Andes 1354 226042293 2008-07-16T15:54:51Z 78.148.183.97 /* Name */ {{Otherusesabout|the mountain range in South America}} {{Geobox|Range <!-- *** Name section *** --> |name = Andes |native_name = [[Quechua]]: [[Anti Suyu|Anti(s/kuna)]] |other_name = |other_name1 = <!-- *** Image *** --> |image = Andes Chile Argentina.jpg |image_size = 300 |image_caption = The Andes between [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]] <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> |country = [[Argentina]] |country1 = [[Bolivia]] |country2 = [[Chile]] |country3 = [[Colombia]] |country4 = [[Ecuador]] |country5 = [[Peru]] |country6 = [[Venezuela]] |state = |state1 = |region = |region1 = |district = |district1 = |city = [[Bogotá]] |city1 = [[La Paz]] |city2 = [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] |city3 = [[Quito]] |city4 = [[Cusco]] <!-- *** Orography *** --> |unit = |unit1 = |border = |border1 = |geology = |geology1 = |period = |period1 = |orogeny = |orogeny1 = <!-- *** Geography *** --> |area = |length = 7000 |length_orientation = |width = 500 |width_orientation = |highest = [[Aconcagua]] |highest_location = [[Argentina]] |highest_elevation = 6962 |highest_lat_d = 32 |highest_lat_m = 39 |highest_lat_s = 10 |highest_lat_NS = S |highest_long_d = 70 |highest_long_m = 0 |highest_long_s = 40 |highest_long_EW = W |lowest = |lowest_location = |lowest_country = |lowest_state = |lowest_region = |lowest_district = |lowest_elevation = |lowest_lat_d = |lowest_lat_m = |lowest_lat_s = |lowest_lat_NS = |lowest_long_d = |lowest_long_m = |lowest_long_s = |lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Free fields *** --> |free_type = |free = <!-- *** Map section *** --> |map = |map_size = |map_caption = |map_first = }} The '''Andes''' form the world's longest exposed [[mountain range]].<ref>Explanation: The world's longest mountain range of any type is the undersea [[Ocean ridge]], with a total length of {{convert|80000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.</ref> They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of [[South America]]. The range is over 7,000 km (4,400&nbsp;miles) long, 500 km (300&nbsp;miles) wide in some parts (widest between 18° to 20°S latitude), and of an average height of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The Andean range is composed principally of two great ranges, the [[Cordillera Oriental]] and the [[Cordillera Occidental]], often separated by a deep intermediate [[depression (geology)|depression]], in which arise other chains of minor importance, the chief of which is [[Chile]]'s [[Chilean Coast Range|Cordillera de la Costa]]. Other small chains arise on the sides of the great chains. The ''Cordillera de la Costa'' starts from the southern extremity of the continent and runs in a northerly direction, parallel with the coast, being broken up at its beginning into a number of islands and afterwards forming the western boundary of the great central valley of Chile. To the north this coastal chain continues in small ridges or isolated hills along the [[Pacific Ocean]] as far as [[Venezuela]], always leaving the same valley more or less visible to the west of the Western Great Chain. The mountains extend over seven countries: [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]] and [[Venezuela]], some of which are known as [[Andean States]]. The Andes mountain range is the highest mountain range outside [[Asia]]. The highest peak, [[Aconcagua]], rises to 6,962 m (22,841 ft) [[above sea level]]. The summit of [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Mount Chimborazo]] in the Ecuadorean Andes is the point on the Earth's surface most distant from its center, because of the [[equatorial bulge]]. ==Name== There are many theories about the etymology of the name ''Andes''. Some believe ''Andes'' derives from the [[Quechua]] word ''anti'', which means "high crest". Some believe ''Andes'' derives from one of the four regions of the Inca empire, or ''[[Anti Suyu|Anti(s)]]''. Some believe ''Andes'' derives from the Spanish word ''andén'' which means [[terrace (agriculture)|terrace]] in reference to the cultivation terraces used by the Incas and other related peoples. Some believe ''Andes'' is [[History of the Spanish language|Old Spanish]] shorthand for "Devil"{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. ==Physical features== The Andes can be divided into three sections: the Southern Andes in Argentina and Chile; the Central Andes, including the Chilean and Peruvian cordilleras and parts of Bolivia; and the northern section in Venezuela, Colombia, and northern Ecuador consisting