Anti-Europeanism 4545731 224839785 2008-07-10T17:26:35Z Sardanaphalus 427947 updating link using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] '''Anti-Europeanism''' is hostility, opposition or discrimination directed towards the [[governments]], [[culture]] or [[people]] of [[Europe]]. Anti-Europeanism, which is distinct from [[Euroscepticism]],<ref name="Ash">{{cite web |url= http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3058211.html |title= Anti-Europeanism in America |author= [[Timothy Garton Ash]] |format= [[html]] |work= [[Hoover Institution|Hoover Digest]] 2003 #2 ([http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=16059 Earlier version] in [[The New York Review of Books]], [[13 February]] [[2003]]) |quote= We have to distinguish between legitimate, informed criticism of the [[European Union|EU]] or current European attitudes and some deeper, more settled hostility to Europe and Europeans as such… Anti-Europeanism is not [[Symmetry|symmetrical]] with [[anti-Americanism]]… [which] is a real obsession for entire countries, notably for France, as [[Jean-François Revel]] has recently argued. }}</ref> refers to rejection of the [[culture of Europe]] and [[Europeanisation]], sentiments, opinions and discrimination against [[European ethnic groups]], and criticism of policies of European governments and the [[European Community]].<ref name="Gitlin">{{cite web |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,887751,00.html |title= Europe? Frankly, America doesn't give a damn... |author= [[Todd Gitlin]] |format= [[html]] |work= [[The Guardian]] |date= [[3 February]] [[2003]] |quote= [[Donald Rumsfeld|Rumsfeld]]'s disdain is as old as America, an extension of Europe, which in a certain sense founded itself as the anti-Europe. }}</ref><ref name="Boyles">{{cite web |url= http://www.nationalreview.com/europress/boyles200410291315.asp |title= Like, Wow |author= Dennis Boyles |format= [[html]] |work= [[National Review]] Online |date= [[29 October]] [[2004]] |quote= As ''[[Libération]]'' reports with some shock, after centuries during which the mere mention of ''[[France|la France]]'' was 'enough to evoke notions of elegance and refinement' (especially in American [[trailer park]]s) suddenly the word 'French' has 'become a dirty word.' }}</ref><ref name="Lexington">{{cite web |url= http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9084422 |title= Anti-Europeanism is a bad response to anti-Americanism |author= Lexington |format= [[html]] |work= [[The Economist]] |date= [[26 April]] [[2007]] |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Elsner">{{cite web |url= http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0630-23.htm |title= Anti-Europeanism Flourishes on U.S. Right |author= Alan Elsner |format= [[html]] |work= [[Common Dreams NewsCenter]] (Published on Thursday, [[June 30]], [[2005]] by [[Reuters]]) |quote= On the economic front, the United States has produced consistently higher growth rates and lower unemployment than many nations in Europe. Some U.S. commentators blame the excessive regulations imposed by the [[European Community]]. Others say Europeans are plain lazy. "French voters are trying to preserve a 35-hour workweek in a world where [[India]]n engineers are ready to work a 35-hour day," wrote [[The New York Times|New York Times]] columnist [[Thomas Friedman]] earlier this month. }}</ref> Some aspects of anti-Europeanism, in the [[United States]] and elsewhere, are rooted in the [[history of colonialism]] and its [[Impact and evaluation of colonialism and colonization|impact and aftermath]] in [[List of former European colonies|former European colonies]].<ref name="Weber">{{cite web |url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDC113EF930A15755C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title= "Everything's Up-to-Date in 1830" |author= [[Eugen Weber]] |format= [[html]] |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= [[23 June]] [[1991]] review of ''The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830,'' by [[Paul Johnson (writer)|Paul Johnson]]. [[New York City|New York]]: [[HarperCollins]], 1991 |quote= The age of wars of national liberation, of massacres and countermassacres, of anti-European propaganda and anti[[Colonialism|colonial]] rhetoric dawned in [[Latin America]] around 1810. There, as in [[Greece]] — grave of many illusions — or later in [[Italy]], nationalists depended on foreign aid, or on the incompetence of the power they challenged. }}</ref><ref name="Pakkasvirta">{{cite web |url= http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/ibero/xaman/articulos/9701/9701_jup.html |title= "Nationalism and Continentalism in Latin American History" |format= [[html]] |author= Jussi Pakkasvirta |date= [http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/ibero/pakkasvirta/ Professor of World Politics,] [[University of Helsinki]] - [http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/renvall/english/index.html Renvall Institute] and ''[http://www.elnorte.fi/about El Norte - The Finnish Journal of Latin American Studies]'' |quote= Continentalist definitions presented a fervent anti-European thinking.” [[Antenor Orrego]]: “European traditions in [[Latin America]] have been even more destructive for the well-being of the continent than US [[imperialism]]. European [[decadence]] and [[vice]]s have to be replaced by '[[Authenticity|authentic]] [[americanism]].'” [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]]: “[[Marxism]] was a too [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] theory to be applied in Latin American circumstances. }}</ref><ref name="Gallagher and Robinson">{{cite web |url= http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ipe/gallagher.htm |title= "The Imperialism of Free Trade" |author= John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson |format= [[html]] |work= [[The Economic History Society|The Economic History Review]], Second series, Vol. VI, no. 1 (1953) |publisher= [[Mount Holyoke College]] |quote= Foreign [[loan]]s and predatory [[bank]]ers by the 1870s had wrecked Egyptian finances and were tearing holes in the Egyptian political fabric. The [[Anglo-French]] dual financial control, designed to safeguard the foreign [[Bond (finance)|bondholders]] and to restore [[Egypt]] as a good risk, provoked anti-European feeling. }}</ref><ref name="Falola and Fleming">{{cite web |url= http://science.jrank.org/pages/10399/Nationalism-in-Africa-Postcolonial-Nationalism-in-Africa.html |title= "Postcolonial Nationalism in Africa" |author= Toyin Falola and Tyler Fleming |format= [[html]] |work= Science Encyclopedia, The History of Ideas Vol 4 |quote= [[African nationalism]] of the 1950s and 1960s was overtly anti[[Colonialism|colonial]] or anti-European. }}</ref><ref name="R C Johnson">{{cite web |url= http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v3/v3n1/frcoin.html |title= "COIN: French Counter-Insurgency Aircraft, 1946-1965" |author= Robert Craig Johnson |format= [[html]] |work= [http://worldatwar.net/ The World at War] |date= 1998 |quote= [[French rule in Algeria|Algeria]] presented [[French colonial empires|France]] with a set of tactical and political problems as different as the [[North Africa]]n terrain differed from that of [[French Indochina|Indochina]]. Politically, Algeria was an integral part of the [[France in the twentieth century|French Republic]] rather than a colony. Its native [[Berber people|Berber]] and [[Arab]] people were technically French citizens. But discrimination was rife, and the [[White African|European immigrants]], the ''"[[Pied-noir|pieds-noirs]],"'' had a stranglehold on local government, owned most of the arable land, and controlled the [[police]]. When Arabs and Berbers were belatedly allowed to vote for half of a [[Constituent assembly|constituent provincial assembly]] in [[Nationalism and resistance in Algeria#Polarization and politicization|1948 and 1951]], blatant [[fraud]] gave the ''[[pied-noir]]'' candidates a sweeping victory. The resulting anti-European riots were savagely repressed at a cost of thousands of lives. }}</ref><ref name="Mazrui">{{cite web |url= http://www.swahilionline.com/features/articles/mazrui/mazrui7.htm |title= "Between Terrorism and Wars of Liberation" |author= [[Ali Mazrui|Ali A. Mazrui]] |format= [[html]] |work= [http://www.swahilionline.com/index.html Swahili Online] |date= 1999 |quote= If anti-European and anti-[[Colonialism|colonial]] terrorism in Africa had produced good results in the end for Africa, [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] and [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]] terrorism in the Middle East has not yet found its moment of triumph. Both the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] have been paying a price for the anti-American [[terrorism]]. The violent price which the Middle East is paying is obvious, especially in [[Palestine]], [[Iraq]] and in neighboring [[Afghanistan]]. What is the price which Africa is paying for terrorism against the [[United States]]? }}</ref> Some anti-European attitudes are related to political differences. [[Foreign policy]] issues, particularly with respect to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] from which several European governments withheld their support, prompted criticism from politicians and columnists in the United States,<ref name="Ash"/><ref name="Lexington"/><ref name="Pipes">{{cite web |url= http://www.nysun.com/article/43450 |title= Steyn's New Book Combines Humor, Accuracy, Depth |author= [[Daniel Pipes]] |format= [[html]] |work= [[The New York Sun]] |publisher= [[Book review]] of ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'' |date= [[14 November]] [[2006]] |quote= }}</ref> where some anti-European attitudes also reflect [[domestic policy]] concerns about the possible results if European policies were to be adopted there.<ref name="Elsner"/><ref name="McPherson">{{cite web |url= http://www.fff.org/comment/com0302p.asp |title= Healthcare Socialism |author= Scott McPherson |format= [[html]] |work= [[Future of Freedom Foundation]] |date= [[21 February]] [[2003]] |quote= }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==See also== * [[Anti-German sentiment]] * [[Eurocentrism]] * [[Eurotrash]] * [[Francophobia]] * [[Old Europe]] * [[Pan-Europeanism]] {{Discrimination}} [[Category:Anti-national sentiment]] [[fr:Antieuropéanisme]] [[he:אירופוביה]]