Anti-Polish sentiment
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[[Image:Ger Ju52 Sept.jpg|thumb|right|250px|"Whether numbers, gasoline, bombs, or bread, we bring Poland death." Painted on German [[Ju-52]] transport-plane fuselage during the 1939 [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].]]
The terms '''Polonophobia''', '''anti-Polonism''', '''antipolonism''' and '''anti-Polish sentiment''' refer to a spectrum of hostile attitudes toward [[Poles]]. These terms have been used in relation to tensions obtaining between Poles, or persons of Polish descent, and other peoples, whether living in direct proximity to Poles or in remoter areas of the world.
== Use of the term ==
Anti-Polonism, or Polonophobia, has been studied in scholarly works by Polish, German, American and Russian researchers [http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/seminars_conferences/DOLBILOV.pdf][http://www.sun.rhbnc.ac.uk/Music/Conferences/00-9-pol.html].
The term "anti-Polonism" was coined in [[Polish language|Polish]] before 1919. It was used by progressive Polish thinkers such as [[Jan Józef Lipski]] [http://polish-jewish-heritage.org/Pol/06-09_Jan_Jozef_Lipski.html] during the [[Solidarity]] years in connection with allegations of Polish [[antisemitism]]. It reappeared in Polish nationalist circles in the 1990s and eventually entered mainstream use, reflected in leading Polish newspapers such as ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'' [http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/wyborcza/1,42786,1343198.html].
The English spelling "antipolonism" (a [[loanword]] from the {{lang-pl|[[:pl:antypolonizm|antypolonizm]]}})
is of limited, yet well-established, usage.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
==Description==
Among the forms of hostility towards Poles and Polish culture are:
* organized persecution of Poles as an ethnic or cultural group, often based on the belief that Polish culture or interests are a threat to one's own national aspirations;
* [[racism|racist]] anti-Polonism, a variety of [[xenophobia]];
* cultural anti-Polonism: a prejudice against Poles and Polish-speaking persons;
* belittling the assistance given by Polish people to Jews during [[World War II]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
One of the historic examples of ''Polonophobia'' was ''polakożerstwo'' (in English - ''devouring of Poles'') — a term used in the 19th century to describe the actions taken to suppress Polish culture, education and religion, and eliminate Poles from public life and land property in Eastern Germany under [[Otto von Bismarck]], especially during the [[kulturkampf]], all the way until 1918. [http://www.omp.org.pl/index.php?module=subjects&func=printpage&pageid=68&scope=all#_ftn1]
Historic actions partly inspired by anti-Polonism ranged from political actions, the goal of which was to subdue the [[Poland|Polish state]];{{dubious}}<!---attempts to "subdue the Polish state, is not anti-Polonism but Geopolitics. It is similar ascribe the Poland's invasions in Ukraie to "Ukrainophobia"---> to physical extermination of the Polish nation. During World War II, when parts of Polish society were the object of [[Nazi]] [[genocide|genocidal]] policies, German anti-Polonism led to a campaign of mass murder.<ref>http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm</ref>
The groups which are today most frequently accused by Polish media of being hostile to Poland include [[Germany|German]] and [[Russia]]n politicians or political parties.<ref>Tomasz Bielecki. "Russia in search of the lost greatness", ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'', 2005-11-03. [http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/swiat/1,34181,2999052.html in Polish], [http://www.inosmi.ru/print/223487.html Russian translation]</ref>
==Persecution of ethnic Poles (to 1918)==
[[Image:P Oboz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|German [[concentration camp]] [[badge]]: required wear for Polish inmates.]]
