American Jews
1131183
225158941
2008-07-12T05:21:24Z
Malik Shabazz
3020778
/* External links */ remove duplicate category
<!---PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THESE PICTURES BEFORE ESTABLISHING CONSENSUS FOR WHAT THEY ARE ON THE DISCUSSION PAGE. EDIT WARRING IS NOT ACCEPTABLE--->{{Ethnic group
|group = American Jews
|image = [[Image:Spielberg99.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:Barbra Streisand 1962.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:Stewart - USO-Metro Merit Awards 2.jpg|100x100px]]<br>
[[Image:Allen Ginsberg.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:Joe Lieberman official portrait.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:Barbara Walters.jpg|100x100px]]<br>
[[Image:Lauren Bacall - YankArmyWeekly detail.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:RuthBaderGinsburg.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:Mel Brooks.jpg|100x100px]]<br>
[[Image:Brandeisl.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:HGreenberg.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:MiltonFriedman2.JPG|100x100px]]<br>
<small>[[Steven Spielberg]] • [[Barbra Streisand]] • [[Jon Stewart]]<br>[[Allen Ginsberg]] • [[Joe Lieberman]] • [[Barbara Walters]]<br>[[Lauren Bacall]] • [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] • [[Mel Brooks]]<br>[[Louis Brandeis]] • [[Hank Greenberg]] • [[Milton Friedman]]</small>
|pop = '''7,000,000''' <br/> '''2.5% of the US population'''
|regions = [[New York metropolitan area]], all along the [[BosWash]] Megalopolis in the [[Northeastern United States]], [[South Florida]], the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] (especially the [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]] areas), the [[Chicago]]-[[Milwaukee]] corridor, the eastern and [[Great Lakes]] region and [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] areas
|langs = '''''Traditional Jewish languages'''''<br/>[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], and other [[Jewish languages]] (most endangered, and some now extinct)
'''''Liturgical languages'''''<br/>[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic Language|Aramaic]]<br/>'''''Predominant spoken languages'''''<br/>[[American English]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
|rels = [[Judaism]]
|related-c = [[Ashkenazi Jews]], [[Mizrahi Jews]], [[Sephardi Jews]], other [[Jewish ethnic divisions]]
}}
'''American Jews''', or '''Jewish Americans''', are [[Jew]]s who are [[United States|American]] [[citizen]]s or [[resident alien]]s. The United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world depending on religious definitions and varying population data.
The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of [[Ashkenazi Jews]] who emigrated from [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], and their US-born descendants. There are, however, a number of converts, and of both older and more recently arrived [[Sephardic Jews]] ([[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] and those descended from them following the [[Alhambra Decree|15th century expulsion]]), as well as smaller numbers of [[Mizrahi Jews]] (Jewish communities with extended histories in the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]]), [[Ethiopian Jews]], [[Indian Jews]] and others from various smaller [[Jewish ethnic divisions]]. The Jewish community in America, therefore, manifests a wide range of [[Jewish culture|Jewish cultural traditions]], as well as encompassing the full spectrum of religious observance, from the ultra-Orthodox [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] communities to Jews who are entirely [[secular]] and [[atheist]].
==History==
{{main|History of the Jews in the United States}}
Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America as early as the [[17th century|seventeenth century]], if not earlier, though they were small in numbers and almost exclusively [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic Jewish]] immigrants of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ancestry.[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Kahalsyn.html][http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/kah.htm] Until about 1830 [[History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America]]. Large scale Jewish immigration, however, did not commence until the [[19th century|nineteenth century]], when, by mid-century, many secular [[History of the Jews in Germany|Ashkenazi Jews from Germany]] arrived in the United States, primarily becoming merchants and shop-owners. There were approximately 250,000 Jews in the United States by 1880, many of them being the educated, and largely secular, German Jews, although a minority population of the older [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jewish]] families remained influential.
As a result of persecution in parts of [[Eastern Europe]], Jewish immigration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, with most of the new immigrants also being [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]-speaking [[Ashkenazi Jews]], though mostly from the poor rural populations of the [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russian Empire]], many of them coming from the [[Pale of Settlement]] (modern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova ). Over 2,000,000 arrived between the late nineteenth century and 1924, when immigration restrictions increased due to the [[National Origins Quota of 1924]] and [[Immigration Act of 1924]]. Most settled in [[New York City]] and its immediate environs (New Jersey, etc.), establishing what became one of the world's major concentrations of Jewish population.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, these newly-arrived Jews built support networks consisting of many small [[synagogue]]s and Ashkenazi Jewish ''[[Landsmannschaft]]en'' (German for "Territorial Associations") for Jews from the same town or village. Jewish American writers of the time urged [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]] and integration into the wider [[Culture of the United States|American culture]], and Jews quickly became part of American life. 500,000 American Jews (or half of all Jewish males between 18 and 50) fought in [[World War II]], and after the war Jewish families joined the new trend of [[suburbanization]]. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated as rising [[intermarriage]] rates combined with a trend towards secularization. At the same time, new centers of Jewish communities formed, as Jewish school enrollment more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, while synagogue affiliation jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960.
===Politics and Civil Rights===
While the first group of Jewish immigrants from Germany tended to be politically conservative, the second wave that started in the early 1880s were generally more liberal or left wing. Polls showed that Democrats [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry S. Truman]] received over 90% of the Jewish American vote in the elections of 1940, 1944 and 1948{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson]] received 70% of the Jewish American vote during the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. In the 1960 election, Jewish Americans voted over 80% for Catholic Democrat [[John F. Kennedy]]{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. In 1964, when the Republican candidate was the strongly conservative [[Barry Goldwater]] (whose paternal grandparents were Jewish), 90% of the Jewish American vote went to his opponent.<ref>Mark R. Levy and Michael S. Kramer, ''The Ethnic Factor'' (1973) p. 103</ref> Since 1968, Jewish Americans have voted about 70%-80% Democratic, increasing to 87% for Democratic House candidates during the 2006 elections.<ref> 2006 exit polls at [http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html] They were 74% for John Kerry, a Catholic, in 2004.[http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html]</ref> Currently, of the 13 Jewish Americans in the Senate (out of 100 members),<ref>See Ynet News at [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3326053,00.html]</ref> only two ([[Norm Coleman]] and [[Arlen Specter]]) are Republicans, and of the 30 in the House (out of 435 members),<ref>See Ynet News at [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3326053,00.html]</ref> only one ([[Eric Cantor]]) is Republican.
As a group, Jewish Americans have been very active in fighting prejudice and discrimination, and have historically been active participants in [[civil rights]] movements since the 1930s, including active support and participation in the black civil rights / desegration movement, active support and participation in the women's rights movement, and active support for gay rights movement. [[Seymour Siegel]] suggests that the historic struggle against prejudice faced by Jews led to a natural sympathy for any people confronting discrimination. Joachim Prinz, president of the [[American Jewish Congress]], stated the following when he spoke from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial during the famous [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] on [[August 28]], [[1963]]: "As Jews we bring to this great demonstration, in which thousands of us proudly participate, a twofold experience—one of the spirit and one of our history... From our Jewish historic experience of three and a half thousand years we say: Our ancient history began with slavery and the yearning for freedom. During the Middle Ages my people lived for a thousand years in the ghettos of Europe... It is for these reasons that it is not merely sympathy and compassion for the black people of America that motivates us. It is, above all and beyond all such sympathies and emotions, a sense of complete identification and solidarity born of our own painful historic experience. "<ref>[http://www.joachimprinz.com/civilrights.htm Joachim Prinz March on Washington Speech<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.crmvet.org/info/mowprog.htm</ref>
===The Holocaust===
[[The Holocaust]] had a profound impact on the community in the United States, especially after 1945, as Jews tried to comprehend what had happened, and especially to commemorate and grapple with it when looking to the future. [[Abraham Joshua Heschel]] summarized this dilemma when he attempted to understand Auschwitz: "To try to answer is to commit a supreme blasphemy. Israel enables us to bear the agony of Auschwitz without radical despair, to sense a ray [of] God's radiance in the jungles of history."<ref>Staub (2004) p.80</ref>
===International affairs===
Jews began taking a special interest in international affairs in the early twentieth century, especially regarding [[pogrom]]s in [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]], and restrictions on immigration in the 1920s. This period is also synchronous with the development of political [[Zionism]] and the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917|Balfour Declaration]]. Large-scale boycotts of German merchandize were organized during the 1930s, which was synchronous with the rise of [[Fascism]] in Europe. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s leftist domestic policies received strong Jewish support in the 1930s and 1940s, as did his foreign policies and the subsequent founding of the [[United Nations]]. Support for political Zionism in this period, although growing in influence, remained a distinctly minority opinion. The founding of [[Israel]] in 1948 made the [[Middle East]] a center of attention; the immediate recognition of Israel by the American government was an indication of both its intrinsic support and the influence of political Zionism.
