Anatomy
674
226058438
2008-07-16T17:17:52Z
Dwayne Reed
7262504
/* Human anatomy */ added image of human brain
{{otheruses2|anatomy}}
[[Image:Heart-and-lungs.jpg|thumb|right|Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of ''[[Gray's Anatomy]]''.]]
'''Anatomy''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''{{polytonic|ἀνατομία}} anatomia'', from '' {{polytonic|ἀνατέμνειν}} ana: separate, apart from, and temnein'', to cut up, cut open) is a branch of [[biology]] that is the consideration of the [[body plan|structure of living things]]. It is a general term that includes [[human anatomy]], animal anatomy ([[zootomy]]) and [[plant anatomy]] (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to [[embryology]], [[comparative anatomy]] and [[Phylogenetics|comparative embryology]],<!--
--><ref name="intro HGray">{{cite web | url=http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html| title= Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918|accessdaymonth = 19 March| accessyear = 2007}}</ref> through common roots in [[evolution]].
Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and microscopic anatomy.<ref name="intro HGray" /> Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.<ref name="intro HGray" /> Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with [[microscope]]s, which includes [[histology]] (the study of the organisation of tissues),<ref name="intro HGray" /> and [[cytology]] (the study of cells).
The [[history of anatomy]] has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of [[animal]]s through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.
Anatomy should not be confused with [[anatomical pathology]] (also called morbid anatomy or [[histopathology]]), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of [[disease]]d [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s.
== Superficial anatomy ==
[[Superficial anatomy]] or surface anatomy is important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body.<ref name="intro HGray" /> With knowledge of superficial anatomy, [[physician]]s or [[veterinary surgeon]]s gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.
== Human anatomy ==
{{main|Human anatomy}}
[[Image:Structural.gif|thumb|right|Para-sagittal MRI of the head]]
[[Image:Chest.png|thumb|right|An [[X-ray]] of a human chest.]]
Human anatomy, including gross [[human anatomy]] and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the adult [[human]] body.<ref name="intro HGray" />
Generally, students of certain [[Biology|biological sciences]], [[paramedic]]s, [[Physical therapy|physiotherapists]], [[nurse]]s and [[Medical school|medical students]] learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or [[histology]]) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a [[microscope]]; and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy with practical experience of [[dissection]] and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies).
[[Human anatomy]], [[physiology]] and [[biochemistry]] are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;<ref name="intro HGray" /> that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, [[Gray's Anatomy]], has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,<!--
--><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443071683| title= Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|accessdaymonth = 19 March | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683| title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|accessdaymonth = 19 March | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> in line with modern teaching methods. A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all [[Physician|medical doctors]], especially [[surgery|surgeons]], and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as [[histopathology]] and [[radiology]].
[[Academic]] human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.
== Other branches ==
[[Comparative anatomy]] relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.<ref name="intro HGray" />
Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]]s of humans.
Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.
== See also ==
General anatomy:
* [[List of anatomical topics]]
* [[History of anatomy]]
* [[List of publications in biology#Anatomy|Important publications in anatomy]]
* [[Superficial anatomy]]
* [[Anatomical terms of location]]
* [[Body plan]]
Human anatomy:
* [[List of human anatomical features]]
* [[List of human anatomical parts named after people]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.bartleby.com/107/ "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray]
== External links ==
{{WVD}}
* [http://www.anatomy.org American Association of Anatomists] promotes anatomical sciences.
* [http://www.hapsweb.org Human Anatomy & Physiology Society] A society to promote communication among teachers of human anatomy and physiology in colleges, universities, and related institutions.
* [http://www.neuroanatomy.org Neuroanatomy] is an annual journal of clinical neuroanatomy.
* [http://www.ijav.org International Journal of Anatomical Variations] is an annual journal of anatomical variations and clinical anatomy case reports.
* [http://brainmaps.org High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases]
* [http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html Free online anatomy atlas]
* [http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/vishuman/VisibleHuman.html The NPAC Visible Human Viewer]
* [http://www.rtstudents.com/ Online Radiology Anatomy Resources]
* [http://www.getbodysmart.com/ Get Body Smart]
* [http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ Anatomy Atlases - a digital library of anatomy information]
* [http://www.instantanatomy.net Instant Anatomy - Online anatomy website with podcasts]
* [http://danceopedia.org/anatomy/quiz-ocrl2/ Anatomy quiz for the Level 2 OCR Certifcate]
* [http://www.anatomywiz.com The Anatomy Wiz.] An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Atlas
* [http://link.library.utoronto.ca/anatomia/ Anatomia 1522-1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library]
* [http://web.mac.com/rlivingston/iWeb/Site/Radiology%20Anatomy%20Atlas.html Free Program with Labeled Anatomic Images For Radiologists and Other Physicians]
* [http://sig.biostr.washington.edu/projects/fm/AboutFM.html Foundational Model of Anatomy ontology]
{{Anatomy}}
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