Persecution of Poles and their culture made its appearance in the 18th century, in [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], a rival of Poland in the European political arena. For instance [[Georg Forster|Johann Georg Forster]] in his private letters dismissed the idea that the Poles were part of European culture, comparing them to primitive tribes and portraying Poland as an underdeveloped, uncivilized land awaiting the importation of ''Kultur'' from truly civilized countries. Such views were later repeated in the German ideas of [[Lebensraum]] and created stereotypes which Nazism would later exploit [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=1724846635492]. Racist texts published in the XVIII century were republished by German Reich after it conquered Poland, reflecting a trend among German scholars from the eighteenth into the twentieth century to perceive, in the difference between Germany and Poland, a boundary between civilization and barbarism, high German Kultur and "primitive Slavdom" [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=172484663549]. Prussian officials encouraged the view that the Poles were culturally inferior and in need of Prussian tutelage.[http://www.oslo2000.uio.no/program/papers/s18/s18-blackbourn.pdf]
[[Frederick the Great]] nourished a particular hatred and contempt for Poles. He spoke of the Poles as "slovenly Polish trash", "the Iroquois of Europe" and "a barbarous people sunk in ignorance and stupidity" [http://www.oslo2000.uio.no/program/papers/s18/s18-blackbourn.pdf], [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN9639241180&id=ieF7NYaEqQYC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=iroquois+poles+frederick&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Diroquois%2Bpoles%2Bfrederick&sig=1jAuJXSLBvbGJaA7sBxtkFP7-38]. The consequences were that nobility of Polish origin were obliged to pay higher taxes than that of German heritage, the Polish language was persecuted in Prussia, and Polish monasteries were viewed as "lairs of idleness" and their property often seized by Prussian authorities. The prevalent Catholicism among Poles was stigmatized.
When the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] lost the last vestiges of its independence in 1795 and [[partitions of Poland|remained partitioned for 123 years]], ethnic Poles were subjected to [[Germanization]] under [[Prussia]]n and later under German rule, and to [[Russification]] in the areas that had been annexed by [[Imperial Russia]].
[[Image:Execution of Poles by German Einsatzkomanndo Oktober1939.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Germans execute Poles against a prison wall, [[Leszno]], Poland, October 1939.]]
In Russia, being a Pole was in itself almost culpable. "Practically all of the Russian government, bureaucracy, and society were united in one outburst against the Poles... Rumor mongers informed the population about an order that had supposedly been given to kill... and take away their land."[http://archives.acls.org/programs/crn/network/ebook_gatagova_paper2.doc] [[Polish culture]] and religion was seen as a threat to Russian imperial ambitions, and officials often acted to disrupt Polish culture. [http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/seminars_conferences/DOLBILOV.pdf] Later, with the emergence of [[Panslavism|Panslavist]] ideology, Russian writers saw the Poles as betraying their "Slavic family" [http://www.acls.org/crn/network/ebook_gatagova_paper2.doc] because of Polish efforts to regain independence from the Russian Empire (the latter being viewed by Russian Panslavists as the natural leader of the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] nations). Hostility towards Poles is present in many of Russia's cultural works of the time. [http://www.toya.net.pl/~delazari/Szczukin%20-%20literatura%20przedmiotu.pdf] Russia used deportations, murder and confiscation of Polish nobles' property [http://www.stfrancis.edu/en/student/HeartofDark/Russian-occupied%20Poland.htm] to undermine Polish culture and society [http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/seminars_conferences/DOLBILOV.pdf]. The fact that Poles were overwhelmingly of Catholic and not Orthodox faith, likewise gave impetus to persecution, [http://www.yale.edu/ycias/europeanstudies/empire/Paper-Weeks.pdf], which was seen as a historical revenge and a rollback policy of Polish Catholic expansionism of previous centuries.
In Prussia, and later in Germany, Poles were forbidden to build homes, and their properties were targeted for forced buy-outs, financed by the Prussian and German governments. Otto von Bismarck described Poles, as animals (wolves), that "one shoots if one can" and implemented several harsh laws aiming at discrimination of Poles.
The Polish language was banned from use, and Polish children were tortured[http://www.sdw.icpnet.pl/historia.html] at school for speaking Polish ([[Września]]). Poles were also subject to forced deportations ([[Rugi Pruskie]]), and German government encouraged and financed settlement of ethnic Germans into Polish areas aiming at their [[Germanisation]][http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3924346].