This attention initially was based on a natural and religious affinity toward and support for Israel and world Jewry. The attention is also because of the ensuing and unresolved conflicts regarding the founding Israel and Zionism itself. A lively internal debate commenced, following the [[Six-Day War]]. The American Jewish community was divided over whether or not they agreed with the Israeli response; the great majority came to accept the war as necessary. A tension existed especially for leftist Jews, between their liberal ideology and (rightist) Zionist backing in the midst of this conflict. This deliberation about the Six-Day War showed the depth and complexity of Jewish responses to the varied events of the 1960s.<ref>Staub (2004)</ref> Similar tensions were aroused by the 1977 election of Begin and the rise of [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist]] policies, the [[1982 Lebanon War]] and the continuing occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.<ref>Roberta Strauss Feuerlicht. “The Fate of the Jews, A people torn between Israeli Power and Jewish Ethics”. Times Books, 1983. ISBN 0812910605</ref> The subject remains fodder for deep divisions among American Jews to this day.
==Population==
[[Image:Jews-usa-county.jpg|thumb|400px|Percentage of Jewish population in the United States, 2000.]]
The Jewish population of the United States is one of the largest in the world.
Precise population figures vary depending on whether Jews are accounted for based on [[halakha|halakhic]] considerations, or [[secular]], [[Law of return|political]] and [[Who is a Jew#Non-religious ethnic and cultural definitions|ancestral identification]] factors. There were about 4 million adherents of Judaism in the U.S. as of 2001, approximately 1.4% of the US population.<ref>ARIS Key Findings at http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm</ref> The community self-identifying as Jewish by birth, irrespective of halakhic (unbroken maternal line of Jewish descent or formal Jewish conversion) status, numbers about 7 million, or 2.5% of the US population. According to the [[Jewish Agency]], for the year 2007 Israel is home to 5.4 million Jews (40.9% of the world's Jewish population), while the United States contained 5.3 million (40.2%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/903585.html |publisher=Haaretz Daily Newspaper Israel |title=Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768 |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> The Jewish Agency's figure for Israel, however, included those who do not consider themselves Jews and those who are not [[Who is a Jew#Religious definitions|Jewish by halakha]] (including a large number of [[Russian Jews|Russians]] who immigrated under the [[Law of Return]] but are not technically Jewish by any authoritative definition), while the estimate for the US and other countries did not include such people.
The most recent large scale population survey, released in the 2006 ''American Jewish Yearbook population survey'' estimates place the number of American Jews at 6.4 million, or approximately 2.1% of the total population. This figure is significantly higher than the previous large scale survey estimate, conducted by the 2000–2001 National Jewish Population estimates, which estimated 5.2 million Jews. A 2007 study released by the Steinhardt Social Research Institute (SSRI) at [[Brandeis University]] presents evidence to suggest that both of these figures may be underestimations with a potential 7.0-7.4 million Americans of Jewish decent.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,56970.shtml Brandeis University Study Finds that American-Jewish Population is Significantly Larger than Previously Thought - Press Release<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Jews in the U.S. settled largely in and near the major cities. The Ashkenazi Jews, who are now the vast majority of American Jews, settled first in the Northeast and Midwest but in recent decades increasingly in the South and West. In descending order, the metropolitan areas with the highest Jewish populations are [[New York metropolitan area|New York City]] (3,750,000), [[South Florida|Miami]] (535,000), [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Los Angeles]] (490,000), [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia]] (285,000), [[Chicagoland|Chicago]] (265,000), [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco]] (210,000), [[Greater Boston|Boston]] (208,000), and [[Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area|Baltimore-Washington]] (165,000). Although New York is the second largest Jewish population center in the world, after the [[Gush Dan]] metropolitan area in Israel[http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/demography/demtables.html#10], the Miami metropolitan area has a slightly greater Jewish population on a per-capita basis (9.9% compared to metropolitan New York's 9.3%). Several other major cities have over 5% Jewish proportions,{{Fact|date=June 2008}} including [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]],{{Fact|date=June 2008}} [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]],{{Fact|date=June 2008}} and [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Miami and Los Angeles have long been major centers. Smaller, but growing numbers are found in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], and especially [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]] and [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} In many metropolitan areas, the majority of Jewish families live in [[suburb]]an areas. In Detroit, for example, the Jewish population is particularly concentrated in suburban [[Oakland County, Michigan|Oakland County]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
[[Jewish Texan]]s have been a part of [[History of Texas|Texas History]] since the first [[European ethnic groups|European]] explorers arrived in the 1500s. [http://www.texancultures.utsa.edu/publications/texansoneandall/jewish.htm] By 1990, there are around 108,000 adherents to [[Judaism]] in Texas. [http://www.texasalmanac.com/culture/groups/jewish.html]
The [[yerida| Israeli immigrant community in America]] is less widespread. The significant Israeli immigrant communities in the United States are in [[Los Angeles]], [[New York City]], [[Miami, Florida|Miami]], and [[Chicago]].<ref>{{Citation| last = Gold| first = Steven| author-link = Steven J. Gold| last2 = Phillips| first2 = Bruce| author2-link = Bruce A. Phillips| title = Israelis in the United States | journal = American Jewish Yearbook, 1996| volume = 96| issue = | pages = 51–101| date = | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1996_3_SpecialArticles.pdf | doi = | id = }}</ref>
* The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] calculated an 'expatriate rate' of 2.9 persons per thousand, putting Israel in the mid-range of expatriate rates among the 175 [[OECD]] countries examined in 2005. <ref>{{cite web |title=Database on immigrants and expatriates:Emigration rates by country of birth (Total population) |work=Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development, Statistics Portal |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/51/0,3343,en_2825_494553_34063091_1_1_1_1,00.html |accessmonthday=April 15 |accessyear=2008 }}</ref>
Immigrant [[Soviet Jews]] began arriving after the [[Jackson-Vanik amendment|Jackson-Vanik laws]] of the 1970s and are heavily concentrated in [[New York City]], [[Houston]], [[Dallas]], [[San Francisco]], [[Baltimore]], [[Los Angeles]] and many other large American cities, although these Russian Jews can be found throughout the US in cities even with very small Jewish populations.
[[Persian Jews]] began arriving to the United States in large numbers in the late 1970s before the [[Islamic Revolution]] and most of them settled in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Great Neck]] on [[Long Island]]. Most [[Bukharian Jews]] arrived after the [[Collapse of the Soviet Union]] to [[New York City]], [[San Francisco]], [[Seattle]], [[Atlanta]], [[Arizona]] and elsewhere.
According to the [http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=83784 2001 undertaking] of the [[National Jewish Population Survey]], 4.3 million American Jews have some sort of strong connection to the Jewish community, whether religious or cultural.
===Assimilation and population changes===
The same social and cultural characteristics of the [[United States|United States of America]] that facilitated the extraordinary economic, political, and social success of the American Jewish community have also been attributed to contributing to widespread [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Postrel|first=Virginia|title=Uncommon Culture |publisher=Reason Magazine|date=May 1993| url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/29368.html |accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> a controversial and significant issue in the modern American Jewish community. While not all Jews disapprove of [[intermarriage]], many members of the Jewish community have become concerned that the high rate of interfaith marriage will result in the eventual disappearance of the American Jewish community.
Intermarriage rates have risen from roughly 6% in 1950 to approximately 40%-50% in the year 2000.[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_047702_religiouscul.htm][http://www.jewishla.org/news/html/populationdrop.html] Only about 33% of intermarried couples raise their children with a Jewish religious upbringing.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} This, in combination with the comparatively low birthrate in the Jewish community, has led to a 5% decline in the Jewish population of the United States in the 1990s.[http://www.jewishla.org/news/html/populationdrop.html]. In addition to this, when compared with the general American population, the American Jewish community is slightly older. [http://www.jewishla.org/news/html/populationdrop.html]
Despite the fact that only 33% of intermarried couples provide their children with a Jewish upbringing, doing so is more common among intermarried families raise their children in areas with high Jewish populations{{Fact|date=October 2007}}, such as the greater [[New York City]] metropolitan area, [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area|Baltimore-Washington]], [[Chicago]], and [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] (which has the highest Jewish-American population per capita for smaller, major U.S. cities). In the Boston area, one study shows that 60% percent of children of intermarriages are being raised as Jews by religion; giving the perception that intermarriage is contributing to a net increase in the number of Jews.[http://cjp.org/getfile.asp?id=16072] As well, some children raised through intermarriage [[Baal teshuva movement|rediscover and embrace their Jewish roots]] when they themselves marry and have children.
In contrast to the ongoing trends of assimilation, some communities within American Jewry, such as [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]], have significantly higher birth rates and lower intermarriage rates, and are growing rapidly. The proportion of Jewish synagogue members who were Orthodox rose from 11% in 1971 to 21% in 2000, while the overall Jewish community declined in number. [http://www.nysun.com/article/8189] This trend, however, is likely due at least as much to declining synagogue membership and practice among the non-Orthodox as to greater numbers of Orthodox.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
In 2000, there were 360,000 so-called "ultra-orthodox" ([[Haredi]]) Jews in USA (7.2%).{{Fact|date=October 2007}} The figure for 2006 is estimated at 468,000 (9.4%). [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/index.htm?id=120459]
About half of the American Jews are considered to be religious. Out of this 2,831,000 religious Jewish population, 92% are White, 5% Hispanic (Mostly Argentine Ashkenazim), 1% Asian (Mostly Bukharian and Persian Jews), 1% Black and 1% Other (Mixed Race.etc). Almost this many non-religious Jews exist in United States, the proportion of Whites being higher than that among the religious population.<ref>[http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris.pdf ARIS 2001]</ref>
==Religion==
Jewishness is generally considered an [[ethnic]] identity as well as a [[religious]] one.