of two parallel ranges, the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental. In Colombia, north to the border with Ecuador, the Andes split in three parallel ranges, western, central and eastern. (cordillera occidental, central y oriental). The eastern range is the only one that extends to Venezuela. The term ''cordillera'' comes from the Spanish word meaning 'rope'. The Andes range is approximately 200&ndash;300&nbsp;km (125&ndash;190&nbsp;mi) wide throughout its length, except in the Bolivian flexure where it is {{convert|640|km|mi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} wide. The islands of [[Aruba]],[[Bonaire]], and [[Curaçao]], which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela, represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range. ===Geology=== [[Image:Browncanyonquilotoa.jpg|450px|thumb|[[Rift valley]] near [[Quilotoa]], [[Ecuador]].]] The Andes fundamentally are the result of [[plate tectonics]] processes, caused by the [[subduction]] of the [[Nazca plate]] beneath the [[South American plate]]. The boundary between the two plates is marked by the [[Peru-Chile Trench|Peru-Chile oceanic trench]]. The formation of the Andes began in the [[Jurassic]] Period. It was during the [[Cretaceous]] Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, [[Fault (geology)|faulting]] and [[Fold (geology)|folding]] of [[sedimentary rocks|sedimentary]] and [[metamorphic rocks]] of the ancient [[craton]]s to the east. Tectonic forces along the [[subduction zone]] along the entire west coast of South America where the [[Nazca Plate]] and a part of the [[Antarctic Plate]] are sliding beneath the [[South American Plate]] continue to produce an ongoing [[Orogeny|orogenic event]] resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day. In the extreme south a major [[transform fault]] separates [[Tierra del Fuego]] from the small [[Scotia Plate]]. Across the {{convert|1000|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} wide [[Drake Passage]] lie the mountains of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain. The Andes range has many active volcanoes, including [[Cotopaxi]], one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. ===Climate=== The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on location, altitude, and proximity to the sea. The southern section is rainy and cool, the central Andes are dry. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm, with an average temperature of {{convert|18|C|F|0|lk=on}} in Colombia. The climate is known to change drastically. [[Rainforest]]s exist just miles away from the snow covered peak, Cotopaxi. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The [[snow line]] depends on the location. It is at between 4,500&ndash;4,800&nbsp;m (14,800&ndash;15,800&nbsp;ft) in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800&ndash;5,200&nbsp;m (15,800&ndash;17,060&nbsp;ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S, then descending to {{convert|4500|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} on Aconcagua at 32°S, {{convert|2000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} at 40°S, {{convert|500|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} at 50°S, and only {{convert|300|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} in [[Tierra del Fuego]] at 55°S; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = |title=Climate of the Andes | work = | publisher = | date = |url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/andes_climate_page.htm |accessdate=2007-12-09 }}</ref> ===Fauna and flora=== [[Image:Tunki Tanpupata.jpg|350px|thumb|A male [[Andean Cock-of-the-rock]], a species found in humid Andean forests]] The Andes is rich in fauna and flora. About 30,000 species of [[vascular plants]] live in the Andes with roughly half being [[endemism|endemic]] to the region, surpassing the diversity of any other [[Biodiversity hotspot|hotspot]].<ref name="biodiv">[http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/andes/Pages/biodiversity.aspx Tropical Andes] - biodiversityhotspots.org</ref> With almost 1000 species, of which roughly 2/3 are endemic to the region, the Andes is the most important region in the world for [[amphibians]].<ref name="biodiv">[http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/andes/Pages/biodiversity.aspx Tropical Andes] - biodiversityhotspots.org</ref> For other major groups the numbers are equally impressive: Almost 600 species of [[mammals]] (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of [[birds]] (c. 1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of [[reptiles]] (c. 45% endemic), and almost 400 species of [[fishes]] (c. 1/3 endemic).