Anatinae
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2008-06-06T01:14:43Z
Furrykef
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/* Systematics */
{{Taxobox
| name = Dabbling ducks
| image = Pacificblackduck.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Pacific Black Duck]]<br> ''(Anas superciliosa)''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Anseriformes]]
| familia = [[Anatidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Anatinae'''
| subfamilia_authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], [[1820]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
See text
}}
The '''Anatinae''' is a [[subfamily]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Anatidae]] ([[swan]]s, [[goose|geese]] and [[duck]]s). It is made up of the ''' dabbling ducks''' and the [[moa-nalo]]s, a young but highly [[apomorph]]ic lineage derived from them.
The dabbling ducks' [[systematics|systematical]] status and what ducks belong to the Anatinae has been much disputed. As understood here, the subfamily contains only the dabbling ducks and their close relatives, the [[extinct]] moa-nalos. Alternatively<ref>E.g. Terres & NAS (1991)</ref>, the Anatinae are considered to include most "[[duck]]s" and the dabbling ducks form a [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] '''Anatini''' within these. The classification as presented here more appropriately reflects the remaining uncertainty about the interrelationships of the major lineages of [[Anatidae]] (waterfowl)<ref name = J&S1999>Johnson & Sorenson (1999)</ref>.
==Systematics==
The dabbling duck group, of worldwide distribution, was delimited in a 1986 study<ref name = livezey1986>Livezey (1986)</ref> to include 8 genera and some 50-60 living species. However, [[Salvadori's Teal]] is almost certainly closely related to the [[Pink-eared Duck]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, and other genera are likewise of unresolved affiliation<ref>Sraml ''et al.'' (1996), Johnson & Sorenson (1999)</ref>. The peculiar [[Marbled Duck]], formerly tentatively assigned to the dabbling ducks, is actually a diving duck or even a distinct subfamily<ref name = J&S1999 />.
This group of ducks is so named because its members feed mainly on vegetable matter by upending on the water surface, or grazing, and only rarely dive. These are mostly gregarious ducks of freshwater or estuaries. These [[bird]]s are strong fliers and northern species are highly [[bird migration|migratory]]. Compared to other types of duck, their legs are placed more towards the centre of their bodies. They walk well on land, and some species feed terrestrially.
Puddle ducks generally feed on the surface of the water or feed on very shallow bottoms. They are not equipped to dive down several feet like their diving counterparts. The most predominant difference between puddle ducks and divers are the size of the feet. Puddle ducks feet are generally smaller because they do not need the extra propulsion to dive for their forage.
Another distinguishing characteristic of puddle ducks when compared to diving ducks is the way in which they take flight when spooked or are on the move.
Puddle ducks spring straight up from the water and diving ducks need to gain momentum to take off, so they must run across the water a short distance to gain flight.
===History of classification===
Traditionally, most ducks were assigned to either the [[shelduck]]s, the [[perching duck]]s, and the dabbling and [[diving duck]]s; the latter two were presumed to make up the Anatinae. However, the perching ducks turned out to be a [[paraphyletic]] assemblage of various [[tropical]] waterfowl that simply had happened to [[evolve]] the ability to perch well in their forested [[habitat]]. Several of these, such as the [[Brazilian Duck]], were subsequently assigned to the Anatinae.
As for the [[diving duck]]s, [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[subunit]] 2 [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data<ref name = J&S1999 /> indicates that they are fairly distant from the dabbling ducks, the [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] similarities<ref name = livezey1986 /> being due to [[convergent evolution]].
In addition, the genus ''[[Anas]]'' as traditionally defined is not [[monophyletic]]; several [[South America]]n species belong to a distinct clade which would include the ''Tachyeres'' steamer-ducks<ref name = J&S1999 />, and other species such as the [[Baikal Teal]] should also be considered distinct. See the genus article for more on this subject.
