Anarcha-feminism 222074 222338191 2008-06-28T20:23:38Z Alexbot 5517884 robot Modifying: [[pl:Anarchizm feministyczny]] {{Anarchism}} '''Anarcha-feminism''' (also called '''anarchist feminism''' and '''anarcho-feminism''') combines [[anarchism]] with [[feminism]]. It generally views [[patriarchy]] as a manifestation of involuntary hierarchy. Anarcha-feminists believe that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of [[class struggle]], and the [[anarchism|anarchist]] struggle against the [[State]]. In essence, the philosophy sees anarchist struggle as a necessary component of feminist struggle and vice-versa. As [[Susan Brown]] puts it, "as anarchism is a political philosophy that opposes all relationships of power, it is inherently feminist". <ref>Brown, p. 208.</ref> Anarchist feminism appears in [[individualist anarchism|individualist]] and [[social anarchism|collectivist]] forms, with individualist forms having most adherents in the United States, while in Europe anarchist feminism has had more emphasis on collectivism.<ref>"Feminism: Anarchist" by Judy Greenway. 2000. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. Kramara, Cheris & Spender, Dale eds. Routledge. p. 712</ref> ==History== Anarcha-feminism was inspired by late 19th and early 20th century authors and theorists such as anarchist feminists [[Emma Goldman]], [[Voltairine de Cleyre]] and [[Lucy Parsons]].<ref>Dunbar-Ortiz, p.9.</ref> In the [[Spanish Civil War]], an anarchist and feminist group, [[Mujeres Libres]] ("Free Women"), organized to defend both anarchist and feminist ideas.<ref>Ackelsberg.</ref> Anarcha-feminists criticize the views of some of the traditional anarchist theorists like [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] or [[Mikhail Bakunin]],{{Fact|date=July 2007}} as these often viewed patriarchy as a minor problem that was integral only to capitalism and would disappear along with it.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Some even supported patriarchy.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Proudhon, for example, viewed the family as the most basic unit of society and of his morality and thought women had the responsibility of fulfilling a traditional role within the family.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ==Themes== An important aspect of anarcha-feminism is its opposition to traditional conceptions of family, education and gender roles<ref>[[Emma Goldman]], "Marriage and Love", in Alix Kates Shulman (ed.), ''Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader'', Schocken Books, N.Y., 1982, pp. 204-13.</ref>. The institution of marriage is one of the most widely attacked<ref>Goldman, "Marriage and Love".</ref>. De Cleyre argued that marriage stifled individual growth<ref>Voltairine de Cleyre, [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/cleyre/theywhomarry.html They Who Marry Do Ill] (1907)</ref>, and Goldman argued that it "is primarily an economic arrangement... [woman] pays for it with her name, her privacy, her self-respect, her very life."<ref>Goldman, "Marriage and Love", ''Red Emma Speaks'', p. 205</ref>. Anarcha-feminists have also argued for non-hierarchical family and educational structures, and had a prominent role in the creation of the [[Modern School (United States)|Modern School]] in [[New York City]], based on the ideas of [[Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia]].<ref>[[Paul Avrich]], ''The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States''.</ref> In English-speaking anarcha-feminist circles in the United States, the term "Manarchist" has recently emerged as a pejorative label for male anarchists who are dismissive of feminist concerns, who are overtly antifeminist, or who behave in ways regarded as patriarchal and misogynistic.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The term was coined in a 2001 questionnaire, "Are You a Manarchist?".<ref>[http://www.anarcha.org/sallydarity/AreyouaManarchist.htm Are You A Manarchist?]</ref> There is some concern that Anarcha-feminist in the developed world can be dismissive of third world feminist concerns. This has been noted especially in the plight of Anarcha-feminist in the Middle East.