Jewish religious practice in America is quite varied. Among the 4.3 million American Jews described as "strongly connected" to Judaism, over 80% report some sort of active engagement with Judaism, ranging from attendance at daily prayer services on one end of the spectrum to as little as attendance [[Passover Seder]]s or lighting [[Hanukkah]] candles on the other.
The survey{{Fact|date=October 2007}} found that of the 4.3 million strongly connected Jews, 46% belong to a [[synagogue]]. Among those who belong to a synagogue, 38% are members of [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogues, 33% [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]], 22% [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], 2% [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]], and 5% other types. Traditionally, [[Sephardic]] and [[Mizrahi]]s do not have different branches (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, etc) but usually remain observant and religious. The survey discovered that Jews in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and [[Midwest]] are generally more observant than Jews in the [[South]] or [[West]]. Reflecting a trend also observed among other religious groups, Jews in the Northwestern United States are typically the least observant.
A 2003 [[Harris Poll]] found that 16% of American Jews go to the synagogue at least once a month, 42% go less frequently but at least once a year, and 42% go less frequently than once a year. The poll also found that 48% of American Jews believe in God, 19% believe there is no God, and 33% are not sure whether or not there is a God.<ref name=Harris2003>[http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=408 While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often]</ref>
In recent years, there has been a noticeable trend of secular American Jews returning to a more religious, in most cases, Orthodox, style of observance. Such Jews are called [[Baal teshuva movement|baalei teshuva]] ("returners", see also [[Repentance in Judaism]]). It is uncertain how widespread or demographically important this movement is at present.
==Education==
The great majority of school-age Jewish students attend public schools, although Jewish day schools and yeshivas are to be found throughout the country. [[Jewish culture|Jewish cultural studies]] and [[Hebrew language]] instruction is also commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools.
Until the 1950s, a quota system at elite colleges and universities limited the number of Jewish students. Before 1945, only a few Jewish professors were permitted as instructors at elite universities. In 1941, anti-Semitism drove [[Milton Friedman]] from a non-tenured assistant professorship at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]].<ref name=Friedmans> Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman, ''Two Lucky People: Memoirs'' (1998) p. 58 [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0226264157&id=kvf0b1pmJsMC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&vq=anti-semitism&dq=milton+friedman+lucky+people&sig=aRnNuTIZ0LmDAoBylCBHI-j03LQ online]</ref> [[Harry Levin]] became the first Jewish full professor in the Harvard English department in 1943, but the Economics department decided not to hire [[Paul Samuelson]] in 1948. Harvard hired its first Jewish biochemists in 1954.<ref>Morton Keller, ''Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University.'' (2001), pp 75, 82, 97, 212, 472.</ref>
Today, American Jews no longer face the discrimination in college admissions that they did in the past. By 1986, a third of the presidents of the elite undergraduate clubs at Harvard were Jewish,<ref name="Friedmans"/> and Paul Samuelson's nephew, [[Lawrence Summers]], became President of Harvard University in 2001. According to estimates from [[Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life]], Jews make up well over one-fifth of the student body in America's most prominent institutions of higher learning:
<div style="font-size:90%;"></div>
{| style="background:transparent;"
|- valign="top"
|'''Public Universities'''
<div class="references-small">
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!width="50"|Rank !! width="270"|University !! width="50" |Enrollment for Jewish Students (est.)!!<ref>[http://www.hillel.org/about/news/2006/feb/20060216_top.htm Hillel's Top 10 Jewish Schools<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> width="70" | % of Student body !! width="70"|Undergraduate Enrollment
|-
| 1 || [[University of Florida]] || 5,400 || 15% || 34,612
|-
| 2 || [[Rutgers University]] || 5,000 || 13% || 37,072
|-
| 3 || [[University of Central Florida]] || 4,500 || 11% ||39,545
|-
| 4 || [[University of Michigan]]<br/>[[Pennsylvania State University]]<br/>[[Indiana University]] <br/>[[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] || 4,000 || 16%<br/>10%<br/>10%<br/>14% || 25,555<br/>36,612<br/>32,000<br/>28,462
|-
| 5 || [[California State University, Northridge]]<br/>[[Florida State University]]<br/>[[University of Texas, Austin]] || 3,800 || 14%<br/>9%<br/>10%||26,854<br/>40,474<br/>36,878
|-
| 6 || [[University at Albany]]<br/>[[Florida International University]] || 3,500 || 31%<br/>9% ||12,013<br/>39,500
|}
|'''Private Universities'''
<div class="references-small">
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!width="50"|Rank !! width="260"|University !! width="55" |Enrollment of Jewish Student (est.)!!<ref>[http://www.hillel.org/about/news/2006/feb/20060216_top.htm Hillel's Top 10 Jewish Schools<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> width="50"|% of Student body !! width="70"|Undergraduate Enrollment
|-
| 1 || [[New York University]] || 6,500 || 33% || 19,401
|-
| 2 || [[Boston University]] || 4,000 || 20% || 15,981
|-
| 3 || [[Cornell University]] || 3,500 || 25% || 13,515
|-
| 4 || [[University of Miami]] || 3,100 || 22% || 14,000
|-
| 5 || [[The George Washington University]]<br/>[[University of Pennsylvania]]<br/>[[Yeshiva University]] || 2,800 ||31%<br/>30%<br/>99% ||10,394<br/>9,718<br/>2,803
|-
| 6 || [[Syracuse University]] || 2,500 ||20% ||12,500
|-
| 7 || [[Columbia University]]<br/>[[Emory University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]]<br/>[[Tulane University]] || 2,000 ||29%<br/>30%<br/>30%<br/>30%||6,819<br/>6,510<br/>6,715<br/>6,533
|-
| 8 || [[Brandeis University]]<ref>[http://www.hillel.org/HillelApps/JLOC/Campus.aspx?AgencyId=17238 Brandeis University<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br/>[[Northwestern University]]<ref>[http://www.hillel.org/HillelApps/JLOC/Campus.aspx?AgencyId=17598 Northwestern University<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br/>[[Washington University in St. Louis]]<ref>[http://www.hillel.org/HillelApps/JLOC/Campus.aspx?AgencyId=17972 Washington University<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> || 1,800||56%<br/>23%<br/>29% ||3,158<br/>7,826<br/>6,097
|}
|}
</div>
==Politics ==
The German Jews were primarily Republicans. However the Yiddish-speaking Jews, many with experience with the [[General Jewish Labor Union|Labor Bund]] in Eastern Europe, were leaders in the socialist and labor movements after 1910. They formed strong unions that played a major role in left-wing politics, and after 1936 in Democratic party politics.
Polls showed Jews gave 90% support to Democrats [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry S. Truman]] in the elections of 1940, 1944 and 1948. They gave about a third of their vote to Republican [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in 1952 and 1956. In 1960 Jews voted 83% for Catholic Democrat [[John F. Kennedy]]. In 1964, when the Republicans nominated arch-conservative [[Barry Goldwater]] (whose father was Jewish), 90% of Jews voted for his opponent.<ref> Mark R. Levy and Michael S. Kramer, ''The Ethnic Factor'' (1973) p. 103</ref>
By the mid-20th century Jewish Congressmen from New York and Chicago gained important committee assignments through seniority, including [[Adolph J. Sabath]] and [[Emmanuel Celler]], both Democrats. Republican [[Jacob Javits]] was a powerful Senator in the 1960s and 1970s.
[[Joe Lieberman]] was the first Jew to run for national office on a major party ticket when he was chosen as [[Al Gore]]'s vice-presidential nominee in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 presidential election]].
As of 2008, there are 13 Jewish [[United States Senate|United States Senators]], or 13% of the Senate. Two states have two Jewish Senators: [[Wisconsin]] ([[Herb Kohl]] and [[Russ Feingold]]) and [[California]] ([[Dianne Feinstein]] and [[Barbara Boxer]]).
Compared to their small percentage in the overall population, American Jews are currently (2008) statistically over-represented in both houses of the U.S. Congress. <ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467657033&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull]</ref>
==Jewish American culture==
{{seealso|Secular Jewish culture}}
Since the time of the last major wave of Jewish immigration to America (over 2,000,000 Eastern European Jews who arrived between 1890 and 1924), Jewish secular culture in the United States has become integrated in almost every important way with the broader American culture. Many aspects of Jewish American culture have, in turn, become part of the wider culture of the United States.
===Language===
Although almost all American Jews are today native [[English language|English-speakers]], some American Jews are bilingual with [[Modern Hebrew]]. A variety of other languages are still spoken within some American Jewish communities, communities which are representative of the various [[Jewish ethnic divisions]] from around the world that have come together to make up America's Jewish population.
