Andorra 600 225252973 2008-07-12T18:33:55Z 24.253.116.189 /* Economy */ Cited source disagrees with the statement {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = {{lang|ca|''Principat d'Andorra''}} |conventional_long_name = Principality of Andorra |common_name = Andorra |image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = Europe location ANR.png |map_caption = {{map_caption |location=circled in inset |region=[[Europe]] |legend=European location legend en.png}} |national_motto = {{lang|la|''"Virtus Unita Fortior"''}}{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]])<br/>"Strength United is Stronger"</small> |national_anthem = {{lang|ca|''[[El Gran Carlemany|El Gran Carlemany, Mon Pare]]''}}{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Catalan language|Catalan]])<br/>''The Great [[Charlemagne]], my Father''</small> |official_languages = [[Catalan language|Catalan]] |capital = [[Andorra la Vella]] |latd=42 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=1 |longm=31 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary democracy]] and [[Coregency|Co-principality]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra|French Co-Prince]] |leader_name1 = [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] |leader_title2 = [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra|Episcopal&nbsp;Co-Prince]] |leader_name2 = [[Joan Enric Vives Sicília]] |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Andorra|Head of Government]]}} |leader_name3 = [[Albert Pintat|Albert Pintat Santolària]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |established_event1 = [[Paréage]] |established_date1 = [[History of Andorra|1278]] |accessionEUdate = |area_km2 = 468 |area_sq_mi = 181 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 193rd |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |percent_water = 0 |population_estimate = 71,822 |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = 194th |population_census = 69,150 |population_census_year = 2006 |population_density_km2 = 154 |population_density_sq_mi = 393 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 69th |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $2.77 billion <!--CIA (Updated 2007.04.08)--> |GDP_PPP_rank = 177th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $38,800 <!--CIA (Updated 2007.04.08)--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = unranked |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = |HDI_rank = n/a |HDI_category = <font color="gray">unranked</font> |currency = [[euro]] (€)<sup>1</sup> |currency_code = EUR |time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |demonym = Andorran |cctld = [[.ad]]² |calling_code = 376 |footnote1 = Before 1999: [[French franc]] and [[Spanish peseta]]. Small amounts of [[Andorran diner]]s (divided into 100 centim) were minted after 1982. |footnote2 = Also [[.cat]], shared with Catalan-speaking territories. }} '''Andorra''', officially the '''[[Principality]] of Andorra''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Principat d'Andorra''), is a small [[landlocked country]] in western [[Europe]], located in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] mountains and bordered by [[Spain]] and [[France]]. Once isolated, it is currently a prosperous country mainly because of [[tourism]] and its status as a [[tax haven]]. The people of Andorra are currently listed as having the [[List of countries by life expectancy|highest human life expectancies on Earth]], at an average of 83.5 years at birth (2007 est).<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html Rank Order - Life expectancy at birth]</ref> ==Origin and history of the name== The name "Andorra" is of unknown origin but, according to [[Joan Coromines]], pre-Roman.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The name Andorra may be derived from al-Darra (الدّارة), the Arabic word for forest.