Anas
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2008-06-20T17:10:04Z
Muro Bot
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robot Adding: [[hu:Anas]]
{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Anas''
| image = Female mallard with ducklings.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Female [[Mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos'') with brood of young, a typical member of this genus.
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| subclassis = [[Neornithes]]
| infraclassis = [[Neognathae]]
| superordo = [[Galloanserae]]
| ordo = [[Anseriformes]]
| familia = [[Anatidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Anatinae]]
| genus = '''''Anas'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
Some 40-50, but see text.
}}
'''''Anas''''' is a [[genus]] of [[dabbling duck]]s. It includes [[mallard]]s, [[wigeon]]s, [[teal]]s, [[pintail]]s and [[shoveler]]s in a number of [[subgenus|subgenera]]. Some authorities prefer to elevate the subgenera to genus rank<ref>Carboneras (1992)</ref>. Indeed, as the [[moa-nalo]]s are very close to this clade and may have evolved later than some of these lineages, it is rather the absence of a thorough review than lack of necessity that this genus is rather [[Lumpers and splitters|over-lumped]].
==Systematics==
The [[phylogeny]] of this genus is one of the most confounded ones of all living birds. Research is hampered by the fact the radiation of the two major groups of ''Anas'' - the [[teal]]s and mallard groups -; took place in a very short time and fairly recently, roughly in the mid-late [[Pleistocene]]. Furthermore, [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] probably has long played a [[Bird hybrid|major role]] in ''Anas'' evolution, with within-subgenus hybrids regularly and between-subgenus hybrids not infrequently being fully fertile<ref>Carboneras (1992); see also [[Mariana Mallard]].</ref>. The relationships between species are much obscured by this fact, and [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data is of dubious value in resolving their relationships<ref>e.g. Kulikova ''et al.'' (2005)</ref>; on the other hand, [[nuclear DNA]] sequences evolve too slowly to resolve the [[phylogeny]] of the subgenus ''Anas'' for example.
Some major [[clades]] can be discerned. For example, that the traditional [[subgenus]] ''Anas'', the mallard group, forms a [[monophyletic]] (in the loose sense, i.e. non-holophyletic) group has never been seriously questioned by modern science and is as good as confirmed (but see below). On the other hand, the phylogeny of the teals is very confusing.
It is fairly clear by now that the dabbling duck lineages more distantly related to mallard group (which includes the [[type species]] of ''Anas'') than the wigeons are should arguably be separated in their own genera. These would include the [[Baikal Teal]], the [[Garganey]], the spotted black-capped ''Punanetta'' group, and the shovelers and other blue-winged species. Whether the widgeons, which are very distinct in [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]]<ref>Livezey (1991)</ref> and behavior<ref>Johnson ''et al.'' (2000)</ref>, but much less so in mtDNA [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[subunit]] 2 [[DNA sequence|sequence]]s<ref>Johnson & Sorenson (1999)</ref>, should also be considered a distinct genus ''Mareca'' (including the Gadwall and Falcated Duck) is essentially the one remaining point of dispute as regards the question which taxa should remain in this genus and which ones should not.
===Species===
The following arrangement is based on morphological<ref>Livezey (1991)</ref>, molecular<ref>Johnson & Sorenson (1999), McCracken ''et al.'' (2001)</ref> and behavioral<ref>Johnson ''et al.'' (2000)</ref> characters and presents apparent major evolutionary groupings compared to the subgenera the species were placed in at one time or another.
[[Image:Anas formosa1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The puzzling [[Baikal Teal]] (''Anas formosa'', male)]]
Probable genus '''N.N.'''
*[[Baikal Teal]], ''Anas formosa'' (formerly in ''Nettion'')
Probable genus '''''Querquedula''''' - Garganey (may include ''Punanetta'')
*[[Garganey]], ''Anas querquedula''
Probable genus '''''Punanetta'''''
*[[Silver Teal]], ''Anas versicolor''
*[[Puna Teal]], ''Anas puna'' - formerly included in ''Anas versicolor''
*[[Hottentot Teal]], ''Anas hottentota''
[[Image:Fuchs-Löffelente Anas platalea 0505281 Ausschnitt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Red Shoveler]], ''Anas platalea'']]
Probable genus '''''Spatula''''' - blue-winged ducks/shovelers and allies ([[polyphyletic]]?)