Many of America's [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]] (being exclusively of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] descent) are raised speaking [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]. Yiddish was once spoken as the primary language by most of the several million European Jews who immigrated to the United States (it was, in fact, the original language in which ''[[The Forward]]'' was published). Yiddish has had an influence on American English, and words borrowed from it include ''[[chutzpah]]'' ("effrontery", "gall"), ''[[nosh]]'' ("snack"), ''schlep'' ("drag"), ''schmuck'' ("fool", literally "penis"), and, depending on [[ideolect]], hundreds of other terms. (See also [[Yinglish]].)
The [[Persian Jews|Persian Jewish]] community in the United States, notably the large community in and around [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and [[Beverly Hills, California]], primarily speak [[Persian language|Persian]] (see also [[Dzhidi language|Judeo-Persian]]) in the home and synagogue. They also support their own Persian language newspapers. Persian Jews also reside in eastern parts of [[New York]] such as [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]] and [[Great Neck, New York|Great Neck, Long Island]].
Many recent Jewish immigrants from the [[Soviet Union]] speak primarily [[Russian language|Russian]] at home, and there are several notable communities where public life and business are carried out mainly in Russian, such as in [[Brighton Beach]] in New York City.
American [[Bukharian Jews]] speak [[Bukhori]] (a dialect of Persian) and [[Russian language|Russian]]. They publish their own newspapers such as the ''Bukharian Times'' and a large portion live in [[Queens, New York]]. [[Forest Hills, Queens, New York|Forest Hills]] in the [[New York City]] borough of [[Queens]] is home to 108th Street, which is called by some "Bukharian Broadway"[http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/dining/18rego.html], a reference to the many stores and restaurants found on and around the street that have Bukharian influences. Many Bukharians are also represented in parts of [[Arizona]], [[Miami, Florida]], and areas of [[Southern California]] such as [[San Diego, California|San Diego]].
[[Classical Hebrew]] is the language of most Jewish religious literature, such as the [[Tanakh]] (Bible) and [[Siddur]] (prayerbook). [[Modern Hebrew]] is also the primary official language of the modern State of [[Israel]], which further encourages many to learn it as a second language. Some recent Israeli immigrants to America speak Hebrew as their primary language.
Some of the Jews in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] and [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], the second largest Jewish community in the United States, immigrated from the countries of [[Latin America]]. Many of these [[Hispanic Jews]] (many of them of [[Sephardic]] origin dating back to the [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colonial era, but also many of [[Ashkenazi]] descent from recent Central and Eastern European immigration to Latin America) speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in the home, and some have intermarried with the non-Jewish [[Hispanic]] population. Recent Jews from Spain and among their descendants speak Spanish. Spanish may be spoken by other Jews with ancestry outside Spain and Latin America living in areas near predominantly Hispanic populations. There are a large number of synagogues in the Miami area that give services in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. Many Luso-Jews with origin from [[Brazil]] and [[Portugal]] (Sephardic Jews but including in Brazil, Sephardic Jews with Spanish origin, Ashkenazi, and Mizrahi) speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] in home. There are a handful of older European immigrant communities that still speak [[Ladino language|Ladino]].
===Jewish American literature===
{{main|Jewish American literature}}
Although American Jews have contributed greatly to American arts overall (see the following section), there remains a distinctly Jewish American literature. Generally exploring the experience of being a Jew, especially a Jew in America, and the conflicting pulls of secular society and history, the literary traditions of [[Philip Roth]], [[Saul Bellow]], [[Chaim Potok]], [[Leon Uris]], [[Herman Wouk]], [[Cynthia Ozick]] and [[Bernard Malamud]] all fall into this category. Younger authors (''e.g.'', [[Paul Auster]], [[Lisa Crystal Carver]], [[Allegra Goodman]], [[Gary Shteyngart]], [[Michael Chabon]] and [[Jonathan Safran Foer]]) continue this view of Jewish American literature, examining the Holocaust, and the meaning of being an American Jew.
==Notable American Jews==
===Popular culture===
: [[List of Jewish actors and actresses|Actors and actresses]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American writers|Writers]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American artists|Artists]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American musicians|Musicians]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American show business figures|Show business figures]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American sportspeople|Sportspeople]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American actors in television]]{{·}}[[Lists of Jews]]
<center>
<gallery>
Image:Jack Benny Portrait.jpg|[[Jack Benny]], actor, comedian</small>
Image:Richard Dreyfus at the Governor's Ball party after the 1989 Academy Awards cropped.jpg|[[Richard Dreyfuss]], actor
Image:Spielberg99.jpg|[[Steven Spielberg]], director, producer, screenwriter
Image:Grouchomarxpromophoto.jpg|[[Groucho Marx]], actor, comedian
Image:Rob Schneider, USO tour, Nov 16 2001.jpg|[[Rob Schneider]], lead actor in [[Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo]] & [[The Hot Chick]]
Image:Adamsandler(cannesPhotocall).jpg|[[Adam Sandler]], actor, in [[Billy Madison]], [[Happy Gilmore]] & [[Big Daddy]], and [[comedian]]
Image:Pink 2006.jpg|[[Pink (singer)]], singer
Image:JakeGyllenhaalcropped.jpg|[[Jake Gyllenhaal]], actor
Image:Kate Hudson 2006 cropped.jpg|[[Kate Hudson]], lead actress in [[Raising Helen]]
Image:Scarlett Johansson in Kuwait 02.jpg|[[Scarlett Johansson]], actress
Image:Michelle Tractenberg crop.jpg|[[Michelle Trachtenberg]], lead actress in [[EuroTrip]] and [[Ice Princess]]
</gallery>
</center>
<!-- This paragraph has WAY too many names. Please, do not add more. -->
Many individual Jews have made significant contributions to American popular culture. There have been many Jewish American actors and performers, ranging from early 1900s actors like [[Carmel Myers]], [[Fanny Brice]] and the first cowboy film star, [[Broncho Billy Anderson]], to classic Hollywood film stars like [[Lauren Bacall]], [[Kirk Douglas]], [[Tony Curtis]], and culminating in many currently known actors, including [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]], [[Winona Ryder]], [[Alicia Silverstone]], [[Natalie Portman]], [[Sarah Jessica Parker]], [[Kate Hudson]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], [[Rachel Bilson]], [[Adam Brody]], [[Ashley Tisdale|Ashley]] & [[Jennifer Tisdale]], [[Zac Efron]], [[Evan Rachel Wood]], [[Adrien Brody]], [[Lisa Kudrow]], [[Ben Stiller]], [[Adam Sandler]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], [[Robert Downey Jr.]], [[Larry David]], [[Bahar Soomekh]], [[Sara Paxton]], [[Jake Gyllenhaal]] and [[Maggie Gyllenhaal]], amongst others. Many of the early Hollywood moguls and pioneers were [[Jew]]ish, such as [[Barney Balaban]] (Paramount Pictures), [[Henry Cohen]] (Columbia Pictures), [[Samuel Goldwyn]] and [[Louis B. Mayer]] (MGM), [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]], [[Jesse L. Lasky]], [[Carl Laemmle]], [[Marcus Loew]], [[Adolph Zukor]], and the original [[Warner Brothers]]. The characteristically Jewish field of American comedy includes the [[Marx Brothers]], [[Three Stooges]], [[Milton Berle]], [[Bea Arthur]], [[Mel Brooks]], [[George Burns]], [[Woody Allen]], [[Joan Rivers]], and [[Gilda Radner]]. The legacy also includes songwriters as diverse as [[Irving Berlin]], [[Burt Bacharach]], [[Carol King]], [[Ramblin' Jack Elliott]], [[Robert B. Sherman]] and [[Richard M. Sherman]] (aka "The [[Sherman Brothers]]"), [[Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller]], [[Jeff Barry]], [[Neil Diamond]], [[Lou Reed]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Chris Cornell]], and [[Paul Simon]] and writers as diverse as [[J.D. Salinger]], [[Joseph Heller]], [[Ayn Rand]], [[E.L. Doctorow]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[Isaac Asimov]], and [[Harlan Ellison]], in addition to the authors listed above.
On the countercultural and radical political front, Jewish hippies [[Abbie Hoffman]] and [[Jerry Rubin]], with help from [[Allen Ginsberg]], formed the controversial [[Youth International Party]] ("Yippies"), and the four main organizers of the 1969 [[Woodstock Festival]] concert were all Jewish, as was [[Max Yasgur]], the man on whose farm the legendary concert took place. In addition, master sound mixer and producer [[Eddie Kramer]] was Jewish, as is [[Bob Dylan]], born Robert Allen Zimmerman, his first wife, [[Sara Dylan|Sara]] and sons [[Jesse Dylan|Jesse]] and [[Jakob Dylan|Jakob]]. [[Bob Dylan]] did convert to Christianity in the late 1970s, but he returned to his Jewish roots in the 1980s.
Many Jews have been at the forefront of women's issues. Jewish [[Women's rights]] activist [[Gloria Steinem]] once became a [[Playboy Bunny]] in order to write a book on how women were treated at their clubs.
Jews have also done well in the field of sport. The most notable of all would be Jewish Swimmer [[Mark Spitz]] who won 7 gold medals at the [[1972 Munich Olympics]], which is still an [[Olympic]] record for a single year in any sport.
[[Facebook]] creator [[Mark Zuckerberg]] has recently gained international prominence with the immense popularity of this online social networking site.
