Annona
690101
223956435
2008-07-06T18:09:16Z
Badagnani
308437
/* Selected species */
{{Taxobox
| image =Annona_glabra.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Pond-apple (''Annona glabra'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Magnoliales]]
| familia = [[Annonaceae]]
| genus = '''''Annona'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web
| url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANNON
| title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-04-16
| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
| authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service
| format = HTML
| work = The PLANTS Database
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
Some 100-150, see text.
| synonyms =
''Guanabanus'' <small>Mill.</small><br/>
''Raimondia'' <small>Saff.</small><br/>
''Rollinia'' <small>A. St.-Hil.</small><br/>
''Rolliniopsis'' <small>Saff.</small><ref name="GRIN-genus">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?720
| title = Genus: ''Annona'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-04-18
| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| date = 1996-09-17
| format = HTML
| work = Taxonomy for Plants
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref>
}}
:''For other meanings, see [[Annona (disambiguation)]].''
'''''Annona''''' is a [[genus]] of the plant family [[Annonaceae]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=18095|taxon=''Annona''|year=1999 |date=2008-04-16}}</ref> The name derives from the [[Taíno]] ''annon''.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} This large genus contains approximately 119 species of mostly [[Neotropic]]al and [[Afrotropic]]al [[trees]] and [[shrub]]s. <ref name="FNA">{{cite journal
| last =Flora of North America
| authorlink =Flora of North America
| title = 1. Annona Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 241, 1754
| volume =3
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101891
| accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>
[[Paleoethnobotany|Paleoethnobotanical]] studies have dated ''Annona'' [[Exploitation of natural resources|exploitation]] and [[Agriculture|cultivation]] in the [[Yautepec de Zaragoza|Yautepec River region]] of [[Mexico]] to approximately [[1000s BC|1000 BC]].<ref name="ABP">{{cite book
| last = Warrington
| first = Ian J. Warrington
| title = Apples: Botany, Production and Uses
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
| format = HTML
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
| publisher = [[CAB International|CABI Publishing]]
| language =
| isbn = 0851995926
| chapter = Annonaceae
| chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&source=web&ots=huvTs57P4I&sig=1AECuDjdwZa8qHmb-hEY-69PwzE&hl=en#PPA74,M1
}}</ref>
In the family Annonaceae, only ''[[Guatteria]]'' has more species.
Currently, seven ''Annona'' [[species]] and one [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] are grown for domestic or commercial use mostly for the [[edible]] and nutritious fruits, [[Anona]].<ref name="icuc">{{cite web
| url = http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
| title = Factsheet No. 5. ''Annona''
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
| author = University of Southampton
| authorlink = University of Southampton
| date = March 2002
| format = PDF
| work = Fruits for the Future
| publisher = [[Department for International Development]], International Centre for Underutilized Crops
}}</ref>
Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases. [[Phytochemical]] research found in the extracts of several of species Annonacaeous [[acetogenins]], a class of natural compounds with a wide variety of biological activities that have shown promise for their[[anthelmintic]], anti-[[tumor]], anti-[[malaria]]l, anti-[[protozoa]]l, and [[pesticide|pesticidal]] activities as well as significant [[Immunosuppression|immunosuppressive]] activities and the ability to inhibit [[HIV]] replication.<ref name="Products">{{cite book
| last = Pilar Rauter
| first = Amélia
| coauthors = A. F. Dos Santos and A. E. G. Santana
| title = Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
| format = HTML
| year = 2002
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]]
| isbn = 1402010478
| pages = 540 pages
| chapter = Toxicity of Some species of ''Annona'' Toward ''Artemia Salina'' Leach and ''Biomphalaria Glabrata'' Say
| chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&pg=PA264&lpg=PA264&source=web&ots=GVwQsxA_oK&sig=9U5mL2oGo14l_K6XnC8wb8k1a_M&hl=en
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
}}</ref><ref name="biochem">{{cite journal
| last =Esposti
| first =M Degli
| authorlink =University of Bologna
| coauthors =A Ghelli, M Ratta, D Cortes, and E Estornell
| title =Natural substances (acetogenins) from the family Annonaceae are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)
| journal =The [[Biochemical Journal]]
| volume =301
| issue =1
| pages = 161–167
| publisher =The [[Biochemical Society]]