*[[Blue-winged Teal]], ''Anas discors''
*[[Cinnamon Teal]], ''Anas cyanoptera''
**Borrero's Cinnamon Teal, ''Anas cyanoptera borreroi'' - possibly [[extinct]] (late 20th century?)
*[[Red Shoveler]], ''Anas platalea''
*[[Cape Shoveler]], ''Anas smithii''
*[[Australasian Shoveler]], ''Anas rhynchotis''
*[[Northern Shoveler]], ''Anas clypeata''
[[Image:Anas americana 03811.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Male [[American Wigeon]], ''Anas americana'']]
Possible genus '''''Mareca''''' - [[wigeon]]s (may include ''Chaulelasmus'' and ''Eunetta'')
*[[Eurasian Wigeon]], ''Anas penelope''
*[[Amsterdam Island Duck]], ''Anas marecula'' - tentatively placed here; [[extinct]] (c.1800)<!-- Condor98:1 -->
*[[American Wigeon]], ''Anas americana''
*[[Chiloe Wigeon]], ''Anas sibilatrix''
Subgenus '''''Chaulelasmus''''' - Gadwall
*[[Gadwall]], ''Anas strepera''
** [[Coues' Gadwall]] or Washington Island Gadwall, ''Anas strepera couesi'' - [[extinct]] (late 19th century)
Subgenus '''''Eunetta''''' - Falcated Duck
*[[Falcated Duck]], ''Anas falcata''
Subgenus '''''Dafila''''' - pintails
*[[Northern Pintail]], ''Anas acuta''
*[[Eaton's Pintail]], ''Anas eatoni''
**Kerguelen Islands Pintail, ''Anas eatoni eatoni''
**Crozet Islands Pintail, ''Anas eatoni drygalskii''
*[[Yellow-billed Pintail]], ''Anas georgica''
** [[South Georgia Pintail]], ''Anas georgica georgica''[[Image:Anas acuta3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Male [[Northern Pintail]], ''Anas acuta'']]
** Niceforo's Pintail, ''Anas georgica niceforoi'' - [[extinct]] (1950s)
*[[White-cheeked Pintail]], ''Anas bahamensis'' (formerly ''Poecilonetta'')
*[[Red-billed Teal]], ''Anas erythrorhyncha'' (formerly ''Poecilonetta'')
*[[Cape Teal]], ''Anas capensis'' (formerly in ''Nettion'')
Subgenus '''''Nettion''''' - teals ([[paraphyletic]])
*Indian Ocean clade
**[[Bernier's Teal]], ''Anas bernieri''
**[[Mauritian Duck]], ''Anas theodori'' - [[extinct]] (late 1690s)
**[[Sunda Teal]], ''Anas gibberifrons''
*** Rennell Island Teal, ''Anas gibberifrons remissa'' - [[extinct]] (c.1959)
**[[Grey Teal]], ''Anas gracilis'' - formerly included in ''Anas gibberifrons''
**[[Chestnut Teal]], ''Anas castanea''
[[Image:Green-Winged Teal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Green-winged Teal]], ''Anas carolinensis'']]
*Green-winged/Red-and-green head clade
**[[Common Teal]], ''Anas crecca''
**[[Green-winged Teal]], ''Anas carolinensis'' - formerly included in ''Anas crecca''
**[[Speckled Teal]], ''Anas flavirostris''
***Andean Teal, ''Anas (flavirostris) andinum''
*New Zealand clade (Placement unresolved)
**[[Auckland Islands Teal]], ''Anas aucklandica''
**[[Brown Teal]], ''Anas chlorotis'' - formerly included in ''Anas aucklandica''
**Macquarie Islands Teal, ''Anas'' cf. ''chlorotis'' - [[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]
**[[Campbell Island Teal]], ''Anas nesiotis'' - formerly included in ''Anas aucklandica''
Subgenus '''''Melananas''''' - African Black Duck