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Many of the local [[toponyms]] are of [[Iberian language|Iberian]] origin. ==History== {{main|History of Andorra}} Tradition holds that Charles the Great ([[Charlemagne]]) granted a [[charter]] to Andorran people in return for fighting against the [[Moors]]. [[Overlord]]ship of the territory passed to the local [[count of Urgell]] and eventually to the [[bishop]] of the [[diocese]] of [[Urgell]]. The Bishop then handed over the territory to the Lord of Caboet. The Caboet family married into the family of the French Count of Foix and through this marriage, the Count inherited all of the Spanish lord's land, including Andorra. In the eleventh century a dispute arose between the bishop and his northern neighbour over Andorra. The conflict was resolved in 1278 by the signing of a [[paréage]], which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the [[count of Foix]] (whose title would ultimately transfer to the French head of state) and the bishop of [[La Seu d'Urgell]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. This gave the small [[principality]] its territory and political form. Over the years the title passed to the kings of [[Navarre]]. After Henry of Navarre became King [[Henry IV of France]], he issued an edict (1607) that established the head of the French state and the Bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra. In the period 1812–13, the [[First French Empire]] annexed [[Catalonia]] and divided it in four [[département]]s. Andorra was also annexed and made part of the district of [[Puigcerdà]] (département of [[Sègre]]). Andorra declared war on [[Imperial Germany]] during [[World War I]] but did not actually take part in the fighting. It remained in an official state of [[belligerency]] until 1957 as it was not included in the [[Versailles Peace Treaty]]. In 1933 France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On [[July 12]], [[1934]], an adventurer named [[Boris Skossyreff]] issued a proclamation in Urgell, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, simultaneously declaring war on the bishop of Urgell. He was arrested by Spanish authorities on [[July 20]] and ultimately expelled from Spain. From 1936 to 1940, a French detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to prevent influences of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[Franco's Spain]]. Francoist troops reached the Andorran border in the later stages of the war. During [[World War II]], Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between [[Vichy France]] and Spain. Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history, with few ties to countries other than France and Spain. In recent times, however, its thriving [[tourism|tourist]] industry along with developments in transportation and communications have removed the country from its isolation. Its political system was thoroughly modernized in 1993, the year in which it became a member of the [[United Nations]] and the [[Council of Europe]]. ==Politics== {{main|Politics of Andorra}}<!--Please add new information to relevant articles of the series--> Andorra is a [[co-principality]] with the [[President of the French Republic|President of France]] and the [[Bishop of Urgell]], [[Spain]] as [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra|co-princes]], in a [[duumvirate]]. The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]], whereby the [[Prime Minister of Andorra]] is the [[head of government]], and of a [[wiktionary:pluriform|pluriform]] multi-party system. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and parliament. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature. The current Prime Minister is [[Albert Pintat Santolaria]] of the Andorran Liberal Party (PLA). Responsibility for defending Andorra rests with Spain and France. Andorra currently has [[List of countries without armed forces|no military force]]. == Parishes == {{main|Parishes of Andorra}} <imagemap> Image:Andorramap.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of Andorra with its seven parishes labeled rect 34 350 121 404 [[Andorra la Vella]] rect 443 148 519 172 [[Canillo]] rect 437 363 520 389 [[Encamp]] rect 352 443 464 498 [[Escaldes-Engordany]] rect 36 223 155 247 [[La Massana]] rect 284 78 354 103 [[Ordino]] rect 208 567 304 618 [[Sant Julià de Lòria]] rect 651 54 745 83 [[France]] rect 484 583 560 619 [[Spain]] </imagemap> Andorra consists of seven parishes: *[[Andorra la Vella]] *[[Canillo]] *[[Encamp]] *[[Escaldes-Engordany]] *[[La Massana]] *[[Ordino]] *[[Sant Julià de Lòria]] ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Andorra}} Due to its location in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains of an average height of {{convert|1996|m|ft|0}} with the highest being the [[Coma Pedrosa]] at {{convert|2946|m|ft|0}}. These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the [[Valira]] river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of {{convert|870|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=s}}). Andorra's surface area is {{convert|468|km2|sqmi|0}}. Andorra's [[climate]] is similar to that of its neighbours' [[temperate climate]]s, but its higher altitude means there is, on average, more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer. [[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], the territory of Andorra belongs to the ecoregion of [[Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests]]. ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Andorra}} [[Image:Andorralavella06.jpg|200px|right|[[Escaldes-Engordany]] with Caldea spa (center)]] [[Image:Andorralavella02.jpg|200px|right|Casa de la Val, Andorran Parliament]] [[Tourism]], the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for roughly 80% of [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]. An estimated 9 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter [[resort]]s. Andorra's comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of adjoining France and Spain have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and lower [[tariff]]s. The [[banking]] sector, with its [[tax haven]] status, also contributes substantially to the economy. [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] production is limited&mdash;only 2% of the land is arable&mdash;and most [[food]] has to be [[International trade|imported]]. Some tobacco is grown locally. The principal livestock activity is [[domestic sheep]] raising. [[Manufacturing]] output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra's [[natural resources]] include [[hydroelectric power]], [[mineral water]], [[timber]], [[iron ore]], and [[lead]].<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html CIA World Factbook entry: Andorra]</ref> Andorra is not a [[European Union member state|full member]] of the [[European Union]], but enjoys a [[Microstates and the European Union|special relationship]] with it, such as being treated as an [[European Union|EU]] member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. Andorra lacks a [[currency]] of its own and uses that of its two surrounding nations. Prior to 1999 these were the [[French franc]] and the Spanish [[peseta]], which have since been both replaced by the EU's single currency, the [[euro]]. ==Demographics== {{main|Demographics of Andorra}} Andorrans are a minority in their own country; [[Spain|Spaniards]], [[Portuguese People|Portuguese]], [[France|French]], [[United Kingdom|Britons]], and [[Italian people|Italians]] resident in Andorra make up 67.7% of the population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Andorra has the world's longest life expectancy &ndash; 83.5 years. The national language is [[Catalan language|Catalan]], a [[Romance language]]. Andorra is one of only four nations (together with France, Monaco, and Turkey) that never signed the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities|Council of Europe Framework Convention on National Minorities]].<ref>[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=157&CM=&DF=&CL=ENG conventions.coe.int]</ref> ==Religion== The population of Andorra is predominantly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html#People CIA - The World Fact Book -- Andorra]</ref> Their patron saint is Our Lady of Meritxell. ==Culture== [[Image:Andorra-coa-old.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Andorran coat of arms at Andorran Parliament]] [[Image:HPIM0309.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Andorran flag on balcony, Ordino.]] {{main|Culture of Andorra}} The official and historic language is [[Catalan language|Catalan]]. Because of immigration, historical links, and close geographic proximity, other languages such as [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[French language|French]] are also commonly spoken. Andorra's long [[History of Andorra|history]] has provided it with a rich [[folklore]] and an abundance of [[folk tale]]s, with roots originating as far as [[Andalusia]] in the south and the [[Netherlands]] in the north.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Andorran culture is Catalan in essence. In significant and easily identifiable ways it has contributed to the conglomerate of Catalan culture.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Two writers renowned in Catalonia and the region, [[Michèle Gazier]] and [[Ramon Villeró]], both come from Andorra. {{Fact|date=February 2008}} Andorra is home to folk dances like the [[contrapàs]] and [[marratxa]], which survive in [[Sant Julià de Lòria]] especially. Andorran folk music has similarities to the music of its neighbors, but is especially [[music of Catalonia|Catalan]] in character, especially in the presence of dances such as the [[sardana]]. Other Andorran folk dances include [[contrapàs]] in [[Andorra la Vella]] and [[Saint Anne's dance]] in [[Escaldes-Engordany]]. Andorra's [[national day|national holiday]] is [[Our Lady of Meritxell]] Day, [[September 8]].