===Government and military===
[[Image:JewishConfederate.JPG|thumb|right|Grave of [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] Jewish soldier near [[Clinton, Louisiana]]]]
: [[List of Jewish American politicians|Politicians]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish Americans in the military|Military figures]]
Since 1845, a total of 29 Jews have served in the Senate, including present-day senators [[Chuck Schumer]] (D-NY), [[Frank Lautenberg]] (D-NJ), [[Arlen Specter]] (R-PA), [[Norm Coleman]] (R-MN), [[Russ Feingold]] and [[Herb Kohl]] (both D-WI), [[Barbara Boxer]] and [[Dianne Feinstein]] (both D-CA), [[Carl Levin]] (D-MI), [[Ron Wyden]] (D-OR), and [[Joe Lieberman]] (Independent-CT). In 2007, the number of Jews in the Senate rose to thirteen with the additional of [[Bernie Sanders]] (I-VT) and [[Ben Cardin]] (D-MD). The number of Jews elected to the House rose to an all time high of 30. Seven Jews have been appointed on the [[United States Supreme Court]].
Sixteen American Jews have been awarded the [[Medal of Honor]]. [[Judah P. Benjamin]] was a member of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] cabinet.
===World War II===
After the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941, and the American entry into [[World War II]], hundreds of thousands of Jews joined national service. More than 550,000 served in the [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]] during World War II; about 11,000 were killed and more than 40,000 were wounded. There were three recipients of the Medal of Honor, 157 recipients of the [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]], [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]], [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States Army)|Distinguished Service Cross]], or [[Navy Cross]], and about 1600 recipients of the [[Silver Star]]. About 50,242 other decorations. citations and awards were given to Jewish military personnel, for a total of 52,000 decorations. During this period, Jews were approximately 3.3 percent of the total U.S. population but constituted about 4.23 percent of the U.S. armed forces. About 60 percent of all Jewish physicians in the United States under 45 years of age were in service as military physicians and [[medic]]s.<ref>Brody, Seymour. "[http://www.fau.edu/library/br095.htm Jewish Heroes and Heroines in America: World War II to the Present, A Judaica Collection Exhibit]."</ref>
Many Jewish [[physicist]]s were involved in the [[Manhattan Project]], the secret World War II effort to develop the [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]]. Many of these were refugees from [[Nazi Germany]] or from [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] persecution elsewhere in Europe. Jewish scientists involved in the Manhattan Project include [[Robert Oppenheimer]], [[Richard P. Feynman]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Leo Szilard]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[John von Neumann]], [[Isidor I. Rabi]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Otto Frisch]], [[Samuel Goudsmit]], [[Jerome Karle]], [[Stanisław Ulam]], [[Robert Serber]], [[Louis Slotin]], [[Walter Zinn]], [[Robert Marshak]], [[Felix Bloch]], [[Emilio G. Segrè]], [[James Franck]], [[Joseph Joffe]], [[Eugene Rabinowitch]], [[Hy Goldsmith]], [[Samuel Cohen]], [[Victor F. Weisskopf]], and [[David Bohm]]. [[Hans Bethe]] and [[Niels Bohr]] both had Jewish mothers, which also necessitated their fleeing from Nazi-occupied lands during the war.
===Science, business, and academia===
: [[List of Jewish American scientists|Scientists]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American businesspeople|Businesspeople]]{{·}} [[List of Jewish American academics|Academics]]
[[Ashkenazi]] Jews have traditionally been drawn to business and academia (see [[Secular Jewish culture#Science and Academia|Secular Jewish culture]] for some of the causes), and have made major contributions in science, economics, and the humanities. Of American [[Nobel Prize]] winners, 37% have been Jewish Americans (19 times the percentage of Jews in the population), as have been 71% of the [[John Bates Clark Medal]] winners (thirty-five times the Jewish percentage). While Jewish Americans only constitute roughly 2.5% of the U.S. population, they occupied 7.7% of board seats at U.S. corporations.<ref name="Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1998/03/zweigenhaft.html|title=Mother Jones, the Changing Power Elite, 1998|accessdate=2007-01-20}}</ref>
Since many jobs/careers in science, business, and academia generally pay well, Jewish Americans also tend to have a higher average income than most Americans. A 2008 [[Pew|Pew Research Center]] study found that "46 percent of Jews in the US make more than $100,000 a year." <ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/148845</ref>
==Distribution of Jewish-Americans==
According to the Glenmary Research Center, which publishes Religious Congregations and Membership in the United States [http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/], the 100 counties and [[independent cities]] in 2000 with the largest Jewish communities, based by percentage of total population, were:
<div style="font-size:90%;">
{| style="background:transparent;"
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:both; border:1px solid #707070; text-align:right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3"
|- style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;"
|style="background:#f9f9f9;"|
! County
! Jewish</br>population !! %<br/>of total
|-
| 1 ||align="left"| [[Rockland County, New York]]
| 90,000 || 31.4%
|----
| 2 ||align="left"| [[New York County, New York]]<ref>[[Manhattan]]</ref>
| 314,500 || 20.5%
|----
| 3 ||align="left"| [[Falls Church, Virginia]]
| 1,800 || 17.4%
|----
| 4 ||align="left"| [[Fairfax, Virginia]]
| 3,600 || 16.7%
|----
| 5 ||align="left"| [[Nassau County, New York]]
| 207,000 || 15.5%
|----
| 6 ||align="left"| [[Kings County, New York]]<ref>[[Brooklyn]]</ref>
| 379,000 || 15.4%
|----
| 7 ||align="left"| [[Palm Beach County, Florida]]
| 167,000 || 14.8%
|----
| 8 ||align="left"| [[Broward County, Florida]]
| 213,000 || 13.1%
|----
| 9 ||align="left"| [[Queens County, New York]]
| 238,000 || 10.7%
|----
| 10 ||align="left"| [[Monmouth County, New Jersey]]
| 65,000 || 10.6%
|----
| 11 ||align="left"| [[Westchester County, New York]]
| 94,000 || 10.2%
|----
| 12 ||align="left"| [[Sullivan County, New York]]
| 7,425 || 10.0%
|----
| 13 ||align="left"| [[Essex County, New Jersey]]
| 76,200 || 9.6%
|----
| 14 ||align="left"| [[Bergen County, New Jersey]]
| 83,700 || 9.5%
|----
| 15 ||align="left"| [[Montgomery County, Maryland]]
| 83,800 || 9.1%
|----
| 16 ||align="left"| [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
| 56,500 || 8.7%
|----
| 17 ||align="left"| [[Fulton County, Georgia]]
| 65,900 || 8.1%
|----
| 18 ||align="left"| [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania]]
| 59,550 || 7.9%
|----
| 19 ||align="left"| [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
| 113,700 || 7.8%
|----
| 20 ||align="left"| [[Richmond County, New York]]<ref>[[Staten Island]]</ref>
| 33,700 || 7.6%
|----
| 21 ||align="left"| [[Marin County, California]]
| 18,500 || 7.5%
|----
| 22 ||align="left"| [[Camden County, New Jersey]]
| 36,000 || 7.1%
|----
| 22 ||align="left"| [[Morris County, New Jersey]]
| 33,500 || 7.1%
|----
| 24 ||align="left"| [[Suffolk County, New York]]
| 100,000 || 7.0%
|----
| 25 ||align="left"| [[Denver County, Colorado]]
| 38,100 || 6.6%
|----
| 26 ||align="left"| [[Oakland County, Michigan]]
| 77,200 || 6.5%
|----
| 27 ||align="left"| [[San Francisco County, California]]
| 49,500 || 6.4%
|----
| 28 ||align="left"| [[Bronx County, New York]]
| 83,700 || 6.3%
|----
| 29 ||align="left"| [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]]
| 45,000 || 6.0%
|----
| 30 ||align="left"| [[Los Angeles County, California]]
| 564,700 || 5.9%
|----
| 30 ||align="left"| [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts]]
| 38,300 || 5.9%
|----
| 32 ||align="left"| [[Atlantic County, New Jersey]]
| 14,600 || 5.8%
|----
| 32 ||align="left"| [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]]
| 34,800 || 5.8%
|----
| 32 ||align="left"| [[Union County, New Jersey]]
| 30,100 || 5.8%
|----
| 35 ||align="left"| [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
| 79,000 || 5.7%
|----
| 35 ||align="left"| [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]]
| 86,600 || 5.7%
|----
| 37 ||align="left"| [[Clark County, Nevada]]
| 75,000 || 5.5%
|----
| 37 ||align="left"| [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]]
| 124,000 || 5.5%
|----
| 39 ||align="left"| [[Baltimore County, Maryland]]
| 38,000 || 5.0%
|----
| 39 ||align="left"| [[Pitkin County, Colorado]]
| 750 || 5.0%
|----
| 39 ||align="left"| [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts]]
| 23,600 || 5.0%
|----