During the [[First World War]], [[Imperial Germany]] planned to control territories in the area of [[Congress Poland]] and perform population transfer of [[Poles|Polish]] and [[Jewish]] population followed by settlement of [[Ethnic Germans]] [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9042006889&id=jXKk-gs-VNEC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22kingdom+of+Poland%22+1916&sig=NjXAsXW-c7jn2mG-QckYol3iCoI][http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0192893254/?keywords=frontier%20strip&v=search-inside],[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0691007977&id=Y4pLQ1jC1JIC&pg=PA449&lpg=PA449&q=Poles&vq=Poles&dq=Austro-Polish&sig=cx3pVXExZSzC7O3n48KezkFWgwI]
===Persecution of ethnic Poles (1918-39) ===
After Poland regained its independence following the First World War as the [[Second Republic of Poland]], the question of its borders was not settled. Poles were persecuted {{Fact|date=March 2008}} in the disputed territories, especially in [[Silesia]], where this led to the [[Silesian Uprisings]].
=== World War II (1939-45) ===
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Katyn3.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mass graves of murdered Polish [[military officer]]s at [[Katyn Forest Massacre|Katyn Wood]], near [[Smolensk]] in western Russia.]] -->
Hostility toward Poles reached a particular peak during World War II, when Poles became objects of Nazi [[genocide|genocidal]] policies, mass Soviet-organized deportations to [[Siberia]] as well as [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia|campaign of ethnic cleansing, carried out in today Western Ukraine by Ukrainian nationalists]]. Millions of citizens of Poland, both ethnic Poles and Jews, died in German [[concentration camp]]s such as [[Auschwitz]] and in Soviet gulags.
Soviet policy in Poland during World War II also was ruthless, and sometimes coordinated with the Nazis (see: [[Gestapo-NKVD Conferences]]), with elements of [[ethnic cleansing]]. The Soviets executed Polish [[prisoners of war]] in the [[Katyn Massacre]] and at other sites, and sent thousands of Polish [[intelligentsia]], including academics and priests, to forced-labor camps ("[[Gulag]]s").
With the conclusion of the Second World War, Nazi atrocities perforce ended. Soviet oppression continued, however. Soldiers of Poland's [[Home Army]] ([[Armia Krajowa]]) and returned veterans of the Polish Armed Forces that had served with the Western Allies were persecuted (see: [[Cursed soldiers]]), sometimes imprisoned and often executed following [[staged trial]]s (as in the cases of [[Witold Pilecki]], the organizer of Auschwitz resistance and [[Łukasz Ciepliński]], hero of the anti-Nazi resistance).
==Polish death camps controversy==
Continued mass-media references to World War II-era "[[Polish death camps]]" and "[[Polish concentration camps]]" are often cited as examples of anti-Polonism ([http://www.polishembassy.ca/news_details.asp?nid=202], [http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/html/eng/aktualnosci/news_big.php?id=224], [http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-05/pp-01-28-03.html]). Although they usually stem from thoughtless English language usage rather than from malicious intentions, these terms in fact refer to [[German concentration camp]]s set up and run by Nazis, on occupied Polish territory, whose millions of victims included Poles. Those who object to this usage argue that these terms tend to shift responsibility for these camps onto the Poles, rather than simply describe their location in a neutral way. The [[American Jewish Committee]] stated in its [[January 30]], [[2005]] press release: "This is not a mere semantic matter. Historical integrity and accuracy hang in the balance.... Any misrepresentation of Poland's role in the Second World War, whether intentional or accidental, would be most regrettable and therefore should not be left unchallenged." [http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=849241&ct=873437]
After an [[April 30]], [[2004]] [[CTV television network|CTV News]] news report referred to "the Polish camp in Treblinka", the Polish embassy lodged a complaint with CTV. Robert Hurst of CTV, however, contended that the expression, "Polish death camps", is common usage in news organizations, including those in the United States, and is not misleading, and declined to issue a correction.
[http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/html/eng/aktualnosci/news_big.php?id=669] The Polish Ambassador to Ottawa then complained to the National Specialty Services Panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, which ruled against CTV. It did not accept Hurst's arguments, stating that ""Polish" — similarly to such adjectives as "English", "French" and "German" — had connotations that clearly extended beyond geographic context. Its use with reference to Nazi extermination camps was misleading and improper". CTV broadcast the decision during prime time. [http://www.mfa.gov.pl/Canadian,CTV,Television,censured,,for,inaccurate,and,unfair,reporting,in,referring,to,%E2%80%9EPolish,ghetto%E2%80%9D,and,,%E2%80%9EPolish,camp,of,Treblinka%E2%80%9D,2075.html].
