Annonaceae
432507
208322976
2008-04-26T14:18:45Z
Lisatwo
4460024
Disambiguate [[Filament]] to [[wiktionary:Filament]] using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]
{{Taxobox
| image = Annona squamosa.jpg
| image_width = 230px
| image_caption = [[Sugar-apple|''Annona squamosa'']] fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Magnoliales]]
| familia = '''Annonaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
''Hornschuchiaceae'' <small>J. Agardh</small><br/>
''Monodoraceae'' <small>J. Agardh</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?66
| title = Family: ''Annonaceae'' Juss., nom. cons.
| accessdate = 2008-04-18
| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| date = 2007-05-12
| format = HTML
| work = Taxonomy for Plants
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref>
}}
'''Annonaceae''' family, also called '''custard apple family'''<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=18092|taxon=Annonaceae|year=2008|date=18 March}}</ref><ref name="FNA">{{cite journal
| last =Flora of North America
| authorlink =Flora of North America
| title = 2. Annonaceae Jussieu
| volume =3
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047
| accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>
is a family of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s or rarely woody [[liana]]s.<ref name="FNA"/>
With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera,<ref name="Bridg">{{cite web
| url = http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/bridg-hannia-2000-03-24/HTML/brigd-ch1.html
| title = Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of ''Annona cherimola'' Mill. and ''Annona muricata'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
| last = Bridg
| first = Hannia
| date = 2001-05-03
| format = HTML
| publisher = Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver der [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin]]
}}</ref>
it is the largest family in the [[Magnoliales]]. Only four genera, ''[[Annona]]'', ''[[Rollinia]]'', ''[[Uvaria]]'' and ''[[Asimina]]'' produce edible fruits, [[anona]].<ref name="Bridg"/>
Its [[type genus]] is ''[[Annona]]''. The family is concentrated in the [[tropics]], with few species found in [[temperate]] regions. About 900 species are [[Neotropic]]al, 450 are [[Afrotropic]]al, and the other species [[Indomalaya]]n.
Compared to the species from the [[Neotropic]] area, very little is known about the species from [[Indomalaya]]. Only a few attempts have been made for the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|phylogeny-based reclassification]] of the family, and those have been hampered by the [[Neotropic]] bias in the available information, with the most of the work having been done on informal genus groups.<ref name="nh1">{{cite journal
| last =Chatrou
| first =Dr. L.W.
| authorlink =National Herbarium of the Netherlands
| title =Molecular Systematics of Annonaceae
| journal =Annonaceae research projects
| publisher =Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
| date =2005-07-29
| url =http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Molecular%20Systematics%20of%20Annonaceae
| accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>
''[[Guatteria]]'' with its approximately 265 species is the largest genus of Annonaceae and might be broken into three small genera based on molecular characters from multiple locations.<ref name="nh2">{{cite journal
| last =Erkens
| first =R.H.J.
| authorlink =National Herbarium of the Netherlands
| coauthors = Dr L.W. Chatrou, Dr J. Koek-Noorman and Prof. P.J.M. Maas
| title =Phylogeny and evolution of ''Guatteria''
| journal =Annonaceae research projects
| publisher =Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
| date =2005-07-29
| url =http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20Guatteria
| accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>
Tribe [[Saccopetaleae]] is another group of Annonaceae that is awaiting review as recent molecular studies suggest that this tribe is not monophyletic at all.<ref name="nh3">{{cite journal
| last =Mols
| first =J.B.