| 42 ||align="left"| [[St. Louis County, Missouri]]
| 47,100 || 4.6%
|----
| 43 ||align="left"| [[Boulder County, Colorado]]
| 13,200 || 4.5%
|----
| 43 ||align="left"| [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, District of Columbia]]
| 25,500 || 4.5%
|----
| 45 ||align="left"| [[Cook County, Illinois]]
| 234,400 || 4.4%
|----
| 45 ||align="left"| [[Fairfield County, Connecticut]]
| 38,800 || 4.4%
|----
| 45 ||align="left"| [[Orange County, New York]]
| 15,000 || 4.4%
|----
| 48 ||align="left"| [[Alexandria, Virginia]]
| 5,400 || 4.2%
|----
| 49 ||align="left"| [[Albany County, New York]]
| 12,000 || 4.1%
|----
| 49 ||align="left"| [[Alpine County, California]]
| 50 || 4.1%
|----
| 49 ||align="left"| [[Sarasota County, Florida]]
| 13,500 || 4.1%
|}
|
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:both; border:1px solid #707070; text-align:right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3"
|- style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;"
|style="background:#f9f9f9;"|
! County
! Jewish</br>population !! %<br/>of total
|-
| 52 ||align="left"| [[Howard County, Maryland]]
| 10,000 || 4.0%
|----
| 53 ||align="left"| [[Lake County, Illinois]]
| 25,000 || 3.9%
|----
| 54 ||align="left"| [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]
| 3,800 || 3.8%
|----
| 55 ||align="left"| [[Somerset County, New Jersey]]
| 11,100 || 3.7%
|----
| 55 ||align="left"| [[West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana]]
| 800 || 3.7%
|----
| 57 ||align="left"| [[Rockdale County, Georgia]]
| 2,500 || 3.6%
|----
| 57 ||align="left"| [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts]]
| 24,700 || 3.6%
|----
| 59 ||align="left"| [[Bristol County, Rhode Island]]
| 1,760 || 3.5%
|----
| 59 ||align="left"| [[Custer County, Idaho]]
| 150 || 3.5%
|----
| 59 ||align="left"| [[Hartford County, Connecticut]]
| 30,000 || 3.5%
|----
| 59 ||align="left"| [[New Haven County, Connecticut]]
| 28,900 || 3.5%
|----
| 59 ||align="left"| [[Passaic County, New Jersey]]
| 17,000 || 3.5%
|----
| 59 ||align="left"| [[San Mateo County, California]]
| 24,500 || 3.5%
|----
| 59 ||align="left"| [[Schenectady County, New York]]
| 5,200 || 3.5%
|----
| 66 ||align="left"| [[Ulster County, New York]]
| 5,900 || 3.3%
|----
| 67 ||align="left"| [[Norfolk, Virginia]]
| 7,600 || 3.2%
|----
| 67 ||align="left"| [[Santa Clara County, California]]
| 54,000 || 3.2%
|----
| 69 ||align="left"| [[Burlington County, New Jersey]]
| 13,000 || 3.1%
|----
| 69 ||align="left"| [[Monroe County, New York]]
| 22,500 || 3.1%
|----
| 71 ||align="left"| [[Essex County, Massachusetts]]
| 21,700 || 3.0%
|----
| 72 ||align="left"| [[Berkshire County, Massachusetts]]
| 3,900 || 2.9%
|----
| 72 ||align="left"| [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania]]
| 15,700 || 2.9%
|----
| 72 ||align="left"| [[Monroe County, Michigan]]
| 4,200 || 2.9%
|----
| 72 ||align="left"| [[Multnomah County, Oregon]]
| 19,300 || 2.9%
|----
| 76 ||align="left"| [[Hennepin County, Minnesota]]
| 31,600 || 2.8%
|----
| 76 ||align="left"| [[Sussex County, New Jersey]]
| 4,100 || 2.8%
|----
| 78 ||align="left"| [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]]
| 34,600 || 2.7%
|----
| 78 ||align="left"| [[Fayette County, Georgia]]
| 2,500 || 2.7%
|----
| 78 ||align="left"| [[Hamilton County, Ohio]]
| 22,500 || 2.7%
|----
| 78 ||align="left"| [[Johnson County, Kansas]]
| 12,000 || 2.7%
|----
| 82 ||align="left"| [[Mercer County, New Jersey]]
| 9,100 || 2.6%
|----
| 82 ||align="left"| [[Nantucket County, Massachusetts]]
| 250 || 2.6%
|----
| 82 ||align="left"| [[Ozaukee County, Wisconsin]]
| 2,100 || 2.6%
|----
| 82 ||align="left"| [[Pinellas County, Florida]]
| 24,200 || 2.6%
|----
| 82 ||align="left"| [[Prince George's County, Maryland]]
| 20,700 || 2.6%
|----
| 82 ||align="left"| [[Worcester County, Massachusetts]]
| 19,500 || 2.6%
|----
| 88 ||align="left"| [[San Diego County, California]]
| 70,000 || 2.5%
|----
| 89 ||align="left"| [[New Castle County, Delaware]]
| 11,900 || 2.4%
|----
| 89 ||align="left"| [[Pima County, Arizona]]
| 20,000 || 2.4%
|----
| 91 ||align="left"| [[Alameda County, California]]
| 32,500 || 2.3%
|----
| 91 ||align="left"| [[Chester County, Pennsylvania]]
| 10,100 || 2.3%
|----
| 91 ||align="left"| [[Contra Costa County, California]]
| 22,000 || 2.3%
|----
| 91 ||align="left"| [[Cumberland County, Maine]]
| 6,000 || 2.3%
|----
| 91 ||align="left"| [[Hampden County, Massachusetts]]
| 10,600 || 2.3%
|----
| 91 ||align="left"| [[Ocean County, New Jersey]]
| 11,500 || 2.3%
|----
| 91 ||align="left"| [[Santa Cruz County, California]]
| 6,000 || 2.3%
|----
| 98 ||align="left"| [[Bristol County, Massachusetts]]
| 11,600 || 2.2%
|----
| 98 ||align="left"| [[Clay County, Georgia]]
| 75 || 2.2%
|----
| 98 ||align="left"| [[Washtenaw County, Michigan]]
| 7,000 || 2.2%
|----
|}
|}
</div>
==Major Jewish-American communities==
(Alphabetically by state and region)
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[California]]
|-
|width="115px"| [[Northern California]]
| [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]{{·}} [[Marin County, California|Marin County]]{{·}} [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]{{·}} [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]]{{·}} [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]{{·}} [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]]{{·}} [[Walnut Creek, California|Walnut Creek]]
|-
| [[Southern California]]
| [[Agoura Hills, California|Agoura Hills]]{{·}} [[Bel Air, California|Bel Air]]{{·}} [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]]{{·}} [[Brentwood, Los Angeles, California|Brentwood, Los Angeles]]{{·}} [[Burbank, California|Burbank]]{{·}} [[Calabasas, California|Calabasas]]{{·}} [[Coachella Valley]]{{·}} [[Fairfax District, Los Angeles, California|Fairfax District, Los Angeles]]{{·}} [[Glendale, California|Glendale]]{{·}} [[Irvine, California|Irvine]]{{·}} [[Lake Forest, California|Lake Forest]]{{·}} [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]]{{·}} [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]]{{·}} [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]]{{·}} [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]{{·}} [[San Fernando Valley|San Fernando Valley (west and south)]]{{·}} [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]]{{·}} [[Sun City, California|Sun City]]{{·}} [[Tarzana, California|Tarzana]]{{·}} [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]]{{·}} [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]]{{·}} [[West Hollywood, California|West Hollywood]]{{·}} [[Westlake Village, California|Westlake Village]]{{·}} [[West Los Angeles (region)|West Los Angeles]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Colorado]]
|-
| [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Connecticut]]
|-
| [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]{{·}} [[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]]{{·}} [[West Hartford, Connecticut|West Hartford]]{{·}} [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]]{{·}} [[Woodbridge, Connecticut|Woodbridge]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Florida]]
|-
|width="115px"| [[Central Florida]]
| [[Ormond Beach, Florida|Ormond Beach]]
|-
| [[South Florida]]
| [[Aventura, Florida|Aventura]]{{·}} [[Bal Harbour, Florida|Bal Harbour]]{{·}} [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]]{{·}} [[Boynton Beach, Florida|Boynton Beach]]{{·}} [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]]{{·}} [[Cooper City, Florida|Cooper City]]{{·}} [[Delray Beach, Florida|Delray Beach]]{{·}} [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]]{{·}} [[Golden Beach, Florida|Golden Beach]]{{·}} [[Lake Worth, Florida|Lake Worth]]{{·}} [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]]{{·}} [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]{{·}} [[Miami-Dade County]]{{·}} [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]]{{·}} [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach County]]{{·}} [[Parkland, Florida|Parkland]]{{·}} [[Sunny Isles Beach, Florida|Sunny Isles Beach]]{{·}} [[Weston, Florida|Weston]]{{·}} [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]]
|-
|[[Southwest Florida]]
|[[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]]{{·}} [[Fort Myers Beach, Florida|Fort Myers Beach]]{{·}} [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]]{{·}} [[Lee County, Florida|Lee County]]
|-
|[[Tampa Bay Area]] and [[Florida Suncoast|Suncoast]]
|[[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]]{{·}} [[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]]{{·}} [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]]{{·}} [[Pinellas County, Florida|Pinellas County]]{{·}}[[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]]{{·}} [[Sarasota County, Florida|Sarasota County]]{{·}} [[St. Pete Beach, Florida|St. Pete Beach]]{{·}} [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]]{{·}}[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]{{·}} [[Temple Terrace, Florida|Temple Terrace]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|-
