[André Aciman]].
===Songs===
* Songs in [[French language|French]]:
** ''Alexandrie'' by [[Georges Moustaki]].
** ''Alexandrie, Alexandra'' by [[Claude François]].
* Songs in [[Greek language|Greek]]:
** ''Alexandrinos'' by [[Yannis Kotsiras]].
* Songs in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]:
** ''Shat Eskendereya'' by [[Fairouz]].
** ''Ahsan Nas'' by [[Dalida]].
** ''Leil Eskendereya'' by [[Moustafa Amar]].
** ''Ya Wad Ya Eskandarany'' by [[Moustafa Amar]].
** ''Ya Eskendereya'' by [[Mohamed Mounir]] (lyrics by [[Ahmed Fouad Negm]]).
* Songs in [[English language|English]]:
**"Alexandria" by [[Kamelot]]
===Tourism===
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Picture from the shore.jpg|thumb|300px|Picture from the shore in Alexandria]] -->
Alexandria is considered a main summer resort in the [[Middle East]], visited by people from all other cities to enjoy the sun and the sea. Beaches become full of umbrellas and families and the city is usually crowded in summer.
Beaches of Alexandria are famous of having lots of cafeterias and umbrellas. There are both public beaches (which anyone can use for free, and are usually crowded) and private beaches (which can be used upon paying a small fee). There are also private beaches that are dedicated only to the guests of some hotels.
===Notable People===
*[[Ahmed Nazif]] (Egyptian Prime Minister)
*[[Alkistis Protopsalti]] (Greek singer)
*[[Alypius (music writer)|Alypius]] (4th century BC) Greek writer on music
*[[André Aciman]] (American writer)
*[[Antonis Benakis]] (1873-1954) Greek art collector
*[[Arius]] (4th century) who sparked the [[Arian controversy]]
*[[Athanasius of Alexandria|Pope Athanasius the Apostolic]] (Champion of [[Christianity]])
*[[Cleopatra VII]] (Egyptian Ruler)
*[[Constantine P. Cavafy]] (1863-1933) Greek poet
*[[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] (6th century) Greek monk, geographer and writer
*[[Demis Roussos]] (Greek singer)
*[[Eric Hobsbawm]] (British historian)
*[[Farouk Hosny]] (Egyptian Minister of Culture)
*[[Fawzia Shirin|Princess Fawzia]] (Egyptian princess)
*[[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]] (Italian poet and artist)
*[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] (Egyptian President)
*[[Georges Moustaki]] (Greek-French singer and composer)
*[[Gideon Gechtman]] (Israeli sculptor)
*[[Giuseppe Ungaretti]] (Italian poet)
*[[Haim Saban]] (American billionaire)
*[[Hend Rostom]] (Egyptian actress)
*[[Hypatia of Alexandria|Hypatia]] ([[4th century AD|4th]]-5th century AD) Greek philosopher
*[[Jean Desses]] (1904-1970) Greek fashion designer
*[[Konstantinos Parthenis]] (1878-1967) Greek painter
*[[Mahmud Bayram el-Tunsi|Bayram Al-Tunsi]] (Egyptian poet)
*[[Mohamed Al-Fayed]] (Egyptian businessman)
*[[Moustafa Amar]] (Egyptian singer)
*[[MTM]] (Egyptian music band)
*[[Omar Sharif]] (Egyptian actor)
*[[Pappus of Alexandria|Pappus]] (4th century AD) Hellenized Egyptian Mathematician
*[[Penelope Delta]] (1874-1941) Greek author
*[[Rudolf Hess]] (German deputy fuhrer of the Nazi Party)
*[[Sayed Darwish]] (Egyptian music composer)
*[[Sherif Attia]] (Egyptian-Irish Basketball Player)
*[[Tawfiq al-Hakeem]] (Egyptian writer)
*[[Youssef Chahine]] (Egyptian film director)
==See also==
*[[Alexandria Governorate]]
*[[Governorates of Egypt]]
==Notes==
* "Alexandria: City of Memory" by Michael Haag (London and New Haven, 2004). A social, political and literary portrait of cosmopolitan Alexandria during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
* Victor W. Von Hagen. ''The Roads that led to Rome'' The World publishing Company, Cleveland and New York. 1967.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons|Category:Alexandria}}
*[http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/default.aspx Official website]
*{{wikitravel}}
*{{wikitravelpress|Cairo|Cairo and Alexandria}}
*[http://www.expatsinalex.com/ Expatriates in Alexandria]
*[http://www.britishcouncil.org/egypt-arts-culture-events-durrell.htm/ British Council's Lawrence Durrell Celebration in Alexandria]
*[http://www.authenticwonders.com/Alexandria/index.htm Read more and see photo galleries about Alexandria] {{en}}
*[http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.167.a.php Richard Stillwell, ed. ''Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'', 1976:] “Alexandria, Egypt”
*[http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_alexandria_landmarks.htm Landmarks in Alexandria] {{en}}
===Maps of Alexandria===
{{Geolinks-cityscale|31.198|29.9192}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Capital of Egypt]]
|before=[[Sais]]
|after=[[Fustat]]
|years=331 BC - 641 AD}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Madrid]]
|title=[[World Book Capital]]
|years=2002
|after=[[New Delhi]]}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Wikimania]] host city
|before=[[Taipei]]
|after=''[[Buenos Aires]]''
|years=2008}}
{{end box}}
{{Egyptian Cities}}
{{Ancient Greece topics}}
{{Ancient Egypt topics}}
{{World Book Capital}}
[[Category:Alexandria|*]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Egypt]]
[[Category:Coastal cities]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Egypt]]
[[Category:Port cities of the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:Ancient cities]]
[[Category:Former national capitals]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Egypt]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek sites in Egypt]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt]]
[[Category:Titular Sees of the Coptic Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:330s BC establishments]]
[[Category:Settlements established in the 4th century BC]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Egypt]]
{{Link FA|af}}
[[af:Alexandrië]]
[[ar:الإسكندرية]]
[[az:İsgəndəriyyə]]
[[bn:আলেকজান্দ্রিয়া]]
[[bo:ཡ་ལི་ཧྲན་ད]]
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[[bg:Александрия]]
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[[eu:Alexandria]]
[[fa:اسکندریه]]
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[[ko:알렉산드리아]]
[[hy:Ալեքսանդրիա]]
[[hr:Aleksandrija]]
[[bpy:আলেক্সান্ড্রিয়া]]
[[id:Iskandariyah]]
[[is:Alexandría]]
[[it:Alessandria d'Egitto]]
[[he:אלכסנדריה]]
[[jv:Alexandria]]
[[ka:ალექსანდრია (ეგვიპტე)]]
[[sw:Aleksandria]]
[[la:Alexandria Magna]]
[[lv:Aleksandrija]]
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[[pl:Aleksandria]]
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[[ru:Александрия]]
[[scn:Alessandria d'Eggittu]]
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[[zh-yue:亞歷山大港]]
[[zh:亞歷山卓]]