| location =
| date =1994 July 1
| url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1137156
| id =1137156
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
| pmid =8037664 }}</ref>
==Description==
Taprooted [[evergreen]] or semi-[[deciduous]] [[tropic]]al [[trees]] or [[shrubs]].<ref name="FNA"/>
;Trunks: Thin bark that has broad and shallow depression or fissures which join together and are scaly. Slender, stiff, cylindrical and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds.<ref name="FNA"/>
;Leaves: Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable, bald or hairy.<ref name="FNA"/>
;Flowers: The flowering stalks rise from an axil, or occasionally from axillary buds on main stem or older stems, or as solitary flowers or small bundle of flowers. Usually three or four deciduous [[sepal]]s that are smaller than the outer [[petal]]s that do not overlap while in bud. Six to eight fleshy petals in two whorls -- the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap; inner petals are ascending, distinctively smaller and nectar glands are darker pigmented. Numerous stamens that are ball, club-shaped, or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac. Numerous pistils, attached directly to the base, partially united to various degrees with distinct stigmas. One or two ovules per pistil; style and stigma club-shaped or narrowly conic.<ref name="FNA"/>
;Fruits: One fleshy, ovate to spherical fruit per flower. Each fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or syncarps; one syncarp and seed per pistil. Seeds beanlike with tough coats.<ref name="FNA"/>
;Pollination: [[Dynastinae|Dynastid scarab beetles]] appears basic within the genus ''Annona''. Those species of Annona which are more [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] derived, as well as all ''[[Rollinia]]'' spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles like [[Nitidulidae]] or [[Staphylinidae]].<ref name="Systematics">{{cite journal
| last =Gottsberger
| first =Gerhard
| authorlink =University of Giessen
| title =Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the genera ''Annona'' and ''Rollinia'' (Annonaceae)
| journal =Plant Systematics and Evolution
| volume =167
| issue =3-4
| pages =189–194
| publisher =[[Springer Science+Business Media]]
| date =28 April 1988
| url =http://www.springerlink.com/content/u03w164g12876313/
| doi =10.1007/BF00936405
| accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>
==Images==
<gallery>
Image:Atemola (cross of Annona cherimola and Annona squamosa).jpg|[[Atemoya]] (a hybrid of ''A. cherimola'' and ''A. squamosa'')
Image:Cherimoya plantage hg.jpg|Cherimoya plantation
Image:Annona muricata-guanábana.jpg|Brazilian pawpaw
Image:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|Sugar apples
</gallery>
==Selected species==
The following is a list of some of the more important species. Many of them have significant agricultural, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and other uses. Synonyms appear in the sub-list.<ref name="GRIN-spl">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?720
| title = GRIN Species Records of ''Annona''
| accessdate = 2008-04-16
| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| format = HTML
| work = Taxonomy for Plants
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref>
{{MultiCol}}
* ''[[Annona amambayensis]]''
* ''[[Annona ambotay]]''
* ''[[Annona asplundiana]]''
* ''[[Annona atabapensis]]''
* ''[[Annona bullata]]''
* ''[[Annona cacans]]''
* ''[[Annona calophylla]]''
* ''[[Annona campestris]]''
* ''[[Annona cheirimola]]''
* ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ([[Anona#Cherimoya|Cherimoya]])
** ''Annona pubescens''
** ''Annona tripetala''
* ''[[Annona conica]]''
* ''[[Annona coriacea]]''
* ''[[Annona cornifolia]]''
* ''[[Annona crassiflora]]'' ([[Marolo]])
* ''[[Annona cristalensis]]''
* ''[[Annona crotonifolia]]''
* ''[[Annona deceptrix]]''
* ''[[Annona deminuta]]''
* ''[[Annona dioica]]''
* ''[[Annona diversifolia]]'' ([[Ilama (fruit)|Ilama]])
* ''[[Annona dolabripetala]]''
* ''[[Annona dolichophylla]]''
* ''[[Annona echinata]]''
* ''[[Annona ecuadorensis]]''
* ''[[Annona ekmanii]]''
* ''[[Annona excellens]]''
{{ColBreak}}
* ''[[Pond-apple|Annona glabra]]'' ([[Pond-apple]], Alligator-apple, Monkey-apple)
** ''Annona palustris''
* ''[[Annona glaucophylla]]''
* ''[[Annona haematantha]]''
* ''[[Annona hayesii]]''
* ''[[Annona hexapetala]]''
**''Artabotrys hexapetalus'' (L. f.) Bhandari
* ''[[Annona hybrid]]''{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}
* ''[[Annona hypoglauca]]''
* ''[[Annona hystricoides]]''<!-- AnnMOBotGard78:273 -->
* ''[[Annona incana]]''
**''Asimina incana'' (W. Bartram) Exell
* ''[[Annona jahnii]]''
* ''[[Annona jamaicensis]]''
* ''[[Annona longiflora]]''
* ''[[Annona lutescens]]''
* ''[[Annona macrocalyx]]''
* ''[[Annona malmeana]]''
* ''[[Annona manabiensis]]''
* ''[[Annona microcarpa]]''
* ''[[Annona montana]]'' Macfad. ([[Anona#Mountain_soursop|Mountain Soursop]])
