Anatidae 204174 223275346 2008-07-03T10:44:18Z JAnDbot 1725149 robot Removing: [[bar:Àntna]], [[ca:Ànec]] :'''''Waterbird''' redirects here. See also [[shorebird]]s and [[seabirds]].'' {{Taxobox | name = Ducks, geese and swans | image = Whistling duck flight02 - natures pics-edit1.jpg | image_width = 260px | image_caption = [[Black-bellied Whistling Duck]] (''Dendrocygna autumnalis'') | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | subclassis = [[Neornithes]] | infraclassis = [[Galloanserae]] | ordo = [[Anseriformes]] | familia = '''Anatidae''' | familia_authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = [[Anatinae]]<br /> [[Anserinae]]<br /> [[Aythyinae]]<br /> [[Dendrocygninae]]<br /> [[Merginae]]<br /> [[Oxyurinae]]<br /> [[Plectropterinae]]<br /> [[Stictonettinae]]<br /> [[Tadorninae]]<br /> [[Thalassorninae]]<br /> and see text }} '''Anatidae''' is the biological [[family (biology)|family]] that includes the [[duck]]s and most duck-like [[waterfowl]], such as [[goose|geese]] and [[swan]]s. These are [[bird]]s that are evolutionarily adapted for swimming, floating on the water surface, and in some cases diving in at least shallow water. (The [[Magpie-goose]] is no longer considered to be part of the Anatidae, but is placed in its own family [[Magpie-goose|Anseranatidae]].) Extant species range in size from the [[Cotton Pygmy Goose]], at as little as 26.5 cm (10.5 inches) and 164 grams (5.8 oz), to the [[Trumpeter Swan]], at as much as 183 cm (6 ft) and 17.2 kg (38 lb). They have [[webbed feet]] and bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent. Their feathers are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Anatidae are remarkable for being one of the few families of birds that possess a [[penis]]; they are adapted for [[copulation]] on the water only. Duck, eider, and goose feathers and down have long been popular for bedspreads, pillows, sleeping bags and coats. The members of this family also have long been used for food. Humans have had a long relationship with ducks, geese and swans; they are important economically and culturally to humans, and several duck species have benefited from an association with people. On the flip side some anatids are damaging [[agriculture|agricultural]] [[Pest (organism)|pest]]s, and have acted as vectors for [[zoonosis]] such as [[avian influenza]]. Numerous ducks and geese have become [[extinct]] due to the activities of humans, and many more are currently considered [[threatened]] species. While the status of the Anatidae as a family is straightforward, and there is little debate about which species properly belong to it, the relationships of the different tribes and subfamilies within it are poorly understood. The listing in the box at right should be regarded as simply one of several possible ways of organising the many species within the Anatidae; see discussion in the next section. ==Systematics== Currently, the systematics of the Anatinae is in a state of flux. Previously divided into six subfamilies,{{Fact|date=January 2008}} a study of anatomical characters by Livezey<ref name = livezey1986>Livezey (1986)</ref> suggest that the Anatidae are better treated in nine subfamilies. This classification was popular in the late 1980s to 1990s<ref>E.g. Madge & Burn (1987)</ref>. But [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] analyses<ref>Sraml ''et al.'' (1996), Johnson & Sorenson (1999)</ref> indicate that for example the dabbling and diving ducks do not belong in the same subfamily. While there are certainly shortcomings in Livezey's analysis,{{Fact|date=January 2008}} mtDNA is an unreliable source for phylogenetic information in many waterfowl (especially dabbling ducks) due to their ability to produce fertile [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]<ref>Carboneras (1992)</ref>, in rare cases possibly even beyond the level of [[genus]] (see for example the "[[Muscovy Duck#Domestication|Barbary Duck]]"). Due to the small [[sample size]] of many molecular studies available to date, mtDNA results must be considered with caution. But while a comprehensive review of the Anatidae which unites all evidence into a robust [[phylogeny]] is still lacking, the reasons for the confusing data are at