<ref name="biodiv"/> [[Tropical rainforests]] and [[rainforests]] used to encircle the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished, especially in the [[El Chocó|Chocó]] and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. The small tree ''[[Cinchona pubescens]]'', a source of [[quinine]] which is used to treat [[malaria]], is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Other important crops that originated from the Andes are [[tobacco]] and [[potatoes]]. The high-altitude ''[[Polylepis]]'' forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. These trees, by locals referred to as Queñua, Yagual and other names, can be found at altitudes of {{convert|4500|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} above sea level. It remains unclear if the patchy distribution is natural, or the result of clearance which started during the [[Inca]]n period. Regardless, in [[modern times]] the clearance has accelerated, and the trees are now considered to be highly [[endangered]], with some believing that as little as 10% of the original woodland remains.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = |title=Plants of the Andes | work = | publisher = | date = |url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/andes_plant_page.htm |accessdate=2007-12-09 }}</ref> A number of species such as the [[Royal Cinclodes]] and [[White-browed Tit-spinetail]] are associated with ''Polylepis'', and consequently also [[threatened]]. The [[Vicuña]] and [[Guanaco]] can be found living in the [[Altiplano]], while the closely related [[domesticated]] [[Llama]] and [[Alpaca]] are widely kept by locals as [[pack animal]]s and for their [[meat]] and [[wool]]. The nocturnal [[chinchilla]]s, two threatened members of the [[rodent]] order, inhabits the Andes' alpine regions. The [[Andean Condor]], the largest bird of its kind in the [[Western Hemisphere]], occurs throughout a large part of the Andes, but generally in very low densities. Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the [[Huemul (zoology)|huemul]], [[cougar]], foxes in the genus ''[[Pseudalopex]]'', and, for birds, certain species of [[Tinamou]]s (notably members of the genus ''[[Nothoprocta]]''), [[Andean Goose]], [[Giant Coot]], [[flamingo]]s (mainly associated with [[hypersaline]] lakes), [[Lesser Rhea]], [[Andean Flicker]], [[Diademed Sandpiper-Plover]], [[Geositta|miners]], [[Phrygilus|sierra-finches]] and [[Diuca|Diuca-finches]]. The massive [[Lake Titicaca]] hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered [[Titicaca Flightless Grebe]] and [[Titicaca Water Frog]]. A few species of [[hummingbirds]], notably some [[Oreotrochilus|hillstars]], can be seen at altitudes above {{convert|4000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}, but far higher [[Species richness|diversities]] can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("[[cloud forest]]s") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and far north-western Argentina. These forest-types, which includes the [[Yungas]] and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exists, exceptions being the threatened [[Mountain Tapir]], [[Spectacled Bear]] and [[Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey]]. Birds of humid Andean forests include [[Mountain-Toucan]]s, [[Quetzal]]s and the [[Andean Cock-of-the-rock]], while [[mixed species flock]]s dominated by [[tanagers]] and [[Furnariids]] commonly are seen - in contrast to several vocal, but typically [[Crypsis|cryptic]], species of [[wrens]], [[tapaculo]]s and [[antpitta]]s. As a direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile and Argentina. Along with several [[Interandean Valles]], they are typically dominated by [[deciduous]] woodland, shrub and/or [[xeric]] vegetation, reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless [[Atacama Desert]]. ==People== [[Image:Área Cultural Andina.png|thumb|200px|Map showing cultural influence in the Andes.]] The [[Inca Empire]] developed in the northern Andes during the 1400s. The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management. The government sponsored the construction of [[aqueducts]] and [[roads]], some of which, like those created by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], are still in existence today. The aqueducts turned the previously scattered Incan tribe into the agricultural and eventually militaristic masters of the region.