** ''Annona marcgravii'' Mart.
* ''[[Annona monticola]]''
* ''[[Annona mucosa]]''
* ''[[Annona muricata]]'' ([[Soursop]], Guanábana)
** ''Annona macrocarpa'' auct.
{{ColBreak}}
* ''[[Annona myristica]]''
**''Monodora myristica'' (Gaertn.) Dunal
* ''[[Annona nutans]]''
* ''[[Annona obovata]]''
**''Asimina obovata'' (Willd.) Nash
* ''[[Annona oligocarpa]]''
* ''[[Annona paludosa]]''
* ''[[Annona paraguayensis]]''
* ''[[Annona phaeoclados]]''
* ''[[Annona praetermissa]]''
* ''[[Annona purpurea]]'' ([[Sonconya]])
* ''[[Annona pygmaea]]''
* ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ([[Anona#|Custard_apple]], Bullock's-heart, Corazón)
* ''[[Annona salzmannii]]''
* ''[[Annona scleroderma]]'' ([[Poshe-te]], Cawesh)
* ''[[Annona senegalensis]]'' ([[Anona#Wild_Custard_apple|Wild Custard-apple]])
** ''Annona chrysophylla''
* ''[[Annona sericea]]''
* ''[[Annona spinescens]]''
* ''[[Annona spraguei]]''
* ''[[Annona squamosa]]'' ([[Anona#Sugar_apple|Sugar-apple]], Sweetsop, Anón)
* ''[[Annona sylvatica]]''
**''Rollinia sylvatica'' (A. St.-Hil.) Mart.
* ''[[Annona testudinea]]''
* ''[[Annona triloba]]'' L.
**''Asimina triloba'' (L.) Dunal ([[Asimina triloba|Common pawpaw]])
* ''[[Annona trunciflora]]''
{{EndMultiCol}}
==Insects and diseases==
''Annona'' are generally disease free. They are susceptible to some fungus and wilt. Ants are a problem since they promote mealy bugs on the fruit.<ref name="vcc">{{cite web
| url = http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/counties/ceventura/Agriculture265/Cherimoya.htm
| title = Cherimoya
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
| author = Robert Vieth, Master Gardener
| authorlink = University of California, Davis
| format = HTML
| work = Minor subtropicals
| publisher = [[University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources|Ventura County Cooperative Extension]]
}}</ref>
;Insects
{{MultiCol}}
*''[[Braephratiloides cubense]]'' (Annona seed borer)
*''[[Bepratelloides cubense]]'' (Annona seed borer)<ref name="Crops">{{cite web
| url = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IG/IG07900.pdf
| title = Insect Pests of Annona Crops
| accessdate = 2008-04-19
| author = Jorge Pena and Freddie Johnson
| authorlink = Florida Cooperative Extension Service
| date = October 1993
| format = PDF
| work = Other Fruits With Insecticides Known to Have Labels for Use
| publisher = Department of Entomology, [[University of Florida]]
}}</ref><ref name="Landscape">{{cite web
| url = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG330
| title = Sugar Apple Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
| accessdate = 2008-04-19
| author = Jonathan H. Crane, Carlos F. Balerdi, and Ian Maguire
| authorlink = Florida Cooperative Extension Service
| coauthors =
| date = April 1994
| format = HTML
| work = Fact Sheet HS38
| publisher = Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, [[University of Florida]]
}}</ref>
*''[[Morganella]] longispina'' (Plumose scale)
*''[[Philephedra]]'' n.sp. (Philephedra scale)
*''[[Pseudococcus]]'' sp. (Mealy bugs)
*''[[Xyleborus]]'' sp. (Ambrosia beetles)<ref name="Crops"/>
*''[[Ammiscus polygrophoides]]''
*''[[Anastrepha atrox]]''
*''[[Anastrepha barandianae]]''
*''[[Anastrepha bistrigata]]''
*''[[Anastrepha chiclayae]]''
*''[[Anastrepha disticta]]''
*''[[Anastrepha extensa]]''
*''[[Anastrepha fraterculus]]''
*''[[Anastrepha oblicua]]''
*''[[Anastrepha serpentina]]''
*''[[Anastrepha striata]]''
*''[[Anastrepha suspensa]]''
*''[[Apate monachus]]''
*''[[Bactrocera]]'' spp.