least clear: As demonstrated by the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[fossil]] ''[[Vegavis iaai]]'' — an early modern waterbird which belonged to an extinct lineage — the Anatidae are an ancient group among the modern birds. Their earliest direct ancestors, though not documented by fossils yet, likewise can be assumed to have been contemporaries with the [[dinosaur]]s. The long period of [[evolution]] and shifts from one kind of waterbird lifestyle to another have obscured many [[plesiomorph]]ies, while [[apomorph]]ies apparently are quite often the result of [[parallel evolution]], for example the "non-diving duck" type displayed by such unrelated genera as ''[[Dendrocygna]]'', ''[[Amazonetta]]'', and ''[[Cairina]]''. For the fossil record, see below. Alternatively<ref>e.g. Terres & NAS (1991)</ref>, the Anatidae may be considered to consist of 3 subfamilies (ducks, geese, and swans, essentially) which contain the groups as presented here as [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s, with the swans separated as subfamily [[Cygninae]], the goose subfamily Anserinae also containing the whistling ducks, and the Anatinae containing all other [[clades]]. ===Dendrocygninae: whistling ducks=== One pantropical genus, of distinctive long-legged goose-like birds: *''[[Dendrocygna]]'': whistling ducks (9 living species) ===Thalassorninae: White-backed Duck=== One genus in Africa, most closely related to the subfamily Dendrocygninae, though also showing convergent similarities to the subfamily Oxyurinae: *''[[Thalassornis]]'': [[White-backed Duck]] [[Image:mute.swan.flaps.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mute Swan]]]] ===[[Anserinae]]: swans and geese=== Three to seven extant genera with 25-30 living species, mainly cool temperate Northern Hemisphere but also some Southern Hemisphere species, with the [[swan]]s in one genus (two genera in some treatments), and the [[goose|geese]] in three genera (two genera in some treatments). Some other species are sometimes placed herein, but seem somewhat more distinct (see [[#Unresolved|below]]): *''[[Cygnus (genus)|Cygnus]]'': true swans (7 species, 4 sometimes separated in ''Olor'') *''[[Anser (genus)|Anser]]'': grey geese (7 species) *''[[Chen (genus)|Chen]]'': white geese (3 species, sometimes included in ''Anser'') *''[[Branta]]'': black geese (8 living species) ===Stictonettinae: Freckled Duck=== One genus in Australia, formerly included in the Oxyurinae, but with anatomy suggesting a distinct ancient lineage perhaps closest to the Anserinae, especially the [[Cape Barren Goose]]: *''[[Stictonetta]]'': [[Freckled Duck]] ===Plectropterinae: Spur-winged Goose=== One genus in Africa, formerly included in the "perching ducks", but closer to the Tadorninae: *''[[Plectropterus]]'': [[Spur-winged Goose]] ===[[Tadorninae]]: shelducks and sheldgeese=== [[Image:Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg|right|thumb|Male [[Common Shelduck]]]] This group of larger, often semi-terrestrial waterfowl can be seen as intermediate between Anserinae and Anatinae. The 1986 revision<ref name = livezey1986> has resulted in the inclusion of 10 extant genera with about two dozen living species (one probably extinct) in this subfamily, mostly from the Southern Hemisphere but a few in the Northern Hemisphere, but the affiliations of several presumed tadornine genera has later been questioned<ref name = j&s1999>Johnson & Sorenson (1999)</ref> and the group in the traditional lineup is likely to be [[paraphyletic]]: *''[[Pachyanas]]'': Chatham Island Duck ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) *''[[Tadorna]]'': shelducks (7 species, one probably [[extinct]]) - possibly paraphletic *''[[Salvadorina]]'': Salvadori's Teal *''[[Centrornis]]'': Madagascar Sheldgoose ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]], tentatively placed here) *''[[Alopochen]]'': Egyptian Goose and Mascarene Shelducks (1 living species, 2 [[extinct]]) *''[[Neochen]]'': Orinoco Goose *''[[Chloephaga]]'': sheldgeese (5 species) *''[[Hymenolaimus]]'': Blue Duck *''[[Merganetta]]'': Torrent Duck [[Image:Duck UConn 01.jpg|thumb|right|A female [[mallard]] duck]] ===[[Anatinae]]: dabbling ducks and moa-nalos=== The [[dabbling