The Polish Ministry of Foreign affairs has stated: "That example of a successful campaign against the distortion of historic truth by the media — and in defense of the good name of Poland — will hopefully reduce the number of similar incidents in the future".
Also cited as examples of anti-Polonism are other phrases relating to Poland during World War II, such as "Nazi Poland." {{Fact|date=June 2008}}, or "Polish Nazis" [http://www.maxveritas.com] by Norwegian State Broadcasting Corporation, NRK [http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/utenriks/4418748.html].
Poles were often mocked for their techniques of fighting in a war. Noting that the [[Polish cavalry]] "bravely but futilely" charged German tanks, and that the [[Polish Air Force]] was wiped out on the ground on the opening day of the war. Neither tale is true (see: [[Polish September Campaign#Myths|Myths of the Polish September Campaign]]). German propaganda staged Polish cavalry charge in their 1941 reel called "Geschwader Lützow".[http://www.chakoten.dk/polryt07.html]
== Present-day hostility at Polish people ==
Some traces of anti-Polonism exists today in the U.S. but less prevalent in the early 21st century. However, here are two cases of anti-Polish feeling one on television and the other a [[hate crime]].
In the 1970s, the hit TV comedy sitcom ''[[All in the Family]]'' the main character, Archie Bunker a working-class [[WASP|White Anglo Protestant]] bigot used an ethnic slur "[[Polack]]" to describe Polish people but had a comical stance to a word deemed offensive if said as a direct insult to Polish Americans. The character spoke of Polish stereotypes among his dislike of liberals and atheists toward his son-in-law Michael of Polish descent married to his daughter Gloria.
In 2003, a Polish tourist couple was attacked by three teen male [[White power skinhead|neo-Nazi skinheads]] in [[Palm Springs, California]]. The suspects were charged with a hate crime based on nationality. The suspects pointed out that Poland was the first country invaded by [[Nazi Germany]], and that [[Adolf Hitler]] had contempt for Poles and Slavic peoples.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
==Polish jokes==
Other forms of hostility toward Poles popular during the Nazi era have included disparaging "Polish jokes", portraying them as inferior, stupid and dirty [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&id=--81jNzUYQsC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=%22Polish+Jokes%22+germany&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3D%2522Polish%2BJokes%2522%2Bgermany&sig=N7SKAVL0LyyVd9JMSsiBbQ-ynsY]. According to the same source, however, (''The Mirth of Nations'' by Davies), these Polish jokes did not originate in Nazi Germany, but rather as an outgrowth of regional jokes told about neighboring populations, being rooted in 19th century class differences rather than specifically anti-Polish sentiment (p 176). Further, American versions of the Polish jokes are an unrelated "purely American phenomenon" that do not express the "historical Old World hatreds of the Germans for the Poles" (p. 177). However, their continued use in German society [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&id=bmmpQofxEgcC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=%22Polish+Jokes%22+germany&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3D%2522Polish%2BJokes%2522%2Bgermany&sig=xvxnJYfO23mxoy2baBYYOj6ioJg] has stirred protest from the Polish government {{Fact|date=June 2008}}.
Sociologists believe these jokes are used by Germans as a way to whitewash their view of German history, and particularly the terror regime established by German state in Poland, by presenting Poles as nations of thieves and criminals, thus giving German society a justification in the form of "If all Poles are stealing, our grandparents didn't do anything wrong, when they applied order to them"{{Fact|date=June 2008}}.
Anti-Polonism (analogously to other [[ethnic phobia]]s) has been used as a tool by [[demagogy|demagogue]]s inside and outside Polish circles, seeking their own personal or their own ethnic group's aggrandizement at the expense of a disparaged, demonized or dehumanized people, either Poles themselves or other groups acussed of anti-Polonism.