{{ColBreak}}
*''[[Bephrata maculicollis]]''
*''[[Brevipalpus spp.]]''
*''[[Ceratitis capitata]]''
*''[[Cerconota anonella]]''
*''[[Coccoidea spp.]]''
*''[[Emanadia flavipennis]]''
*''[[Gelwchiidae]]'' spp.
*''[[Heliothrips haemorphoidalis]]''
*''[[Leosynodes elegantales]]''
*''[[Lyonetia spp.]]''
*''[[Oiketicus kirby]]''
*''[[Orthezia olivicola]]''
*''[[Phyllocnistis]]'' spp.
*''[[Pinnaspis aspidistrae]]''
*''[[Pseudococcus citri]]''
*''[[Saissetia nigra]]''
*''[[Talponia]]'' spp.
*''[[Tenuipalpidae]]''
*''[[Tetranynchus]]'' spp.
*''[[Thrips]]''<ref name="Bridg">{{cite web
| url = http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/bridg-hannia-2000-03-24/HTML/brigd-ch1.html
| title = Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of ''Annona cherimola'' Mill. and ''Annona muricata'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
| last = Bridg
| first = Hannia
| date = 2001-05-03
| format = HTML
| publisher = Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver der [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin]]
}}</ref>
{{EndMultiCol}}
----
;Fungi
{{MultiCol}}
*''[[Armillaria]]'' (oak root fungus)
*''[[Ascochyta cherimolaer]]''
*''[[Botryodiplodia theobremae]]''
*''[[Cercospora annonaceae]]''
*''[[Cladosporium carpophilum]]''
*''[[Colletotrichium]]'' spp.
*''[[Colletotrichium annonicola]]''
*''[[Colletotrichium gloeosporioides]]''
*''[[Corticium salmonicolor]]''
*''[[Fumagina]]'' spp.
*''[[Fusarium solani]]''
*''[[Gloeosporium]]''
*''[[Glomerella cingulata]]''
*''[[Isariopsis anonarum]]''
*''[[Koleroga noxis]]''
*''[[Monilia]]''
*''[[Nectria episphaeria]]''
{{ColBreak}}
*''[[Oidium]]''
*''[[Phakopsora cherimolae]]''
*''[[Phomopsis]]'' spp.
*''[[Phomopsis annonacearum]]''
*''[[Phyllosticta]]''
*''[[Phythium]]'' spp.
*''[[Phytophtora palmivora]]''
*''[[Phytophtora parasitica]]''
*''[[Rhizopus nigricans]]''
*''[[Rhizopus stolonifer]]''
*''[[Rhizoctonia spp.]]''
*''[[Rhizoctonia solani]]''
*''[[Salssetia oleare]]''
*''[[Sclerotium rolfsii]]''
*''[[Uredo cherimola]]''
*''[[Verticillium]] (wilt)
*''[[Zignoella annonicola]]''<ref name="Bridg"/><ref name="vcc"/>
{{EndMultiCol}}
----
;Nematodes
{{MultiCol}}
*''[[Cephalobidae]]'' spp.
*''[[Dorylaimidae]]'' spp.
*''[[Gracilacus]]'' spp.
*''[[Helicotylenchus]]'' spp.
*''[[Hemicycliophora]]'' spp.
{{ColBreak}}
*''[[Hoplolaimidae]]'' spp.
*''[[Meloidogyne incognita]]'' spp.
*''[[Pratylenchus]]'' spp.
*''[[Paratylenchus micoletzky. Rhabditis]]'' spp.
*''[[Tylenchorhynchus]]'' spp.
*''[[Xiphinema americanum]]'' <ref name="Bridg"/>
{{EndMultiCol}}
----
;Algae
*''[[Cephaleuros virescens]]''
*''[[Cephalosporium]]'' spp.
*''[[Paecilomyces]]'' spp. <ref name="Bridg"/>
----
;Diseases
*''[[Diplodia]] natalensis'' (Dry fruit rot)
*Fruit rot<ref name="Crops"/>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline}}
*{{wikispecies-inline}}
* [http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/annonaceae/indices/neotropics/typetaxa/annona.htm Type Collections of Neotropical Annonaceae - ''Annona'' — has pictures and details on these and other ''Annona'' species]
[[Category:Magnoliales]]
[[Category:Annonaceae]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[cs:Láhevník]]
[[da:Annona]]
[[de:Annona]]
[[es:Annona]]
[[eo:Anono]]
[[fr:Annona]]
[[hsb:Anona]]
[[he:אנונה]]
[[nl:Annona]]
[[pl:Flaszowiec]]
[[pt:Annona]]
[[vi:Chi Na]]