duck]] group, of worldwide distribution, were previously restricted to just one or two genera, but had been extended<ref name = livezey1986 /> to include 8 extant genera and about 55 living species, including several genera formerly known as the "perching ducks"; mtDNA on the other hand confirms that the genus ''Anas'' is over-lumped and casts doubt on the diving duck affiliations of several genera (see below): *''[[Anas]]'': wigeons, gadwalls, teals, pintails, mallards, shovelers, etc (40-50 living species, 3 [[extinct]]) - paraphyletic *''[[Lophonetta]]'': Crested Duck *''[[Speculanas]]'': Bronze-winged Duck *''[[Amazonetta]]'': Brazilian Duck The [[moa-nalo]]s, of which 4 species in 3 genera are known to date, are a peculiar group of flightless, extinct Anatidae from the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. Gigantic in size and with massive bills, they were believed to be geese, but have been shown to be actually very closely related to [[mallard]]. They evolved filling the [[ecological niche]] of [[turtles]], [[ungulates]] and other [[megaherbivore]]s. *''[[Chelychelynechen]]'': Turtle-jawed Moa-nalo ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) *''[[Thambetochen]]'': Large-billed Moa-nalos (2 species, [[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) *''[[Ptaiochen]]'': Small-billed Moa-nalo ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) ===[[Aythyinae]]: diving ducks=== Some 15 species of [[diving duck]]s, of worldwide distribution, in 2-4 genera; The 1986 morphological analysis<ref name = livezey1986 /> suggested that the probably extinct [[Pink-headed Duck]] of India, previously treated separately in ''Rhodonessa'', should be placed in ''Netta'', but this has been questioned<ref>Collar ''et al.'' (2001)</ref>. Furthermore, while morphologically close to dabbling ducks, the mtDNA data indicates that a treatment as distinct subfamily is indeed correct, with the Tadorninae being actually closer to dabbling ducks than the diving ducks are<ref>Johnson & Sorenson (1999)</ref>: *''[[Netta]]'': Red-crested Pochard and allies (4 species, one probably [[extinct]]) *''[[Aythya]]'': pochards, scaups, etc (12 species) ===[[Merginae]]: eiders, scoters, sawbills and other sea-ducks=== [[Image:Bucephala clangula ja 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Common Goldeneye]] couple, male on the right.]] There are 9 extant genera and some 20 living species; most of this group occur in the Northern Hemisphere, but a few (mostly extinct) mergansers in the Southern Hemisphere: *''[[Chendytes]]'': Diving-geese ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) *''[[Polysticta]]'': Steller's Eider *''[[Somateria]]'': eiders (3 species) *''[[Histrionicus]]'': Harlequin Duck (includes ''Ocyplonessa'') *''[[Camptorhynchus]]'': Labrador Duck ([[extinct]]) *''[[Melanitta]]'': scoters (3 species) *''[[Clangula]]'': Long-tailed Duck (1 species) *''[[Goldeneye (duck)|Bucephala]]'': goldeneyes (3 species) *''[[Mergellus]]'': Smew *''[[Lophodytes]]'': Hooded Merganser *''[[Mergus]]'': mergansers (5 living species, one [[extinct]]). ===[[Oxyurinae]]: stiff-tail ducks=== A small group of 3-4 genera, 2-3 of them monotypic, with 7-8 living species: *''[[Oxyura]]'': stiff-tailed ducks (5 living species) *''[[Nomonyx]]'': Masked Duck *''[[Biziura]]'': Musk Ducks (1 living species, provisionally placed here) *''[[Heteronetta]]'': Black-headed Duck ===Unresolved=== [[Image:White-winged.wood.duck.arp.jpg|thumb|right|The rare [[White-winged Wood Duck]], a species of unclear affiliation.]] [[Image:wood.duck.arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wood Duck]] ''Aix sponsa'']] The largest degree of uncertainty concerns whether a number of genera are closer to the shelducks or to the dabbling ducks. See also the [[monotypic]] subfamilies above, and the "[[perching duck]]s" *''[[Coscoroba]]'': Coscoroba Swan - Anserinae or same subfamily as ''Cereopsis''? *''[[Cereopsis]]'': Cape Barren Goose - Anserinae, Tadorninae, or own subfamily?<!