<ref name="cia"/> {{see also|Music of Andorra}} ==See also== {{columns |width=16em |col1 = * [[Civil unions in Andorra]] * [[Communications in Andorra]] * [[European microstates]] * [[Foreign relations of Andorra]] |col2 = * [[Front Envaliran de Libération]] * [[List of Andorra-related topics]] * [[List of Andorrans]] * [[List of Co-Princes of Andorra]] |col3 = * [[Scouting in Andorra]] * [[Tourism in Andorra]] * [[Transport in Andorra]] * [[University of Andorra]] }} {{wikiatlas|Andorra}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Andorra}} *{{wikitravel|Andorra}} * [http://www.govern.ad/ Govern d'Andorra] - Official governmental site (in Catalan) * [http://www.andorra.ad/ca-ES/Pagines/default.aspx Official Tourism Website] * [http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Andorra:_Primary_Documents History of Andorra: Primary Documents] * [http://www.euro.who.int/Document/e83102.pdf HiT Andorra] - Andorra's health care system and general historical and government background information * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/andorra/andorra.html U.S. Library of Congress Portals on the World - Andorra] * {{CIA World Factbook link|an|Andorra}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm BBC information on Andorra] * [http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Andorra.html Culture of Andorra] - History, ethnic relations, diet, urbanism, architecture, use of space, and more. * [http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ipworldwide/pdf/ad.pdf World Intellectual Property Handbook: Andorra] {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Countries of Europe}} }} {{Template group |title = International membership |list = {{Catalan-speaking regions|state=collapsed}} {{Council of Europe}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{MSG:Latinunion}} }} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Andorra| ]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Liberal democracies]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Pyrenees]] [[Category:Member states of La Francophonie]] [[Category:1278 establishments]] <!--Other languages--> [[af:Andorra]] [[als:Andorra]] [[am:አንዶራ]] [[ang:Andorra]] [[ar:أندورا]] [[an:Andorra]] [[arc:ܐܢܕܘܪܐ]] [[frp:Andorra]] [[ast:Andorra]] [[az:Andorra]] [[bn:অ্যান্ডোরা]] [[zh-min-nan:Andorra]] [[be:Андора]] [[be-x-old:Андора]] [[bar:Andorra]] [[bs:Andora]] [[br:Andorra]] [[bg:Андора]] [[ca:Andorra]] [[cv:Андорра]] [[ceb:Andorra]] [[cs:Andorra]] [[co:Andorra]] [[cy:Andorra]] [[da:Andorra]] [[pdc:Andorra]] [[de:Andorra]] [[dv:އެންޑޯރާ]] [[dsb:Andorra]] [[et:Andorra]] [[el:Ανδόρρα]] [[es:Andorra]] [[eo:Andoro]] [[eu:Andorra]] [[fa:آندورا]] [[ext:Andorra]] [[fo:Andorra]] [[fr:Andorre]] [[fy:Andorra]] [[fur:Andore]] [[ga:Andóra]] [[gv:Andorra]] [[gd:Andorra]] [[gl:Andorra]] [[got:𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰]] [[xal:Андорра]] [[ko:안도라]] [[hy:Անդորրա]] [[hi:अन्डोरा]] [[hsb:Andorra]] [[hr:Andora]] [[io:Andora]] [[ilo:Andorra]] [[bpy:এন্ডোরা]] [[id:Andorra]] [[ia:Andorra]] [[ie:Andorra]] [[os:Андоррæ]] [[is:Andorra]] [[it:Andorra]] [[he:אנדורה]] [[jv:Andorra]] [[pam:Andorra]] [[kn:ಅಂಡೋರ]] [[ka:ანდორა]] [[kk:Андорра]] [[kw:Andorra]] [[sw:Andorra]] [[ht:Andora]] [[ku:Andorra]] [[lad:Andorra]] [[la:Andorra]] [[lv:Andora]] [[lb:Andorra]] [[lt:Andora]] [[lij:Andòrra]] [[li:Andorra]] [[ln:Andora]] [[jbo:andoras]] [[hu:Andorra]] [[mk:Андора]] [[mt:Andorra]] [[mr:आंदोरा]] [[ms:Andorra]] [[nah:Andorra]] [[na:Andorra]] [[nl:Andorra]] [[ne:एण्डोरा]] [[ja:アンドラ]] [[ce:Андорра]] [[no:Andorra]] [[nn:Andorra]] [[nov:Andora]] [[oc:Andòrra]] [[ug:ئاندوررا]] [[uz:Andorra]] [[ps:انډورا]] [[km:អង់ដូររា]] [[pms:Andorra]] [[nds:Andorra]] [[pl:Andora]] [[pt:Andorra]] [[crh:Andorra]] [[ro:Andorra]] [[rm:Andorra]] [[qu:Andurra]] [[ru:Андорра]] [[se:Andorra]] [[sa:अंडोरा]] [[sc:Andorra]] [[sco:Andorrae]] [[sq:Andorra]] [[scn:Andorra]] [[simple:Andorra]] [[sk:Andorra (štát)]] [[sl:Andora]] [[sr:Андора]] [[sh:Andora]] [[fi:Andorra]] [[sv:Andorra]] [[tl:Andorra]] [[tet:Andorra]] [[th:ประเทศอันดอร์รา]] [[vi:Andorra]] [[tg:Андорра]] [[tpi:Andora]] [[tr:Andorra]] [[udm:Андорра]] [[uk:Андорра]] [[ur:انڈورا]] [[vec:Andora]] [[vo:Landorän]] [[fiu-vro:Andorra]] [[war:Andorra]] [[wo:Andoor]] [[wuu:阿恩道拉]] [[yi:אנדארא]] [[yo:Andorra]] [[zh-yue:安道爾]] [[diq:Andorra]] [[bat-smg:Andora]] [[zh:安道尔]]