| [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Louisiana]]
|-
|width="115px"| [[New Orleans]]
| [[Uptown New Orleans|Uptown]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Illinois]]
|-
| [[Arlington Heights, Illinois|Arlington Heights]]{{·}} [[Buffalo Grove, Illinois|Buffalo Grove]]{{·}} [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] ([[Near North Side, Chicago|Gold Coast]]{{·}} [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]]{{·}} [[West Ridge, Chicago|West Rogers Park]]){{·}} [[Deerfield, Illinois|Deerfield]]{{·}} [[Des Plaines, Illinois|Des Plaines]]{{·}}{{·}} [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]]{{·}} [[Glencoe, Illinois|Glencoe]]{{·}} [[Lincolnwood, Illinois|Lincolnwood]]{{·}} [[Long Grove, Illinois|Long Grove]]{{·}} [[Morton Grove, Illinois|Morton Grove]]{{·}} [[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]]{{·}} [[Skokie, Illinois|Skokie]]{{·}}
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Maryland]]{{·}} [[District of Columbia]]
|-
| [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]]{{·}} [[Owings Mills, Maryland|Owings Mills]]{{·}} [[Pikesville, Maryland|Pikesville]]{{·}} [[Reisterstown, Maryland|Reisterstown]]{{·}} [[Aspen Hill, Maryland|Aspen Hill]]{{·}} [[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]]{{·}} [[Chevy Chase, Maryland|Chevy Chase]]{{·}} [[Gaithersburg, Maryland|Gaithersburg]]{{·}} [[Kemp Mill, Maryland|Kemp Mill]]{{·}} [[Kensington, Maryland|Kensington]]{{·}} [[Olney, Maryland|Olney]]{{·}} [[Potomac, Maryland|Potomac]]{{·}} [[Rockville, Maryland|Rockville]]{{·}} [[Silver Spring, Maryland|Silver Spring]]{{·}} [[Takoma Park, Maryland|Takoma Park]]{{·}} [[Washington, D.C.]]{{·}} [[Wheaton, Maryland|Wheaton]]{{·}} [[White Oak, Maryland|White Oak]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Massachusetts]]
|-
| [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]{{·}} [[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton]]{{·}} [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]]{{·}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]{{·}}[[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]]{{·}} [[Marblehead, Massachusetts|Marblehead]]{{·}} [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]{{·}} [[Sharon, Massachusetts|Sharon]]{{·}} [[Sudbury, Massachusetts|Sudbury]]{{·}} [[Wayland, Massachusetts|Wayland]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Michigan]]
|-
| [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]]{{·}} [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] ([[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan|Bloomfield Hills]]{{·}} [[Bloomfield Township, Michigan|Bloomfield Township]]{{·}} [[West Bloomfield, Michigan|West Bloomfield]]{{·}} [[Farmington Hills, Michigan|Farmington Hills]]{{·}} [[Huntington Woods, Michigan|Huntington Woods]]{{·}} [[Oak Park, Michigan|Oak Park]]{{·}} [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]])
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Minnesota]]
|-
| [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] ([[St. Louis Park, Minnesota|St. Louis Park]]{{·}} [[Minnetonka, Minnesota|Minnetonka]]){{·}} [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Missouri]]
|-
| [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] ([[University City, Missouri|University City]]{{·}} [[Clayton, Missouri|Clayton]]{{·}} [[Ladue, Missouri|Ladue]]{{·}}[[Creve Coeur, Missouri|Creve Coeur]]{{·}}[[Chesterfield, Missouri|Chesterfield]])
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[New Jersey]]<ref name="largebut">New Jersey, New York City, Long Island and Westchester County each have large Jewish communities, but the areas listed within and without have the highest concentrations.</ref>
|-
| [[Cherry Hill, New Jersey|Cherry Hill]]{{·}} [[East Brunswick, New Jersey|East Brunswick]]{{·}} [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]]{{·}} [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]]{{·}} [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]]{{·}} [[Fair Lawn, New Jersey|Fair Lawn]]{{·}} [[Highland Park, New Jersey|Highland Park]]{{·}} [[Lakewood, New Jersey|Lakewood]]{{·}} [[Livingston, New Jersey|Livingston]]{{·}} [[Manalapan Township, New Jersey|Manalapan Township]]{{·}} [[Marlboro Township, New Jersey|Marlboro Township]]{{·}} [[Millburn, New Jersey|Millburn]]{{·}} [[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]]{{·}} [[South Orange, New Jersey|South Orange]]{{·}} [[West Orange, New Jersey|West Orange]]{{·}} [[Passaic, New Jersey|Passaic]]{{·}}[[Short Hills, New Jersey|Short Hills]]{{·}} [[Springfield Township, Union County, New Jersey|Springfield]]{{·}} [[Teaneck, New Jersey|Teaneck]]{{·}} [[Tenafly, New Jersey|Tenafly]]{{·}} [[Wayne, New Jersey|Wayne]]{{·}} [[Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]]{{·}} [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]]{{·}} [[Paramus, New Jersey|Paramus]]{{·}} [[Fort Lee, New Jersey|Fort Lee]]{{·}} [[Westfield, New Jersey|Westfield]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[New York]]
|-
|width="115px"| [[Long Island]]<ref name="largebut"/>
|colspan="2"| [[Baldwin, New York|Baldwin]]{{·}} [[Bellmore, New York|Bellmore]]{{·}} [[Commack, New York|Commack]]{{·}} [[Dix Hills, New York|Dix Hills]]{{·}} [[East Hampton, New York|East Hampton]]{{·}} "[[Five Towns]]"{{·}} [[Great Neck, New York|Great Neck]]{{·}} [[Huntington, New York|Huntington]]{{·}} [[Jericho, New York|Jericho]]{{·}} [[Merrick, New York|Merrick]]{{·}} [[Massapequa, New York|Massapequa]]{{·}} [[Oceanside, New York|Oceanside]]{{·}} [[Old Bethpage, New York|Old Bethpage]]{{·}} [[Plainview, New York|Plainview]]{{·}} [[Roslyn, New York|Roslyn]]{{·}} [[Port Washington, New York|Port Washington]]{{·}} [[Syosset, New York|Syosset]] {{·}} [[West Hempstead, New York|West Hempstead]]
|-
|rowspan="5"| [[New York City]]<ref name="largebut"/>
|width="55px"| [[Brooklyn]]
| [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn|Bensonhurst]]{{·}} [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]]{{·}} [[Brighton Beach, Brooklyn|Brighton Beach]]{{·}} [[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]]{{·}} [[Coney Island, Brooklyn|Coney Island]]{{·}} [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]]{{·}} [[Dyker Heights, Brooklyn|Dyker Heights]]{{·}} [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]]{{·}} [[Prospect-Lefferts Gardens, Brooklyn|Prospect-Lefferts Gardens]]{{·}} [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]]{{·}} [[Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn|Sheepshead Bay]]{{·}} [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]]
|-
| [[Bronx]]
| [[Castle Hill, Bronx|Castle Hill]]{{·}} [[City Island, Bronx|City Island]]{{·}} [[Co-op City, Bronx|Co-op City]]{{·}} [[Norwood, Bronx|Norwood]]{{·}} [[Pelham Gardens, Bronx|Pelham Gardens]]{{·}} [[Pelham Parkway, Bronx|Pelham Parkway]]{{·}} [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]]{{·}} [[Van Cortlandt Park]]{{·}} [[Woodlawn, Bronx|Woodlawn]]
|-
| [[Queens]]
| [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]]{{·}} [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]]{{·}} [[Little Neck, Queens|Little Neck]]{{·}} [[Fresh Meadows, Queens|Fresh Meadows]]{{·}} [[Rego Park, Queens|Rego Park]]
|-
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[Lower East Side, Manhattan|Lower East Side]]{{·}} [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]]{{·}} [[Midtown, Manhattan|Midtown]]{{·}} [[Upper West Side, Manhattan]]
|-
| [[Staten Island]]
| [[Willowbrook, Staten Island|Willowbrook]]{{·}} [[New Springville, Staten Island|New Springville]]
|-
| [[Orange County, New York|Orange County]]
|colspan="2"| [[Kiryas Joel, New York|Kiryas Joel]]
|-
| [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland County]]
|colspan="2"| [[Kaser, New York|Kaser]]{{·}} [[Monsey, New York|Monsey]]{{·}} [[Montebello, New York|Montebello]]{{·}} [[New City, New York|New City]]{{·}} [[New Square, New York|New Square]]{{·}} [[Spring Valley, New York|Spring Valley]]{{·}} [[Suffern, New York|Suffern]]{{·}} [[Viola, New York|Viola]]{{·}} [[Wesley Hills, New York|Wesley Hills]]
|-
| [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]]<ref name="largebut"/>
|colspan="2"| [[Chappaqua, New York|Chappaqua]]{{·}} [[Harrison, New York|Harrison]]{{·}} [[Hartsdale, New York|Hartsdale]]{{·}} [[Irvington, New York|Irvington]]{{·}} [[Larchmont, New York|Larchmont]]{{·}} [[Mamaroneck, New York|Mamaroneck]]{{·}} [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]]{{·}} [[Rye, New York|Rye]]{{·}} [[Scarsdale, New York|Scarsdale]]{{·}} [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[North Carolina]]
|-
| [[Cary, North Carolina|Cary]]{{·}} [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]{{·}} [[Gastonia, North Carolina|Gastonia]]{{·}}[[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]]{{·}} [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Ohio]]