-- ZoolJLinnSoc128:149 --> *''[[Cnemiornis]]'': New Zealand geese ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]) - as ''Cereopsis'' *''[[Malacorhynchus]]'': Pink-eared ducks (1 living species) - Tadorninae, Oxyurinae or [[Dendrocheninae]]? *''[[Sarkidiornis]]'': Comb Duck - Tadorninae or closer to dabbling ducks? *''[[Tachyeres]]'': steamer ducks (4 species) - Tadorninae or closer to dabbling ducks? *''[[Cyanochen]]'': Blue-winged Goose - Tadorninae or more distant clade? *''[[Nettapus]]'': pygmy geese (3 species) - Anatinae or part of Southern Hemisphere radiation? *''[[Pteronetta]]'': Hartlaub's Duck - traditionally dabbling ducks, but may be closer to ''Cyanochen'' *''[[Cairina]]'': Muscovy Duck and White-winged Wood Duck (2 species) - traditionally dabbling ducks, but may be paraphyletic, with one species in Tadorninae and the other closer to diving ducks *''[[Aix (genus)|Aix]]'': Mandarin Duck and Wood Duck (2 species) - dabbling ducks or Tadorninae? *''[[Callonetta]]'': Ringed Teal - dabbling ducks or Tadorninae? *''[[Chenonetta]]'': Maned Duck (1 living species) - dabbling ducks or Tadorninae? Includes ''Euryanas''. *''[[Marmaronetta]]'': Marbled Duck - Formerly dabbling ducks; actually a diving duck or a distinct subfamily From [[subfossil]] bones found on [[Kauaʻi]] ([[Hawaiian Islands]]), two enigmatic waterfowl are known<ref>Burney ''et al.'' (2001)</ref>. The living and assignable prehistoric avifauna of the [[archipelago]] contains as Anseriformes ''Branta'' geese and their descendants, and the [[moa-nalo]]s as mentioned above. The following taxa, although certainly new species, cannot be assigned even to subfamily; that Kauaʻi is the oldest of the large Hawaiian Islands, meaning the species may have been evolving in isolation for nearly up to 10 [[mya (unit)|mya]] (since the Late [[Miocene]]), does not help in determining their affinities: * Long-legged "Shelduck", Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. * Small-eyed Duck, Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. Similarly, [[Wetmore's Goose]] (''Geochen rhuax'') from the Big Island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaiʻi]], and a gigantic goose-like anatid from [[Oʻahu]] are known only from very incomplete and in the former case much damaged bone fragments. The former has been alleged to be a shelduck<ref>Short (1970)</ref>, but this was generally dismissed because of the damage to the material and [[biogeography|biogeographic]] considerations. The long-legged Kauaʻi bird, however, hints at the possibility of a former tadornine presence on the archipelago. ===Fossil Anatidae=== The fossil record of anatids is extensive, but many prehistoric genera cannot be unequivocally assigned to present-day subfamilies for the reasons given above. Some (such as ''[[Eonessa]]'') seem to belong to subfamilies which are completely extinct. For prehistoric species of extant genera, see the respective genus accounts. [[Eonessinae]] - extinct ancient anatids * ''[[Eonessa]]'' (Eocene of Utah, USA)<!-- Condor41:153. --> [[Dendrocheninae]] - a more advanced relative of the whistling-ducks or a more ancestral relative of stifftail ducks paralleling whistling-ducks; probably extinct but ''[[Malacorhynchus]]'' might belong here * ''[[Mionetta]]'' (Late Oligocene - Middle Miocene of C Europe) - includes ''"Anas" blanchardi'', ''"A." consobrina'', ''"A." natator'', ''"Aythya" arvernensis''<!-- Condor58:413. Geobios36:719. FolHistNatMusMatraensis24:39. JSystPaleontol5:1. Palaeontology48:1331. --> * ''[[Manuherikia]]'' (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Dendrochen]]'' (Early - Late? Miocene) - includes ''"Anas" integra'', ''"A." oligocaena''<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. Auk102:201. INSUGEOCorrelGeol14:191. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * Dendrocheninae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Argentina) - dendrochenine?<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> [[Anserinae]] * ''[[Cygnavus]]'' (Early Oligocene of Kazakhstan - Early Miocene of Germany)<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Cygnopterus]]'' (Middle Oligocene of Belgium - Early Miocene of France) - sometmes included in ''Cygnavus''<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Megalodytes]]'' (Middle Miocene of California, USA) * "cf. ''Megalodytes"'' (Haraichi Middle Miocene of [[Annaka]], Japan) * ''[[Anserobranta]]'' (Late Miocene of C Europe) - includes ''"Anas" robusta'', validity doubtful<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Presbychen]]'' (Temblor Late Miocene of Sharktooth Hill, USA)<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. Condor41:153,63:399. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Afrocygnus]]'' (Late Miocene ?- Early Pliocene of C Sahara, Africa) * ''[[Paracygnus]]'' (Kimball Late Pliocene of Nebraska, USA)<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. --> * ''[[Eremochen]]'' (Pliocene)<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. Auk87:537. --> [[Tadorninae]] * ''[[Miotadorna]]'' (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * Tadorninae gen. et sp. indet. (Calvert Middle Miocene of Maryland, USA)<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Balcanas]]'' (Early Pliocene of Dorkovo, Bulgaria) - may be synonym of ''Tadorna'' or even [[Common Shelduck]] * ''[[Anabernicula]]'' (Late Pliocene ?- Late Pleistocene of SW and W North America)<!-- AmMusNovit2200:1. Auk87:537. Condor38:32,64:241,72:147. --> * ''[[Brantadorna]]'' (Middle Pleistocene of Vallecito Creek, USA)<!-- AmMusNovit2200:1. --> * ''[[Nannonetta]]'' (Late Pleistocene of Peru)<!-- Evolution38:1384. --> [[Anatinae]] * ''[[Sinanas]]'' (Middle Miocene) * ''[[Wasonaka]]'' (Middle Pliocene) ''[[incertae sedis]]'' * ''[[Guguschia]]'' (Oligocene of Azerbaijan) - Anserinae? * ''"Anas" luederitzensis'' (Kalahari Early Miocene of Lüderitzbucht, Namibia) - Anatinae?<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Dunstanetta]]'' (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Matanas]]'' (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * Anatidae gen. et sp. indet. MNZ S42797 (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''"Oxura" doksana'' (Early Miocene of Dolnice, Czechia) * ''"Aythya" chauvirae'' (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France and Credinţa, Romania) - 2 species<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * Anatidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Nördlinger Ries, Germany) - tadornine?<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * Anatidae gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary<ref>Gál ''et al.'' (1998-99)</ref> * ''"Anas" meyerii'' (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany)<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''"Anas" velox'' (Middle - Late? Miocene of C Europe) - Anatinae? May include ''"A." meyerii''<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''"Anas" isarensis'' (Late Miocene of Aumeister, Germany) - Anatinae?<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ?''Anser scaldii'' (Late Miocene of Antwerp, Belgium) - anserine or tadornine<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''"Anas" eppelsheimensis'' (Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany) - Anatinae?<!-- Condor60:252. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Aldabranas]]'' (Late Pleistocene of Aldabra, Indian Ocean) - Tadorninae or Anatinae * ''"Chenopis" nanus'' - at least 2 taxa, may be living species (Pleistocene of Australia)<!-- AmMusNovit2369:1. --> Putative or disputed prehistoric anatids are: * ''[[Romainvillia]]'' (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) - Anseranatidae or Anatidae (own subfamily) * ''[[Loxornis]]'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)<!-- Evolution39:1174. --> * ''[[Paracygnopterus]]'' (Early Oligocene of Belgium and England)<!-- AmMusNovit3354. --> * ''[[Limicorallus]]'' (Indricotherium Middle Oligocene of Chelkar-Teniz, Kazakhstan)<!-- BullAMNH151:1. --> * ''[[Teleornis]]'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)<!-- Evolution39:1174. --> * ''[[Chenornis]]'' (Early Miocene) - Anserinae or Phalacrocoracidae * ''[[Paranyroca]]'' (Rosebud Early Miocene of Bennett County, USA) - distinct Anatinae subfamily or own family<!-- Auk87:537. Condor41:153. JSystPaleontol5:1. --> * ''[[Eoneornis]]'' (Miocene of Argentina) - Anatinae? A ''[[nomen dubium]]''<!-- Euneornis is lapsus or syn Evolution39:1174. --> * ''[[Eutelornis]]'' (Miocene of Argentina) - Anatinae?<!