*[[African Black Duck]], ''Anas sparsa''
[[Image:Gelbschnabelente 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Yellow-billed Duck]], ''Anas undulata'']]
Subgenus '''''Anas''''' - mallard and relatives (may include ''Melananas'')
*Basal African species ("''Afranas''")
**[[Meller's Duck]], ''Anas melleri''
**[[Yellow-billed Duck]], ''Anas undulata''
[[Image:Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti last male.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The last male [[Mariana Mallard]], c.1980]]
*American clade
**[[Mottled Duck]], ''Anas fulvigula'' - sometimes included in ''Anas platyrhynchos''
***Florida Duck, ''Anas fulvigula fulvigula'' - sometimes included in ''Anas platyrhynchos''
**[[American Black Duck]], ''Anas rubripes'' - sometimes included in ''Anas platyrhynchos''
**[[Mexican Duck]], ''Anas diazi'' - sometimes included in ''Anas platyrhynchos''
* Pacific clade - the [[moa-nalo]]s might be derived from this group.
**[[Mariana Mallard]], ''Anas (platyrhynchos) oustaleti'' - sometimes considered a subspecies of ''Anas superciliosa''; [[extinct]] (1981)
**[[Hawaiian Duck]], ''Anas wyvilliana'' - sometimes included in ''Anas platyrhynchos''
**[[Philippine Duck]], ''Anas luzonica''
**[[Laysan Duck]], ''Anas laysanensis'' - sometimes included in ''Anas platyrhynchos''
***Lisianski Duck, ''Anas'' cf. ''laysanensis'' - hypothetical; [[extinct]] (c.1845)
**[[Pacific Black Duck]], ''Anas superciliosa''
*Ambiguous
**[[Mallard]], ''Anas platyrhynchos''
**[[Spotbill]], ''Anas poecilorhyncha''
***Chinese Spotbill, ''Anas (poecilorhyncha) zonorhyncha'' - sometimes considered a subspecies of ''Anas superciliosa''
'''Formerly placed in ''Anas''''':
*[[Bronze-winged Duck]], ''Speculanas specularis''
*[[Crested Duck]], ''Lophonetta specularioides''
*[[Salvadori's Teal]], ''Salvadorina waigiuensis''
A number of '''fossil species''' of ''Anas'' have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:
* ''Anas'' sp. (Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)<ref>A mid-sized species: Bernor ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>
* ''Anas greeni'' (Ash Hollow Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA) - ''Nettion'' red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
* ''Anas ogallalae'' (Ogalalla Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA) - ''Nettion'' red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?<!-- ContribMusPaleontolUnivMich22:75. -->
* ''Anas pullulans'' (Juntura Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of [[Juntura, Oregon|Juntura]], [[Malheur County, Oregon|Malheur County]], [[Oregon]], USA) - ''Punanetta''?
* ''Anas cheuen'' (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) - ''Dafila''?