| authorlink =National Herbarium of the Netherlands
| coauthors = Dr L.W. Chatrou, Dr J. Koek-Noorman and Prof. P.J.M. Maas
| title =Phylogeny of ''Miliusa'' and allied Asian Annonaceae using cpDNA and morphology
| journal =Annonaceae research projects
| publisher =Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
| date =2005-07-29
| url =http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Phylogeny%20of%20Miliusa%20and%20allied%20Asian%20Annonaceae%20using%20cpDNA%20and%20morphology
| accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref>
==Description==
Mostly tropical, [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] trees and shrubs, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.<ref name="FNA"/>
;Stems, stalks and leaves: Bark is fibrous and aromatic. [[Pith]] fine tangential bands;<ref name="nh1"/> divided by partition or partitions to divided by thin partitions with openings in them.<ref name="FNA"/>
:Leaves are alternate, simple, without stipules (the mini-leafs that grow by the leaf stalks), and have leaf stalks. Leaf blades consists of several leaflets, or separate portions, arranged on each side of a common leaf stalk separated by veins.<ref name="FNA"/>
;Flowers: Flower stalks start from the axil or sometimes from leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaf on new shoots. The family can have solitary flowers or small bundles ([[fascicles]]) that grow from a flower stalk ([[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]). Flowers are [[bisexual (disambiguation)|bisexual]] and rarely [[Gonochorism|unisexual]]. The apex of the flower stalk, from which the organs of the flower grow might become enlarged, elevated or flat. The outer parts have the [[sepal]]s, [[petal]]s, and [[stamens]] inserted below the [[pistil]] and do not overlap. Usually two to four persistent sepals that are individual or connected at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same nectar glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the pistil, spirally arranged and forming ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout [[wiktionary:Filament|filament]]s and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and are open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils.<ref name="FNA"/>
;Fruits and seeds: From each pistil comes a part of the fruit and one seed. Fruits are a collection of fleshy seed sacs (syncarps) which makes them a berry. This family can make one to twelve syncarps per flower. Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo and are oily.<ref name="FNA"/>
==Uses==
;Food: The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members typically called [[Anona]] by Spanish and Portuguese speaking people who lived where they grew natively, include species of ''[[Annona]]'' (custard apple, cherimoya, and soursop), ''[[Asimina]]'' (papaw), ''[[Rollinia]]'' (the biriba).
;Medical: The bark, leaves and roots of some species are used in [[folk medicine]]s. [[Pharmaceutic]] research has found [[antifungal]], [[bacteriostatic]], and especially [[cytostatic]] capability of some chemical constituents of the leaves and bark. A large number of chemical compounds, including [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s and [[acetogenin]]s, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids have shown antibacterial properties, and have been used for treatment of medical conditions, such as [[skin disease]], [[intestinal worms]] and [[inflammation]] of the eye. Many species are used in traditional folk medicine, however pharmaceutical products have been developed for the international market. [[Acetogenins]] are thought to have anti-[[HIV]] and anti-[[cancer]] effects. A wide variety of products have been developed and are available for cancer treatment.<ref name="icuc">{{cite web
| url = http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
| title = Factsheet No. 5. ''Annona''
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
| author = University of Southampton
| authorlink = University of Southampton
| date = March 2002
| format = PDF
| work = Fruits for the Future
| publisher = [[Department for International Development]], International Centre for Underutilized Crops
}}</ref>