-- Evolution39:1174. --> ==Footnotes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{aut|Burney, David A.; James, Helen F.; Burney, Lida Pigott; Olson, Storrs L.; Kikuchi, William; Wagner, Warren L.; Burney, Mara; McCloskey, Deirdre; Kikuchi, Delores; Grady, Frederick V.; Gage, Reginald II & Nishek, Robert}} (2001): Fossil Evidence for a Diverse Biota from Kauaʻi and Its Transformation since Human Arrival. ''Ecological Monographs'' '''71'''(4): 615-641. <small>{{doi|10.2307/3100038}}</small><!-- online at http://nmnhwww.si.edu/vert/birds/pdf/hfj1.pdf ? --> * {{aut|Carboneras, Carles}} (1992): Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans). ''In:'' {{aut|del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.)}}: ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'' (Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks): 536-629. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>ISBN 84-87334-10-5</small> * {{aut|Collar, N. J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S. & Tobias, J. A. (eds.)}} (2001): Pink-headed Duck. ''In'':''Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book'': 489-501. BirdLife International. <small>ISBN 0-946888-44-2</small> [http://www.rdb.or.id/view_html.php?id=73&op=rhodcary HTML fulltext] * {{aut|Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József}} (1998-99): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. ''Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis'' '''23''': 33-78. [Hungarian with English abstract] [http://www.matramuzeum.hu/Personal/folia/23/03MATSZOLOS.PDF PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Johnson, Kevin P. & Sorenson, Michael D.}} (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(3): 792–805. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Livezey, Bradley C.}} (1986): A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''103'''(4): 737-754. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf PDF fulltext] [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v103n04/DJVU/P0737-P0754.djvu DjVu fulltext] * {{aut|Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary}} (1987): ''Wildfowl : an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. <small>ISBN 0-7470-2201-1</small> * {{aut|Short, Lester L.}} (1970): A new anseriform genus and species from the Nebraska Pliocene. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''87'''(3): 537-543. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n03/p0537-p0543.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Sraml, M.; Christidis, L.; Easteal, S.; Horn, P. & Collet, C.}} (1996): Molecular Relationships Within Australasian Waterfowl (Anseriformes). ''Australian Journal of Zoology'' '''44'''(1): 47-58. <small>{{DOI|10.1071/ZO9960047}}</small> (HTML abstract) * {{aut|Steadman, David William}} (1999): The Prehistory of Vertebrates, Especially Birds, on Tinian, Aguiguan, and Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. ''Micronesica'' '''31'''(2): 319-345. [http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/abstracts_31/pdfs_31_2/STEADMAN.PDF PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Terres, John K. & [[National Audubon Society]] (NAS)}} (1991): ''The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds''. Wings Books, New York. Reprint of 1980 edition. <small>ISBN 0517032880</small> ==External links== {{commonscat|Anatidae}} {{Wiktionarypar|waterbird|anatidae}} *[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=27 Anatidae videos] on the Internet Bird Collection *[http://www.xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=anatidae Anatidae sounds] on the xeno-canto collection [[Category:anatidae|*]] [[Category:Bird families]] [[Category:Waterfowl]] {{Link FA|ru}} {{Link FA|ru}} [[af:Anatidae]] [[gn:Ype]] [[zh-min-nan:Ah-kho]] [[bg:Патицови]] [[cs:Kachnovití]] [[da:Egentlige andefugle]] [[de:Entenvögel]] [[et:Partlased]] [[es:Anatidae]] [[eo:Anasedoj]] [[fa:مرغابی‌سانان]] [[fr:Anatidae]] [[fy:Einfûgels]] [[ko:오리과]] [[hr:Patke]] [[id:Anatidae]] [[it:Anatidae]] [[he:ברווזיים]] [[ka:იხვისებრნი]] [[sw:Bata]] [[lt:Antiniai]] [[hu:Récefélék]] [[nl:Anatidae]] [[ja:カモ科 (Sibley)]] [[no:Andefamilien]] [[nn:Andefamilien]] [[pl:Kaczkowate]] [[pt:Anatidae]] [[ru:Утиные]] [[fi:Sorsat]] [[sv:Egentliga andfåglar]] [[th:นกกาน้ำ]] [[tr:Ördekgiller]] [[uk:Качкові]] [[wa:Åwidîs]] [[yi:קאטשקע]] [[zh:鸭科]]