Animal model
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robot Adding: [[fr:Modèle animal]]
{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}
An '''animal model''' is a non-human [[animal]] that has a [[disease]] or injury that is similar to a human condition. These test conditions are often termed as '''animal models of disease'''. The use of animal models allows researchers to investigate disease states in ways which would be inaccessible in a human patient, performing procedures on the non-human animal that imply a level of harm that would not be considered ethical to inflict on a human.
In order to serve as a useful model, a modeled disease must be similar in [[etiology]] (mechanism of cause) and function to the human equivalent. Animal models are used to learn more about a disease, its [[diagnosis]] and its treatment. For instance, behavioral analogues of [[anxiety]] or [[pain]] in laboratory animals can be used to screen and test new [[medication|drugs]] for the treatment of these conditions in humans.
Animal models of disease can be spontaneous (naturally occurring in animals), or be induced by physical, chemical or biological means. For example,
*The use of [[metrazol]] (pentylenetetrazol) as an animal model of [[epilepsy]]<ref name="pmid9092952">{{cite journal |author=White HS |title=Clinical significance of animal seizure models and mechanism of action studies of potential antiepileptic drugs |journal=Epilepsia |volume=38 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S9–17 |year=1997 |pmid=9092952 |doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb04523.x}}</ref>
*[[Immunisation]] with an auto-[[antigen]] to induce an [[immune response]] to model [[autoimmune diseases]] such as [[Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]]<ref name="pmid17943249">{{cite journal |author=Bolton C |title=The translation of drug efficacy from in vivo models to human disease with special reference to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis |journal=Inflammopharmacology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=183–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17943249 |doi=10.1007/s10787-007-1607-z}}</ref>
*Occlusion of the [[middle cerebral artery]] as an [[animal models of ischemic stroke|animal model of ischemic stroke]]<ref name="pmid12442622">{{cite journal |author=Leker RR, Constantini S |title=Experimental models in focal cerebral ischemia: are we there yet? |journal=Acta Neurochir. Suppl. |volume=83 |issue= |pages=55–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12442622 |doi=}}</ref>
*Injection of blood in the [[basal ganglia]] of [[mus musculus|mice]] as a model for [[stroke]]<ref name="pmid18193028">{{cite journal |author=Rynkowski MA, Kim GH, Komotar RJ, ''et al'' |title=A mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage using autologous blood infusion |journal=Nat Protoc |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=122–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18193028 |doi=10.1038/nprot.2007.513}}</ref>
*Infecting animals with [[pathogens]] to reproduce human [[infectious diseases]]
*Injecting animals with [[agonists]] or [[Receptor antagonist|antagonists]] of various [[neurotransmitter]]s to reproduce human [[mental disorder]]s
*Using [[ionizing radiation]] to cause [[tumors]]
*[[artificial selection|Genetically]] selected (such as in [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[mus musculus|mice]] also known as [[NOD mice]])<ref name="pmid15099561">{{cite journal |author=Homo-Delarche F, Drexhage HA |title=Immune cells, pancreas development, regeneration and type 1 diabetes |journal=Trends Immunol. |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=222–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15099561 |doi=10.1016/j.it.2004.02.012}}</ref>
*Various animal models for [[screening]] of drugs for the treatment of [[glaucoma]]
*The use of the [[ovariectomized rat]] in [[osteoporosis]] research
*Use of [[Plasmodium yoelii]] as a model of human malaria <ref name="pmid14702631">{{cite journal |author=Hisaeda H, Maekawa Y, Iwakawa D, ''et al'' |title=Escape of malaria parasites from host immunity requires CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=29–30 |year=2004 |pmid=14702631 |doi=10.1038/nm975 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16641443">{{cite journal |author=Coppi A, Cabinian M, Mirelman D, Sinnis P |title=Antimalarial activity of allicin, a biologically active compound from garlic cloves |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1731–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16641443 |doi=10.1128/AAC.50.5.1731-1737.2006}}</ref><ref name="pmid16569221">{{cite journal |author=Frischknecht F, Martin B, Thiery I, Bourgouin C, Menard R |title=Using green fluorescent malaria parasites to screen for permissive vector mosquitoes |journal=Malar. J. |volume=5 |issue= |pages=23 |year=2006 |pmid=16569221 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-23}}</ref>
The increase in knowledge of the [[genome]]s of non-human [[primates]] and other [[mammals]] that are genetically close to humans is allowing the production of [[Genetic Engineering|genetically engineered]] animal tissues, organs and even animal species which express human diseases, providing a more robust model of human diseases in an animal model.
Animal models observed in the sciences of [[psychology]] and [[sociology]] are often termed '''animal models of behavior'''.
In [[quantitative genetics]], the term '''animal model''' is used to refer to [[statistics|statistical]] models in which phenotypic variance is compartmentalised into environmental, genetic and sometimes [[maternal effect]]s. Such animal models are also known as "mixed models".
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Animal testing]]
*[[Ensembl]] genome database
*''[[In vivo]]''
*[[Model organism]]
* [[Animal testing on invertebrates]]
* [[Animal testing on rodents]]
* [[History of animal testing]]
==External links==
* [http://www.fleming.gr Disease Animal Models - BSRC Alexander Fleming]
* [http://www.biomedcode.com Transgenic Animal Models - Biomedcode]
[[Category:Animal testing]]
[[Category:Specific models]]
[[fr:Modèle animal]]