<ref>{{Fact|date=September 2007}}</ref> In modern times anarcha-feminism has been noted for its heavy influence on ecofeminism. "Ecofeminists rightly note that except for anarcha feminist, no feminist perspective has recognized the importance of healing the nature/culture division." <ref>Tuana, Nacy. Tong, Rosemarie. 'Feminism and Philosophy' Westview Press (1995) p. 328 </ref> Contemporary anarcha-feminist groups include [[Bolivia]]'s [[Mujeres Creando]], [[Radical Cheerleaders]], and the annual [[La Rivolta!]] conference in [[Boston]]. Recently, [[Wendy McElroy]] has defined a position (she describes it as "ifeminism" or "individualist feminism") that combines feminism with anarcho-capitalism or libertarianism, arguing that a pro-capitalist, anti-state position implies equal rights and empowerment for women.<ref>Wendy McElroy, ''[http://www.wendymcelroy.com/xxx/ XXX: A Woman's Right to Pornography]''.</ref> Individualist anarchist feminism has grown from the [[United States|US]]-based [[individualist anarchism]] movement. [[Anarcho-primitivism]] has been cited{{attribution needed|date=December 2007}} as a form of anarchism that addresses feminist concerns. Anarcho-primitivists, inspired by the work of [[anthropologists]] such as [[Jared Diamond]]<ref>[http://www.environnement.ens.fr/perso/claessen/agriculture/mistake_jared_diamond.pdf Microsoft Word - mistake.rtf<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Eleanor Leacock]] - who describe a typically [[egalitarian]] relationship between men and women in [[Hunter-gatherer|foraging societies]] - believe that agriculture not only gave rise to forms of domination such as [[Social stratification|class distinctions]] but to [[patriarchy]] and [[sexism]] as well.<ref>[http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/patriarchy.htm John Zerzan - Patriarchy, Civilization, and the Origins of Gender]</ref> ==See also== {{Anarchism portal}} * [[Ecofeminism]] * [[Individualist feminism]] * [[Peggy Kornegger]] * [[Radical feminism]] * ''[[The Firebrand]]'' (later ''[[Free Society]]''), ''[[BlueStockings Journal]]'', and ''[[Lucifer the Lightbearer]]'', turn-of-the-century feminist anarchist publications ==References== * Roberta A. Ackelsberg, ''Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women'' (AK Press: 2005) * Susan Brown, "Beyond Feminism: Anarchism and Human Freedom", ''Anarchist Papers 3'' (Black Rose Books: 1990) * Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, editor, ''Quiet Rumours: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader'' (Dark Star: 2002) * Margaret S. Marsh, ''Anarchist Women, 1870–1920'' (1981) ===Footnotes=== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== <!-- Alphabetical order by title, please! --> * [http://www.anarkismo.net/gender Anarcha- Communist Gender news] *{{spunk|anarcfem/}} * [http://www.infoshop.org/afem_kiosk.html Anarcha-Feminism] at [[Infoshop.org]] * [http://www.anarcha.org Anarcha] * [http://www.struggle.ws/wsm/womenwriters.html Modern anarchist writings by women] * [http://auto_sol.tao.ca/node/view/122 ''Sex, Race and Class''] by [[Selma James]] * [http://www.akpress.org/2002/items/quietrumoursamarchafeministreader ''Quiet Rumours: an Anarcha-Feminist Reader''] by Dark Star Collective * [http://www.ragdublin.blogspot.com/ RAG: Revolutionary Anarchafeminist Group] Anarchafeminist magazine and group out of Dublin, Ireland * [http://road.cjb.cc/ ROAD Collective] Ontario Anarchist Networking Resource. * [http://www.libcom.org/library Libertarian Communist Library Archive] * ''[http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939)]]'', ed. [[Robert Graham (historian)|Robert Graham]] includes material by Louise Michel, Charlotte Wilson, Voltairine de Cleyre, Emma Goldman, Lucia Sanchez Soarnil (Mujeres Libres), and Latin American (Carmen Lareva), Chinese (He Zhen) and Japanese (Ito Noe and Takamure Itsue) anarcha-feminists. {{Feminismfooter}} [[Category:Anarchism by genre]] [[Category:Anarchist theory]] [[Category:Feminist theory]] [[da:Anarka-feminisme]] [[de:Anarchafeminismus]] [[et:Anarhofeminism]] [[el:Αναρχοφεμινισμός]] [[es:Anarquismo feminista]] [[eo:Anarki-feminismo]] [[fr:Anarcha-féminisme]] [[id:Anarko-Feminisme]] [[it:Anarco-femminismo]] [[he:אנרכו-פמיניזם]] [[no:Anarkafeminisme]] [[nn:Anarkafeminisme]] [[pl:Anarchizm feministyczny]] [[pt:Anarca-feminismo]] [[ru:Анархо-феминизм]] [[sr:Anarhofeminizam]] [[sh:Anarho-feminizam]] [[sv:Anarkafeminism]] [[tr:Anarka-feminizm]] [[zh:無政府女性主義]]