* ''Anas bunkeri'' (Early -? Middle Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of WC USA) - ''Nettion'' red-and-green head clade?<!-- Condor60:252. -->
*[[Bermuda Islands Flightless Duck]] ''Anas pachyscelus'' (Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
* ''Anas schneideri'' (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)<!-- *Auk102:201. -->
Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the ''Anas'' assemblage are now placed elsewhere:
* ''"Anas" basaltica'' (Late Oligocene of "Warnsdorf", Czechia) is apparently an indeterminate [[heron]].<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
* ''"Anas" blanchardi'', ''"A." consobrina'', ''"A." natator'' are now in ''[[Mionetta]]''
* ''"Anas" creccoides'' (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium), ''"A." risgoviensis'' (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and ''"A." skalicensis'' (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czechia), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.<!-- Auk79:706. JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
* ''"Anas" eppelsheimensis'' (Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany)<!-- Condor60:252. -->, ''"A." isarensis'' (Late Miocene of Aumeister, Germany) and ''"A." luederitzensis'' (Kalahari Early Miocene of Lüderitzbucht, Namibia) are [[Anatidae]] of unclear affiliations.<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
* ''"Anas" integra'', ''"A." oligocaena'' are now in ''[[Dendrochen]]''
* ''"Anas" robusta'' is now tentatively placed in ''[[Anserobranta]]''
* ''"Anas" velox'' (Middle - Late? Miocene of C Europe) and ''"A." meyerii'' (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong into the present genus either; they may still turn out to be ancestral dabbling ducks.<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the [[moa-nalo]]s. These are in all probability derived from a common ancestor of the [[Pacific Black Duck]], the [[Laysan Duck]], and the [[Mallard]], and an unknown amount of other lineages. Phylogenetically, they may even form a [[clade]] within the traditional genus ''Anas''<ref>Sorenson (1999)</ref>. However, as opposed to these species - which are well representative of dabbling ducks in general - the moa-nalos are the most radical departure from the anseriform [[bauplan]] known to science. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly [[phylogenetic taxonomy]] may be difficult to apply.
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==<!-- SystZool33:370 -->
* '''Bernor''', R.L.; Kordos, L. & Rook, L. (eds): Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: A compendium. ''Paleontographica Italiana'' '''89''': 3-36. [http://rocek.gli.cas.cz/Reprints/Bernor%20et%20al.pdf PDF fulltext]
* '''Carboneras''', Carles (1992): Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans). ''In:'' del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks'': 536-629. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>ISBN 84-87334-10-5</small>
* '''Johnson''', Kevin P. & '''Sorenson''', Michael D. (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(3): 792–805. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf PDF fulltext]
* '''Johnson''', Kevin P. McKinney, Frank; Wilson, Robert & Sorenson, Michael D. (2000): The evolution of postcopulatory displays in dabbling ducks (Anatini): a phylogenetic perspective. ''Animal Behaviour'' '''59'''(5): 953–963 [http://ducksrus.bu.edu/~msoren/pubs/AnimBehav2000b.pdf PDF fulltext]
* '''Kulikova''', Irina V.; Drovetski, S. V.; Gibson, D. D.; Harrigan, R. J.; Rohwer, S.; Sorenson, Michael D.; Winker, K.; Zhuravlev, Yury N. & McCracken, Kevin G. (2005): Phylogeography of the Mallard (''Anas platyrhynchos''): Hybridization, dispersal, and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''122'''(3): 949-965. [English with Russian abstract] <small>[[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0949:POTMAP]2.0.CO;2</small> [http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/auk-122-949.pdf PDF fulltext] '''Erratum''': ''Auk'' '''122'''(4): 1309. <small>[[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0949:POTMAP]2.0.CO;2</small>
* '''Livezey''', B. C. (1991): A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''108'''(3): 471–507. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v108n03/p0471-p0507.pdf PDF fulltext]
* '''McCracken''', Kevin G.; Johnson, William P. & Sheldon, Frederick H. (2001): Molecular population genetics, phylogeography, and conservation biology of the mottled duck (''Anas fulvigula''). ''Conservation Genetics'' '''2'''(2): 87–102. <small>{{DOI|10.1023/A:1011858312115}}</small> [http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/cons-gen-2-87.pdf PDF fulltext]
* '''Sorenson''' ''et al'' (1999): Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society''.
[[Category:Anas|*]]
[[Category:dabbling ducks]]
[[Category:Genera of birds]]
[[bg:Патици]]
[[cs:Anas]]
[[de:Eigentliche Enten]]
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[[fy:Einen]]
[[ko:오리속]]
[[it:Anas (uccelli)]]
[[he:ברווזים משתכשכים]]
[[lt:Plaukiojančios antys]]
[[hu:Anas]]
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[[ru:Речные утки]]
[[sr:Пловке]]
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