Anthozoa
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2008-07-16T19:10:59Z
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{{Taxobox
| name = Anthozoa | image = Scheibenanemonen (Actinodiscus spec).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Stony corals, ''[[Scleractinia]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Cnidaria]]
| classis = '''Anthozoa'''
| classis_authority = [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1831
}}
'''Anthozoa''' is a class within the phylum [[Cnidaria]] that contains the [[sea anemone]]s and [[coral]]s. Unlike other cnidarians, anthozoans do not have a [[medusa (biology)|medusa]] stage in their development. Instead, they release [[sperm]] and eggs that form a [[planula]], which attaches to some [[Substrate (biochemistry)|substrate]] on which the cnidarian grows. Some anthozoans can also reproduce asexually through [[budding]].
All cnidarian species can feed by catching prey with [[cnidocyte|nematocyst]]s, sea anemones capable of catching fish and corals catching [[plankton]]. Some of the species also harbour a type of [[algae]], [[dinoflagellate]]s called [[zooxanthella]]e, in a [[symbiotic]] relationship; the reef building corals known as hermatypic corals rely on this symbiotic relationship particularly. The zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host, and the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased [[calcium carbonate]] production in hermatypic corals.<ref name=MilneBay>[http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/png/png3.htm Contribution to the BUFUS Newsletter, Field excursion to Milne Bay Province - Papua New Guinea, Madl and Yip 2000]
</ref>
Anemones and certain species of coral live in isolation, however most corals form colonies of genetically identical polyps; these polyps closely resemble anemonies in structure, although are generally considerably smaller. Most kinds of [[Deep water coral|stony coral]] live in all parts of the underwater world.
[[Image:Giant Green Anemone.gif|thumb|250px|right|[[Giant green anemone]], likely Epicystis crucifer, Southern [[California]]]]
== Phylogeny ==
The two subclasses are divided into a number of orders<ref name=TOL>
{{cite web
| author = Fautin, Daphne G. and Romano, Sandra L.
| year = 2000
| url = http://tolweb.org/Anthozoa/17634/2000.10.03
| title = Anthozoa. Sea Anemones, Corals, Sea Pens.
| format =
| work = The Tree of Life Web Project
| publisher =
| accessdate = 2006-03-31
}}</ref> and a series of orders.<ref name=Chen>
{{cite journal
| author = Chen, C. A., D. M. Odorico, M. ten Lohuis, J. E. N. Veron, and D. J. Miller
| year = 1995
| month = June
| title = Systematic relationships within the Anthozoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) using the 5'-end of the 28S rDNA
| journal = Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution
| volume = 4
| issue = 2
| pages = 175–183
| pmid = 7663762
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WNH-45R889V-14-1&_cdi=6963&_user=10&_orig=search&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1995&_qd=1&_sk=999959997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzV&md5=531282d4acffe5b53431d2dcb91df8a8&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
| doi = 10.1006/mpev.1995.1017
}}</ref><ref name=France>
{{cite journal
| author = France, S. C., P. E. Rosel, J. E. Agenbroad, L. S. Mullineaux, and T. D. Kocher
| year = 1996
| month = March
| title = DNA sequence variation of mitochondrial large-subunit rRNA provides support for a two subclass organization of the Anthozoa (Cnidaria)
| journal = Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology
| volume = 5
| issue = 1
| pages = 15–28
| pmid = 8869515
| url =
}}</ref><ref name=ADW>
{{cite web
| author = Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey
| year = 2006
| url = http://tolweb.org/Anthozoa/17634/2000.10.03
| title = Subclass Alcyonaria
| work = The Animal Diversity Web (online)
| accessdate = 2006-03-31
}}</ref><ref name=Kotrc>
{{cite web
| author = Ben Kotrc
| year = 2005
| url = http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/anthozoa/subgroups.html
| title = Anthozoa: Subgroups
| format =
| work = Fossil Groups
| publisher = University of Bristol
| accessdate = 2007-04-09
}}</ref>, extinct orders from the [[Paleozoic]] (570-245 [[Mya (unit)|m.y.a.]])<ref name=Oliver>
{{cite book
| author = Oliver, W. A., Jr.
| editor = G. D. J. Stanley (ed.)
| year = 1996
| title = Paleobiology and Biology of Corals
| chapter = Origins and relationships of Paleozoic coral groups and the origin of the Scleractinia
| pages = 107-134
| publisher = The Paleontological Society
| location = Columbus, Ohio
}}</ref> are marked with †.
*Subclass [[Alcyonaria]] (= Octocorallia) (8-way symmetry)
**[[Alcyonacea]] (soft corals)
**[[Gorgonacea]] (sea fans, sea feathers)
**[[Helioporacea]] (= Coenothecalia) (Indo-Pacific blue coral)
**[[sea pen|Pennatulacea]] (sea pens, sea pansies)
**[[Stolonifera]] (organ-pipe coral, tree fern coral)
**[[Telestacea]] (soft corals)
*Subclass [[Zoantharia]] (= Hexacorallia) (6-way symmetry)
**[[Tube-dwelling anemone|Ceriantharia]] (tube-dwelling anemones)
**[[Sea anemone|Actiniaria]] (sea anemones)
**[[Corallimorpharia]]
**[[Numidiaphyllida]] †
**[[Scleractinia]] (= Madreporaria) (stony corals)
**[[Kilbuchophyllida]] †
**[[Black coral|Antipatharia]] (black corals, thorny corals)
**[[Zoanthid]]ea
**[[Heterocorallia]] †
**[[Rugosa]] † (= Tetracoralla) (horned corals)
**[[Heliolitida]] †
**[[Tabulata]] † (tabulate corals)
**[[Cothoniida]] †
**[[Tabuloconida]] †
**[[Ptychodactiaria]]
== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Anthozoa| ]]
[[Category:Cnidarians]]
[[bs:Koral]]
[[ca:Antozou]]
[[cs:Korálnatci]]
[[de:Blumentiere]]
[[et:Õisloomad]]
[[el:Ανθόζωο]]
[[es:Anthozoa]]
[[fr:Anthozoa]]
[[ko:산호충강]]
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[[ka:მარჯნის პოლიპები]]
[[lv:Koraļļpolipi]]
[[lt:Koraliniai polipai]]
[[nl:Bloemdieren]]
[[no:Koralldyr]]
[[oc:Anthozoa]]
[[pl:Koralowce]]
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[[qu:T'ika k'arachiq]]
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[[sr:Корал]]
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[[tr:Mercanlar]]
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