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Devastated by deadly European diseases to which they had no [[immunity (medical)|immunity]], and by a terrible civil war, in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed by tens of thousands allies from nations they had subjugated ([[huancas]], [[Chachapoyas culture|chachapoyas]], [[cañaris]], etc) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by [[Pizarro]]. One of the few Inca cities the Spanish never found in their conquest was [[Machu Picchu]], which lay hidden on a peak on the edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the [[Quechua]] and [[Aymara language]] families. ===Mountaineering/surveying=== [[Woodbine Parish]] and [[Joseph Barclay Pentland]] surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827. ===Transportation=== Several major cities exist in the Andes, among them the [[capital]] of Colombia, [[Bogotá]], the capital of Ecuador, [[Quito]], the capital of Bolivia, [[La Paz]], and the famous Peruvian city of [[Cusco]]. These and most other cities are now connected with [[asphalt]]ed roads, while smaller town often are connected by dirt roads, which may require a [[4x4]] vehicle. Due to the arduous terrain, localities where vehicles are of little use remain. Locally, Llamas continue to play an important role as pack animals, but this use has generally diminished in modern times. ===Agriculture=== The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced [[irrigation]] techniques for over 6,000 years. Because of the mountain slopes, [[Terrace (agriculture)|terracing]] has been a common practice. Terracing, however, was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm. The [[potato]] holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop. [[Maize]] was also an important crop for these people. However, they were mainly used for the production of the culturally important [[chicha]]. Currently, [[tobacco]], [[cotton]] and [[coffee]] are the main export crops. [[Coca]], despite eradication programmes in some countries, remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating [[herbal tea]], and, both controversially and illegally, for the production of [[cocaine]]. [[Image:Peruvianterracefarmers.jpg|thumb|200px|Photograph of young Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans.]] ===Mining=== Mining is quite prosperous in the Andes, with iron, gold, silver, tin and copper being the main production minerals. ==Peaks== This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range. ===Argentina=== :''See also [[List of mountains in Argentina]]'' * [[Aconcagua]], {{convert|6962|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Cerro Bonete]], {{convert|6759|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <small> (not 6,872 m)</small> * [[Galán]], {{convert|5912|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <small> (not 6,600 m)</small> * [[Mercedario]], {{convert|6720|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Monte Pissis|Pissis]], {{convert|6795|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <small> (not 6,882 m)</small> <gallery widths="250px"> Image:Aconcagua - Argentina - January 2005 - by Sergio Schmiegelow.jpg|[[Aconcagua]], Argentina Image:Cerro tronador desde lago mascardi 01b.jpg|[[Cerro Tronador]], Argentina </gallery> ===Border between Argentina and Chile=== * [[Cerro Bayo]], {{convert|5401|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Cerro Chaltén]], {{convert|3375|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} or 3,405 m, [[Patagonia]], also known as Cerro Fitz Roy * [[Cerro Escorial]], {{convert|5447|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Cordón del Azufre]], {{convert|5463|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Falso Azufre]], {{convert|5890|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Incahuasi]], {{convert|6620|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Lastarria]], {{convert|5697|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Llullaillaco]], {{convert|6739|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Maipo (volcano)|Maipo]], {{convert|5264|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Marmolejo]], {{convert|6110|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Ojos del Salado]], {{convert|6893|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Olca]], {{convert|5407|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas]], {{convert|6127|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Socompa]], {{convert|6051|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Nevado Tres Cruces]], 6,749 m (south summit) (III