==Usage of the term==
The term is used also by populist parties such as the [[League of Polish Families]] ({{lang-pl|Liga Polskich Rodzin}}) or [[Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland]] ({{lang-pl|Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej}})<!-- a link to their official site which mentions anti-Polonism -->[http://www.samoobrona.org.pl/pages/09.%20Polemiki/index.php?document=954.html] and by Polish far-right extremist organizations, such as [[Association against Anti-Polonism]], led by former presidential candidate and leader of extremist [[Polish National Party]] [[Leszek Bubel]]<ref name="Cas"> {{cite book |author=Cas Mudde | authorlink=Cas Mudde |title=Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe | year =2005 |pages=167 |publisher=[[Routledge]]| location =London | isbn=0415355931 | oclc =55228719 |url=|format=|accessdate=}}</ref>
According to a book ''The Neighbors Respond'' by Antony Polonsky and Joanna Michlic, the term is also used in other contexts in Poland "not limited to arguments that can objectively be classified as anti-Polish{{ndash}} such as equating the Poles with the Nazis{{ndash}} but rather applied to any critical inquiry into the collective past. Moreover, anti-Polonism is equated with anti-Semitism." ([http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/21michlic.pdf see: pg. 6.)] Historian [[Jan T. Gross]] has been accused of being anti-Polish when he wrote about crimes such as the [[Jedwabne massacre]]. According to Abraham Blumberg, "In January 1994 a young correspondent of Gazeta Wyborcza, Michal Cichy, reported on the case of about 40 Jews killed by a group of Polish fighters during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. The article, which in no way implied that the insurgents at large committed such outrages, elicited an orgy of protests. A prominent historian, Tomasz Strzembosz, accused Cichy of practicing a "distinct type of racism"... yet regards anti-Polonism and anti-goyism [sic] as something altogether natural."[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5129.html] Jews are accused by some anti-Semitic groups as being part of an anti-Polish conspiracy <ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E2DC153DF934A25750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2</ref>
The term anti-Polonism is also used as a justification for Polish antisemitism. Cardinal [[Józef Glemp]] in his controversial and widely criticized speech delivered on August, 26 1989 argued that antisemitism is a legitimate form of national self-defence against Jewish "Anti-Polonism" <ref>[[Robert S. Wistrich]]. ''Terms of Survival: The Jewish World Since 1945'', [[Routledge]], 1995 p. 281.</ref>, and stated that "if there won't be anti-Polonism, there won't be such antisemitism among us" <ref>Joshua D. Zimmerman (2003) ''Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath'', Rutgers University Press, P.276 </ref>
==References==
*{{note|Jedwabe}} "Jacek Kurczewski, Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, and David Warszawski contributed a number of commentaries and essays on the Jedwabne massacre and its moral implications and on a wide variety of social and ethical problems raised by the event. Halina Bortnowska wrote a poem, "Psalm dla pielgrzymów do Jedwabnego" (Psalm for the pilgrims to Jedwabne), which appeared in Gazeta Wyborcza a month before the official commemoration of the sixtieth anniversary of the massacre. The nationalist press labelled this group of authors "flagellators" (biczownicy) who represent an anti-Polish position." Joanna Michlic, The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*Koźmian, Stanisław ''O działaniach i dziełach Bismarcka'', "Przegląd Polski", September 1875, pp. 356-388 and October 1875, pp. 110-123,
* Lukas, Richard C. and [[Norman Davies]] (foreword) ''Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944'', (2001, c1996)
* Lukas, Richard C.: ''Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember The Nazi Occupation''
* Lukas, Richard C.: ''Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945''
*Mikołaj Teres: ''Ethnic Cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, Alliance of the Polish Eastern Provinces'', Toronto, 1993, ISBN 0-9698020-0-5.
*Ryszard Torzecki: ''Polacy i Ukraińcy; Sprawa ukraińska w czasie II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej''; Warsaw, 1993.
*Wiktor Poliszczuk: ''Bitter Truth. Legal and Political Assessment of the OUN and UPA'', Toronto-Warsaw-Kiev, 1995.
*Władysław & Ewa Siemaszko: ''Ludobojstwo na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939-1945'' (eng: The ''Genocide Carried Out by Ukrainian Nationalists on the Polish Population of the Volhynia'' Region 1939-1945., Warsaw, 2000.
*Filip Ozarowski: ''Wolyn Aflame'', Publishing House WICI, 1977, ISBN 0-9655488-1-3.