;Insecticides: Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leafs and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.<ref name="icuc"/>
;Other: Some species of the family also have [[aromatic oil]] and are used for [[perfume]]s or [[spice]]s.<ref name="nh1"/>
:The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the [[Amazon Rainforest]]<ref name="nh1"/> and for wooden implements, such as tool handles and pegs<ref name="icuc"/>. The wood is valued as [[firewood]].<ref name="nh1"/>
:[[Yellow]] and [[brown]] [[dyes]].<ref name="icuc"/>
:Some species are also grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, especially ''[[Polyalthia longifolia pendula]]''.
==Genera==
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Afroguatteria]]''
*''[[Alphonsea]]''
*''[[Ambavia]]''
*''[[Anaxagorea]]''
*''[[Ancana]]''
*''[[Annickia]]''
*''[[Annona]]''
*''[[Anomianthus]]''
*''[[Anonidium]]''
*''[[Artabotrys]]'' - [[trail-grape]]
*''[[Asimina]]''
*''[[Asteranthe]]''
*''[[Balonga]]''
*''[[Bocagea]]''
*''[[Bocageopsis]]''
*''[[Boutiquea]]''
*''[[Cananga]]'' - [[Ylang-ylang]]
*''[[Cardiopetalum]]''
*''[[Cleistochlamys]]''
*''[[Cleistopholis]]''
*''[[Craibella]]''</br>
*''[[Cremastosperma]]''
*''[[Cyathocalyx]]''
*''[[Cyathostemma]]''
*''[[Cymbopetalum]]''<!-- Bird Conservation International (2007) 17:45–61. doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000554 -->
*''[[Dasoclema]]''
*''[[Dasymaschalon]]''
*''[[Deeringothamnus]]'' - [[false pawpaw]]
*''[[Dendrokingstonia]]''
*''[[Dennettia]]''
*''[[Desmopsis]]''
*''[[Desmos]]''
*''[[Diclinanona]]''
*''[[Dielsiothamnus]]''
*''[[Disepalum]]''
*''[[Duckeanthus]]''
*''[[Duguetia]]''<!-- AnnMOBotGard78:273 -->
*''[[Ellipeia]]''
*''[[Ellipeiopsis]]''
*''[[Enicosanthum]]''
*''[[Ephedranthus]]''
*''[[Exellia]]''
|
*''[[Fissistigma]]''
*''[[Fitzalania]]''
*''[[Friesodielsia]]''
*''[[Froesiodendron]]''
*''[[Fusaea]]''
*''[[Gilbertiella]]''
*''[[Goniothalamus]]''
*''[[Greenwayodendron]]''
*''[[Guamia]]''
*''[[Guatteria]]'' - [[haya minga]], [[haya blanca]]
*''[[Guatteriella]]''
*''[[Guatteriopsis]]''
*''[[Haplostichanthus]]''
*''[[Heteropetalum]]''
*''[[Hexalobus]]''
*''[[Hornschuchia]]''
*''[[Isolona]]''
*''[[Letestudoxa]]''
*''[[Lettowianthus]]''
*''[[Malmea]]''
*''[[Marsypopetalum]]''
*''[[Meiocarpidium]]''
*''[[Meiogyne]]''
*''[[Melodorum]]''
*''[[Mezzettia]]''
*''[[Mezzettiopsis]]''
*''[[Miliusa]]''
*''[[Mischogyne]]''
*''[[Mitrella]]''
*''[[Mitrephora]]''
*''[[Mkilua]]''
*''[[Monanthotaxis]]''
*''[[Monocarpia]]''
*''[[Monocyclanthus]]''
*''[[Monodora]]''
*''[[Neostenanthera]]''
*''[[Neo-uvaria]]''
*''[[Onychopetalum]]''
*''[[Ophrypetalum]]''
*''[[Oreomitra]]''
*''[[Orophea]]''
|
*''[[Oxandra]]'' - [[blacklancewood]], [[haya]]
*''[[Pachypodanthium]]''
*''[[Papualthia]]''
*''[[Petalolophus]]''
*''[[Phaeanthus]]''
*''[[Phoenicanthus]]''
*''[[Piptostigma]]''
*''[[Platymitra]]''
*''[[Polyalthia]]''
*''[[Polyceratocarpus]]''
*''[[Popowia]]''
*''[[Porcelia]]''
*''[[Pseudartabotrys]]''
*''[[Pseudephedranthus]]''
*''[[Pseudoxandra]]''
*''[[Pseuduvaria]]''
*''[[Pyramidanthe]]''
*''[[Raimondia]]''
*''[[Reedrollinsia]]''
*''[[Richella]]''
*''[[Rollinia]]'' - [[wild sugar-apple]]
*''[[Ruizodendron]]''
*''[[Sageraea]]''
*''[[Sanrafaelia]]''
*''[[Sapranthus]]''
*''[[Schefferomitra]]''
*''[[Sphaerocoryne]]''
*''[[Stelechocarpus]]'' - [[kepel]]
*''[[Stenanona]]''
*''[[Tetrameranthus]]''
*''[[Toussaintia]]''
*''[[Tridimeris]]''
*''[[Trigynaea]]''
*''[[Trivalvaria]]''
*''[[Unonopsis]]''
*''[[Uvaria]]''
*''[[Uvariastrum]]''
*''[[Uvariodendron]]''
*''[[Uvariopsis]]''
*''[[Woodiellantha]]''
*''[[Xylopia]]''
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline}}
{{wikispecies-inline}}
*{{ITIS|ID=18092|taxon=Annonaceae|year=2008|date=18 March}}
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?66 List of Annonaceae genera of the GRIN Database]
[[Category:Annonaceae| ]]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[cs:Láhevníkovité]]
[[da:Cherimoya-familien]]
[[de:Annonengewächse]]
[[es:Annonaceae]]
[[fr:Annonaceae]]
[[it:Annonaceae]]
[[ka:ანონისებრნი]]
[[lt:Anoniniai]]
[[hu:Annónafélék]]
[[nl:Annonaceae]]
[[ja:バンレイシ科]]
[[no:Annonaceae]]
[[pl:Flaszowcowate]]
[[pt:Annonaceae]]
[[sr:Annonaceae]]
[[te:అనోనేసి]]
[[vi:Họ Na]]
[[tr:Annonaceae]]
[[zh:番荔枝科]]