Region) * [[Tronador]], {{convert|3491|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Tupungato]], {{convert|6570|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Nacimiento]], {{convert|6492|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <gallery widths="250px"> Image:andes - punta arenas.jpg|[[Torres del Paine]], [[Chile]] Image:Llullaillaco.jpg|[[Llullaillaco]], Chile/Argentina </gallery> ===Bolivia=== * [[Ancohuma]], {{convert|6427|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Cabaray]], {{convert|5860|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Chacaltaya]], {{convert|5421|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Huayna Potosí]], {{convert|6088|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Illampu]], {{convert|6368|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Illimani]], {{convert|6438|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Macizo de Larancagua]], {{convert|5520|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Macizo de Pacuni]], {{convert|5400|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} * [[Nevado Anallajsi]], {{convert|5750|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Nevado Sajama]], {{convert|6542|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Patilla Pata]], {{convert|5300|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} * [[Tata Sabaya]], {{convert|5430|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ===Border between Bolivia and Chile=== * [[Acotango]], {{convert|6052|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Cerro Minchincha]], {{convert|5305|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Irruputuncu]], {{convert|5163|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Licancabur]], {{convert|5920|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <small>(there is no "6,620 m Lincancaur" in Argentina)</small> * [[Olca]], {{convert|5407|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Parinacota Volcano|Parinacota]], {{convert|6348|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Paruma]], {{convert|5420|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Pomerape]], {{convert|6282|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <gallery widths="250px"> Image:Laguna Verde Bolivia.jpg|[[Licancabur]], Bolivia/Chile Image:Parinacota.jpg|Parinacota </gallery> ===Chile=== :''See also [[List of mountains in Chile]]'' * [[Monte San Valentin]], {{convert|4058|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (Patagonia) * [[Cordillera del Paine|Cerro Paine Grande]], c.{{convert|2750|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (Patagonia) <small>(not 3,050 m)</small> * [[Cerro Macá]], c.{{convert|2300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (Patagonia) <small>(not 3,050 m)</small> * [[Monte Darwin]], c.{{convert|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (Patagonia) * [[Volcan Hudson]], c.{{convert|1900|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (Patagonia) * [[Cerro Castillo Dynevor]], c.{{convert|1100|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (Patagonia) * [[Mount Tarn]], c.{{convert|825|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (Patagonia) <gallery widths="250px"> Image:Stgo Abril.jpg|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes Image:Cuernos del Paine from Lake Pehoé.jpg|View of Cuernos del Paine in [[Torres del Paine National Park]] </gallery> ===Colombia=== * [[Galeras]], {{convert|4276|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Nevado del Huila]], {{convert|5365|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Nevado del Ruiz]], {{convert|5321|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Ritacuba Blanco]], {{convert|5410|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Snow Mountain of Quindio]], {{convert|5215|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ===Ecuador=== * [[Antisana]], {{convert|5753|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Cayambe (volcano)|Cayambe]], {{convert|5790|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]], {{convert|6268|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Corazón]], {{convert|4790|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Cotopaxi]], {{convert|5897|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[El Altar]], {{convert|5320|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Illiniza]], {{convert|5248|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Pichincha Volcano|Pichincha]], {{convert|4784|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Quilotoa]], {{convert|3914|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Reventador]], {{convert|3562|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Sangay]], {{convert|5230|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Tungurahua]], {{convert|5023|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <gallery