==Genera==
[[Image:Anas formosa (Aqua zoo).jpg|thumb|right|232px|The [[Baikal Teal]]]]
The following genera are (with one exception) unequivocal '''dabbling ducks''':
*''[[Amazonetta]]'' - status not fully resolved, most likely a dabbling duck
*''[[Anas]]'' - probably [[paraphyletic]]:
** [[Baikal Teal]]
** [[Garganey]]
** [[Silver Teal]] group
** [[Blue-winged teal]]s
** [[Shoveler]]s
** [[Wigeon]]s
** [[Gadwall]]
** [[Falcated Duck]]
** [[Pintail]]s
** True [[teal]]s
** [[African Black Duck]]
** [[Mallard]] group
*''[[Lophonetta]]'' - formerly ''Anas''
*''[[Speculanas]]'' - formerly ''Anas''
The 3 known genera and 4 known species of '''[[moa-nalo]]s''' are went extinct around [[1000 AD]]. They formerly occurred on the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and were derived from dabbling ducks, possibly even a close ancestor of the [[mallard]]:
*''[[Chelychelynechen]]''
*''[[Thambetochen]]''
*''[[Ptaiochen]]''
[[Image:Comb duck.jpg|right|thumbnail|232px|The [[Comb Duck]]: a misplaced dabbling duck?]]
[[Subfossil]] remains of a small, flightless dabbling duck have been recovered on [[Rota (island)|Rota]] in the [[Mariana Islands]]<ref>Steadman (1999)</ref>. These cannot be assigned to a known genus, but probably are closest to ''Anas''. A most bizarre ducklike [[fowl]] has been found on the [[Hawaii]]an island of [[Kauaʻi]]<ref>Burney ''et al.'' (2001)</ref>. Due to its unique [[apomorph]]ies (it seems to have had small eyes high and far back on its head) the placement of this [[anatidae|anatid]] is likewise unresolved; only dabbling ducks and true [[geese]] are with certainty known to have colonized the [[Hawaiian chain]].
Frequently placed into the Anatinae are these genera, whose relationships must be considered uncertain at present:
*''[[Aix (genus)|Aix]]'' - Tadorninae?
*''[[Cairina]]'' - may be [[paraphyletic]], with one species in Tadorninae and the other closer to diving ducks
*''[[Callonetta]]'' - Tadorninae?
*''[[Chenonetta]]'' - Tadorninae?
*''[[Pteronetta]]'' - may belong into a distinct [[clade]] with ''[[Cyanochen]]''
*''[[Nettapus]]'' - part of ancient [[Gondwana]]n lineage?
On the other hand, the following genera, usually considered to belong into the Tadorninae, may actually be dabbling ducks:
*''[[Sarkidiornis]]''
*''[[Tachyeres]]''
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==<!-- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society77:200 -->
* {{aut|Burney, David A.; James, Helen F.; Burney, Lida Pigott; Olson, Storrs L.; Kikuchi, William; Wagner, Warren L.; Burney, Mara; McCloskey, Deirdre; Kikuchi, Delores; Grady, Frederick V.; Gage, Reginald II & Nishek, Robert}} (2001): Fossil Evidence for a Diverse Biota from Kauaʻi and Its Transformation since Human Arrival. ''Ecological Monographs'' '''71'''(4): 615-641. <small>{{doi|10.2307/3100038}}</small><!-- online at http://nmnhwww.si.edu/vert/birds/pdf/hfj1.pdf ? -->
* {{aut|Johnson, Kevin P. & Sorenson, Michael D.}} (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(3): 792–805. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Livezey, Bradley C.}} (1986): A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''103'''(4): 737-754. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf PDF fulltext] [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v103n04/DJVU/P0737-P0754.djvu DjVu fulltext]
* {{aut|Sraml, M.; Christidis, L.; Easteal, S.; Horn, P. & Collet, C.}} (1996): Molecular Relationships Within Australasian Waterfowl (Anseriformes). ''Australian Journal of Zoology'' '''44'''(1): 47-58. <small>{{DOI|10.1071/ZO9960047}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Steadman, David William}} (1999): The Prehistory of Vertebrates, Especially Birds, on Tinian, Aguiguan, and Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. ''Micronesica'' '''31'''(2): 319-345. [http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/abstracts_31/pdfs_31_2/STEADMAN.PDF PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Terres, John K. & [[National Audubon Society]] (NAS)}} (1991): ''The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds''. Wings Books, New York. Reprint of 1980 edition. <small>ISBN 0517032880</small>
[[Category:anatinae|*]]
[[Category:Ducks]]
[[Category:Subfamilies of birds]]
[[bar:Àntna]]
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[[ko:오리아과]]
[[id:Anatinae]]
[[it:Anatinae]]
[[sw:Bata mchovya]]
[[hu:Réceformák]]
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[[pl:Kaczki]]
[[ru:Настоящие утки]]
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