Anga
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/* See also */ [[cs:Anga]]
[[Image:Ancient_india.png|right|thumb|600px|Map of the Mahajanapadas]]
The earliest reference to '''Angas''' (अंग) occurs in the [[Atharvaveda|Atharava Veda]] (V.22.14) where they find mention along with the [[Magadhan | ''Magadhas'']], [[Gandhara |''Gandharis'']] and the ''Mujavatas'', all apparently as a despised people''.
The [[Jain]] ''Prajnapana'' ranks the ''Angas'' and the ''Vangas'' in the first group of [[Aryan]] peoples.
According to [[Buddhist texts]] like the [[Anguttara Nikaya]], Anga was one of the sixteen great nations (solas [[Mahajanapadas]]) which had flourished in central and north-west [[India]] in the [[6th century BC]].
Anga also finds mention in the Jain ''Bhagvati-Sutra'''s list of ancient Janapadas.
The [[Puranic]] texts like the ''Garuda Purana'', ''Vishnu-Dharmottara'', and the ''Markendeya Purana'' divide the ancient Janpada horizon into nine divisions and place the Janapadas of the Angas, [[Kalingas]], Vangas, Pundras or [[Pundra Kingdom]] (now some part of Eastern [[Bihar]] i.e. [[Purnea]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]), Vidarbhas, and [[Vindhya]]-vasis in the ''Purva-Dakshina'' division. (Garuda 55.12; V.D. I.9.4; Markendeya P. 56.16-18).
Based on [[Mahabharata]] evidence, the [[monarchy|kingdom]] of the Angas roughly corresponded to the region of [[Bhagalpur]] and [[Monghyr]] in [[Bihar]] and parts of [[Bengal]]; later extended to include most of [[Bengal]]. The River Champa (modern Chandan) formed the boundaries between the [[Magadha]] in the west and Anga in the east. Anga was bounded by river [[Koshi river|Koshi]] on the north. According to the [[Mahabharata]], [[Duryodhana]] had named [[Karna]] the King of Anga.
''Sabhaparava'' of Mahabharata (II.44.9) mentions [[Anga]] and [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] as forming one country. The ''Katha-Sarit-Sagara'' also attests that Vitankapur, a city of Anga was situated on the shores of the sea. Thus the boundaries of Anga may have extended to the sea in the east.
The capital of Anga was Champa. According to Mahabharata and [[Harivamsa]], Champa was formerly known as Malini. Champa was located on the right bank of river Ganga near its junction with river [[Champa]]. It was a very flourishing city and is referred to as one of six principal cities of ancient India ([[Digha Nikaya]]). In the [[Jataka]] stories, the city of Champa is also referred to as ''Kala-Champa''. ''Maha-Janaka Jataka'' states that the city was located about sixty yojanas (''one yojana'' = 16.4 km) from [[Mithila]]. The relics of actual site of ancient Champa are stated to still exist near [[Bhagalpur]] in [[Bihar]] in the names of two villages called ''Champanagara'' and ''Champapura''.
Champa was noted for its wealth and commerce. It was also a great center of trade and commerce and its merchants regularly sailed to distant [[Suvarnabhumi]] for trading purposes. The ancient name of region and kingdom of Champa of central [[Vietnam]] ('''Lin-yi''' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] records) apparently has its origin in this east Indian Champa.
Other important cities of Anga are said to be ''Assapura'' and ''Bhadrika''.
[[Mahabharata]] (I.104.53-54) and Puranic literature (Matsya Purana: 48.19) attest that the name ''Anga'' had originated ''eponymously'' from the name of ''Prince Anga'', the founder of the kingdom. [[Matsya Purana]] describes the father of this eponymous hero as the chief among the demons (''Danavarshabhah'').
''Bodhayana Dharma Sutra'' groups the Angas with people of ''mixed origin'' and Mahbharata brands an Anga prince (''not Karana of the Mahabharata'') as a mlechcha and barbarian.
The [[Purana]]s list several early kings of Anga. The ''Mahagovinda Suttanta'' refers to king Dhatarattha of Anga. Jain texts refer to Dhadhivahana, as a ruler of the Angas. Puranas and Harivamsa represent him as the son and immediate successor of ''Anga'', the eponymous founder of the kingdom. [[Jain]] traditions place him at the beginning of sixth century BCE.
Between the Vatsas and the realm of Anga, lived the [[Magadhas]], who initially were comparatively a weak people. A great struggle went on between the Angas and its eastern neighbors. The ''Vidhura Pandita Jataka'' describes [[Rajagriha]] (the Magadhan Capital) as the city of Anga and Mahabharata also refers to a sacrifice performed by the king of Anga at ''Mount Vishnupada'' (at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]). This indicates that Anga had initially succeeded in annexing the Magadhas, and thus its borders extended to the kingdom of [[Matsya]] country.
This success of Angas did not last long. About the middle of 6th century BC, [[Bimbisara]], the crown prince of Magadha had killed Brahmadatta, the last independent king of Anga and seized Champa. Bimbisara made it as his head-quarters and ruled over it as his father's Viceroy. Thenceforth, Anga became an integral part of growing Magadha empire (PHAI, 1996).
==See also==
*[[Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Mahābhārata]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
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