widths="250px"> Image:Browncanyonquilotoa.jpg|Rift valley near [[Quilotoa]], [[Ecuador]]. Image:Chimborazo from southwest.jpg|[[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]], Ecuador </gallery> ===Peru=== * [[Alpamayo]], {{convert|5947|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Artesonraju]], {{convert|6025|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Carnicero]], {{convert|5960|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[El Misti]], {{convert|5822|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[El Toro (Andes)|El Toro]], {{convert|5830|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Huascarán]], {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Jirishanca]], {{convert|6094|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Pumasillo]], {{convert|5991|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Rasac]], {{convert|6040|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Rondoy]], {{convert|5870|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Sarapo]], {{convert|6127|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Seria Norte]], {{convert|5860|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Siula Grande]], {{convert|6344|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Yerupaja]], {{convert|6635|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Yerupaja Chico]], {{convert|6089|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <gallery widths="250px"> Image:Alpamayo.jpg|[[Alpamayo]], Peru Image:El misti.jpg|[[El Misti]], Peru </gallery> ===Venezuela=== * [[Pico Bolívar]], {{convert|4981|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Pico Humboldt]], {{convert|4940|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Pico La Concha]], {{convert|4870|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} * [[Pico Piedras Blancas]], {{convert|4740|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <gallery widths="250px"> Image:Bolívar usgs.jpg|[[Pico Bolívar]], Venezuela Image:Humboldt-peak.jpg|[[Pico Humboldt]], Venezuela </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} <div class="references-small"> *John Biggar, The Andes: A Guide For Climbers, 3rd. edition, 2005, ISBN 0-9536087-2-7 * Tui de Roy, The Andes: As the Condor Flies. 2005, ISBN 1-55407-070-8 * Fjeldså, J., & N. Krabbe (1990). ''The Birds of the High Andes.'' Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen. ISBN 87-88757-16-1 * Fjeldså, J. & M. Kessler. 1996. ''Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia, a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes.'' NORDECO, Copenhagen. </div> ==External links== {{commons|Andes}} *[http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo5xx/geo527/Andes/intro.html Andes geology (University of Arizona)] *[http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/andes_climate_page.htm Climate and animal life of the Andes] *http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/southamerica.html Complete list of mountains in South America with a [[prominence]] of at least {{convert|1500|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} {{Geography topics}} {{Physical geography topics}} [[Category:Mountain ranges of South America]] [[Category:Biodiversity hotspots]] [[Category:Regions of South America]] [[Category:Volcanic arcs]] [[Category:Physiographic divisions]] [[Category:Mountain ranges of Chile]] [[af:Andes]] [[ar:أنديز]] [[an:Andes]] [[ast:Andes]] [[az:And Dağları]] [[bn:আন্দেস পর্বতমালা]] [[be:Анды]] [[be-x-old:Анды]] [[bar:Andn]] [[bs:Andi]] [[br:Andoù]] [[bg:Анди]] [[ca:Andes]] [[cs:Andy]] [[cy:Andes]] [[da:Andesbjergene]] [[de:Anden]] [[et:Andid]] [[el:Άνδεις]] [[es:Cordillera de los Andes]] [[eo:Andoj]] [[eu:Andeak]] [[fa:آند]] [[fo:Andesfjøll]] [[fr:Cordillère des Andes]] [[ga:Na hAindéis]] [[gl:Andes]] [[ko:안데스 산맥]] [[hi:एंडीज़]] [[hr:Ande]] [[id:Andes]] [[ia:Andes]] [[is:Andesfjöll]] [[it:Ande]] [[he:הרי האנדים]] [[sw:Andes]] [[la:Andes]] [[lv:Andi]] [[lt:Andai]] [[lij:Andes]] [[hu:Andok]] [[mk:Анди]] [[mr:अँडीझ पर्वतरांग]] [[mn:Андын нуруу]] [[nl:Andes]] [[ja:アンデス山脈]] [[no:Andes]] [[nn:Andes]] [[oc:Andes]] [[pl:Andy]] [[pt:Cordilheira dos Andes]] [[ro:Anzii Cordilieri]] [[qu:Antikuna]] [[ru:Анды]] [[sq:Andet]] [[scn:Andi]] [[simple:Andes]] [[sk:Andy]] [[sl:Andi]] [[sr:Анди]] [[sh:Ande]] [[fi:Andit]] [[sv:Anderna]] [[ta:ஆண்டீய மலைத்தொடர்]] [[th:เทือกเขาแอนดีส]] [[vi:Andes]] [[tg:Кӯҳҳои Анд]] [[tr:And Dağları]] [[uk:Анди]] [[ur:سلسلہ کوہ انڈیز]] [[bat-smg:Andā]] [[zh:安地斯山脈]]