Anna O.
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'''Anna O.''' was the [[pseudonym]] of a patient of [[Josef Breuer]], who published her case study in his book ''[[Studies on Hysteria]],'' written in collaboration with [[Sigmund Freud]].
Anna O was, in fact, '''Bertha Pappenheim''', an Austrian-Jewish [[feminist]], treated by Breuer for severe cough, paralysis of the extremities on the right side of her body, and disturbances of vision, hearing, and speech, as well as hallucination and loss of consciousness. She was diagnosed with [[hysteria]].
Her treatment is regarded as marking the beginning of [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Free Association]] came into being after Anna/Bertha decided (with Breuer's input) to end her hypnosis sessions and merely talk to Breuer, saying anything that came into her mind. She called this method of communication "chimney sweeping", and this served as the beginning of [[free association]].
Anna's/Bertha's case also shed light for the first time on the phenomenon called [[transference]], where the patient's feelings toward a significant figure in his/her life are redirected onto the therapist.
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== See also ==
* [[Sergei Pankejeff|Wolf man]]
* [[Rat man]]
* [[Herbert Graf|Little Hans]]
* [[Ida Bauer|Dora]]
==Further reading ==
*Aubin, Melissa. [http://www.utoronto.ca/wjudaism/encyclopedia/e_p.html "Bertha Pappenheim"], University of Toronto.
[[Category:Freudian psychology]]
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian Jews]]
[[Category:German Jews]]
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