|-
|width="115px"| [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]
| [[Amberley, Ohio|Amberley]]{{·}} [[Blue Ash, Ohio|Blue Ash]]{{·}} [[Reading, Ohio|Reading]]
|-
| [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]]
| [[Beachwood, Ohio|Beachwood]]{{·}} [[Cleveland Heights, Ohio|Cleveland Heights]]{{·}} [[Lyndhurst, Ohio|Lyndhurst]]{{·}} [[Mayfield Heights, Ohio|Mayfield Heights]]{{·}} [[Moreland Hills, Ohio|Moreland Hills]]{{·}} [[Orange, Ohio|Orange]]{{·}} [[Pepper Pike, Ohio|Pepper Pike]]{{·}} [[Shaker Heights, Ohio|Shaker Heights]]{{·}} [[Solon, Ohio|Solon]]{{·}} [[South Euclid, Ohio|South Euclid]]{{·}} [[University Heights, Ohio|University Heights]]
|-
| [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
| [[Bexley, Ohio|Bexley]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Pennsylvania]]
|-
|width="115px"| [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]
| [[Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania|Cheltenham Township]] ([[Elkins Park, Pennsylvania|Elkins Park]]){{·}} [[Overbrook, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Overbrook]]{{·}} [[Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania|Lower Merion Township]] ([[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania|Bala Cynwyd]]{{·}} [[Gladwyne, Pennsylvania|Gladwyne]]{{·}} [[Merion, Pennsylvania|Merion]]{{·}} [[Wynnewood, Pennsylvania|Wynnewood]]){{·}} [[Narberth, Pennsylvania|Narberth]]{{·}} [[Oxford Circle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Oxford Circle]]{{·}} [[Rhawnhurst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Rhawnhurst]]{{·}}[[Bustleton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Bustleton]]{{·}} [[Richboro, Pennsylvania|Richboro]]{{·}} [[Spring House, Pennsylvania|Spring House]]{{·}} [[Upper Dublin Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Dublin Township]] ([[Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Abington Township]]{{·}} [[Dresher, Pennsylvania|Dresher]]{{·}} [[Fort Washington, Pennsylvania|Fort Washington]]){{·}} [[West Chester, Pennsylvania|West Chester]]
|-
| [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]
| [[Squirrel Hill]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Texas]]
|-
|width="115px"| [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]]
| [[North Dallas]] ([[Preston Hollow, Dallas, Texas|Preston Hollow]], [[Devonshire, Dallas, Texas|Devonshire]], [[Melshire Estates, Dallas, Texas|Melshire Estates]], [[Bluff View, Dallas, Texas|Bluff View]], [[Greenway Parks, Dallas, Texas|Greenway Parks]], [[Turtle Creek, Dallas, Texas|Turtle Creek]], [[Bent Tree, Dallas, Texas|Bent Tree]], [[Far North Dallas, Dallas, Texas|Far North Dallas]]){{·}} [[Plano, Texas|Plano]]
|-
| [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]
| [[Meyerland, Houston, Texas|Meyerland]]{{·}} [[Memorial, Houston, Texas|Memorial]]{{·}} [[Maplewood, Houston, Texas|Maplewood]]{{·}} [[Braeburn, Houston, Texas|Braeburn]]{{·}} [[Inwood Forest, Houston, Texas|Inwood Forest]]{{·}} [[Addicks, Houston, Texas|Addicks]]{{·}} [[Cypress, Texas|Cypress]]{{·}} [[Jersey Village, Texas|Jersey Village]]{{·}} [[Piney Point Village]]{{·}} [[Bunker Hill Village]]{{·}} [[Hedwig Village]]{{·}} [[Hilshire Village]]{{·}} [[Hunters Creek Village]]{{·}} [[West University Place, Texas|West University Place]]{{·}} [[Sugar Land, Texas|Sugar Land]]{{·}}[[Champions Forest]]{{·}} [[The Woodlands]]{{·}}[[Klein]]{{·}}
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Virginia]]
|-
| [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]]{{·}} [[Fairfax, Virginia|Fairfax]]{{·}} [[Falls Church, Virginia|Falls Church]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Washington]]
|-
| [[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]]{{·}} [[Mercer Island, Washington|Mercer Island]]{{·}} [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]] {{·}} [[Seward Park (Seattle)|Seward Park]]
|}
{| width="99%" class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!style="text-align:left; font-size:105%;"| [[Wisconsin]]
|-
| [[Bayside, Wisconsin|Bayside]]{{·}} [[Glendale, Wisconsin|Glendale]]{{·}} [[Fox Point, Wisconsin|Fox Point]]{{·}} [[Mequon, Wisconsin|Mequon]]{{·}} [[Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin|Whitefish Bay]] (All in metro [[Milwaukee]])
|}
==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Antler, Joyce., ed. ''Talking Back: Images of Jewish Women in American Popular Culture.'' 1998.
* Cohen, Naomi. ''Jews in Christian America: The Pursuit of Religious Equality.'' 1992.
* Cutler, Irving. ''The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb.'' 1995
* Diner, Hasia. ''The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106251087 (2004) online]
* Dinnerstein, Leonard. ''Antisemitism in America.'' 1994.
* Dollinger, Marc. ''Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America.'' 2000.
* Eisen, Arnold M. ''The Chosen People in America: A Study in Jewish Religious Ideology.'' 1983.
* Glazer, Nathan. ''American Judaism''. 2nd ed., 1989.
* Goren, Arthur. ''The Politics and Public Culture of American Jews.'' 1999.
* Gurock, Jeffrey S. ''From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America.'' Jean and Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, 1998.
* Hyman, Paula, and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. ''Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia.'' 1997
* Lederhendler, Eli. ''New York Jews and the Decline of Urban Ethnicity, 1950–1970.'' 2001
* Moore, Deborah Dash. ''To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L. A.'' 1994
* Moore, Deborah Dash. ''GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation'' (2006)
* Novick, Peter. ''The Holocaust in American Life.'' 1999.
* Raphael, Marc Lee. ''Judaism in America''. Columbia U. Press, 2003. 234 pp.
* Sarna, Jonathan D. ''American Judaism'' Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-300-10197-X 512pp
* Shapiro, Edward S. ''A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II.'' Jewish People in America, vol. 5. 1992.
* Sorin, Gerald. ''Tradition Transformed: The Jewish Experience in America.'' 1997.
* Staub, Michael E. ed. ''The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook'' University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp. ISBN 1-58465-417-1 [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=314001162310076 online review]
* Svonkin, Stuart. ''Jews against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties.'' 1997
* Waxman, Chaim I. "What We Don't Know about the Judaism of America's Jews." ''Contemporary Jewry'' (2002) 23: 72-95. Issn: 0147-1694 Uses survey data to map the religious beliefs of American Jews, 1973-2002.
* Wertheimer, Jack, ed. ''The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed.'' 1987.
* Whitfield, Stephen J. ''In Search of American Jewish Culture.'' 1999
==External links==
*[http://www.ajhs.org American Jewish Historical Society]
*[http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/cypress/finalreport/part2.htm Short article on the archaeology of immigrant California Jews] see Chapter 3.
*[http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=804&rsid=478 Resources > Jewish communities > America > Northern America] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
*[http://www.temple.edu/feinsteinctr/fcrelated.html Feinstein Center]. Comprehensive collection of links to Jewish American history, organizations, and issues.
*[http://www.ujc.org/index.html United Jewish Communities of North America]. Also site of population survey statistics.
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/jewstoc.html Jews in America] from the Jewish Virtual Library.
*[http://www.jbuff.com/c021501.htm Jewish-American Literature]
*[http://www.zehut.net/English/Philosopher.htm Thoughts About The Jewish People By American Thinkers]
*[http://www.jewish-history.com Jewish-American History on the Web]
*[http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/ Jewish American Hall of Fame]
*[http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/jewsamerica.htm The Jewish Impact on America]
*[http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Jews-In-The-Media-Hollywood.htm Jewish Success In The American Media]
*[http://ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=60346 2000-01 National Jewish Population Survey]
*[http://cjp.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=147892 2005 Great Boston Jewish Community Study]
{{Demographics of the United States}}
[[Category:American Jews| ]]
[[Category:Americans of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[cs:Židé ve Spojených státech amerických]]
[[de:Juden in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika]]
[[eo:Juda komunumo de Usono]]
[[fa:یهودیان آمریکا]]
[[fr:Juifs américains]]
[[id:Yahudi Amerika]]
[[he:יהדות ארצות הברית]]
[[ms:Yahudi Amerika]]
[[fi:Amerikanjuutalaiset]]