*Tadeusz Piotrowski: ''Genocide and Rescue in Wolyn: Recollections of the Ukrainian Nationalist, Ethnic Cleansing Campaign Against the Poles During World War II'', McFarland & Company, 2000, ISBN 0-7864-0773-5.
*Tadeusz Piotrowski: ''Vengeance of the Swallows: Memoir of a Polish Family's Ordeal Under Soviet Aggression, Ukrainian Ethnic Cleansing and Nazi Enslavement, and Their Emigration to America'', McFarland & Company, 1995, ISBN 0-7864-0001-3.
*Dr. Bronislaw Kusnierz: ''Stalin and the Poles'', Hollis & Carter, 1949.
*Dr. Dariusz Łukasiewicz: ''Czarna legenda Polski: Obraz Polski i Polaków w Prusach 1772-1815 (The black legend of Poland: the image of Poland and Poles in Prussia between 1772-1815)'' Wydawnictwo Poznanskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciól Nauk, 1995. Vol. 51 of the history and social sciences series. ISBN 83-7063-148-7. Paper. In Polish with English and German summaries.
*Eduard v. Hartmanns Schlagwort vom "Ausrotten der Polen" : Antipolonismus und Antikatholizismus im Kaiserreich / Helmut Neubach.
*'Erbfeindschaften': Antipolonismus, Preußen- und Deutschlandhaß, deutsche Ostforschung und polnische Westforschung, [w:] Deutschland und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert, red. U. A. J. Bechner, W. Borodziej, t. Maier, Hannover 2001
==External links==
{{Wiktionary|anti-Polonism}}
{{wikiquote|Anti-Polonism}}
*[http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/no-irish.htm "No Irish need apply"] A Myth of Victimization by Richard Jensen
*[http://topaz.org.uk/published_articles/forgotten_holocaust.htm The Forgotten Holocaust (mass deportations of Poles to the Soviet Union during WWII)] article
*[http://www.AForgottenOdyssey.com A Forgotten Odyssey (mass deportations of Poles to the Soviet Union during WWII)] website
*[http://www.msz.gov.pl/auths/1251/files/raport_dsi.html Incorrect terminology used for naming Germany's Nazis concentration camps - Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs report] <!--inaccessible?-->
*[http://www.ipn.gov.pl/index_eng.html The Institute of National Remembrance]
*[http://topaz.org.uk/published_articles/linguistic_imprecision.htm Linguistic imprecision? (anti-Polish bias in the English-language media)]
*[http://www.holocaustforgotten.com Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims - the 5 Million Others]
*[http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/998/kurczaba.html Alex Kurczaba, 'East Central Europe and Multiculturalism in the American Academy', The Sarmatian Review, 3/1998]
*[http://www.msz.gov.pl/auths/1251/files/Rot_rzecz.html?PHPSESSID=3376aa2295e706020bf6b62302d86f0d Interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Adam Daniel Rotfeld "We shall not let our country be libeled"] <!--inaccessible?-->
*{{pl icon}} [http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-04/pp-02-20-03.html "Takich obozow nie bylo"]
*{{pl icon}} [http://www.kasztelania.pl/tematmiesiaca.php?page=4 ''Kto pisze w USA nową historię Europy, Polski i II wojny światowej?'' ]
* [http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/401/212schlott.html ''Polonia in Germany'']
* [http://www.yale.edu/ycias/europeanstudies/empire/Paper-Weeks.pdf ''Religion, Nationality, or Politics: Catholicism in the Russian Empire, 1863-1905''] pdf
* [http://www.holocaust-trc.org/Polish_ordeal.htm A Polish Deportee Recalls Her Ordeal]
==See also==
*[[Nazi crimes in Warmia]]
*[[List of anti-ethnic and anti-national terms]]
*[[Polish plumber]]
*[[Nur für Deutsche]]
*[[Lebensraum]]
*[[World War II crimes in Poland]]
*[[Massacre of Lwów professors]]
*[[Ostflucht]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Polonism, Anti-}}
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment]]
[[Category:Racism]]
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[[hr:Polonofobija]]
[[pl:Antypolonizm]]
[[ru:Полонофобия]]