Anti-terrorism legislation
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'''Anti-terrorism legislation''' designs all types of [[law]]s passed in the purported aim of fighting [[terrorism]]. They usually, if not always, follow specific [[bombing]]s or [[assassination]]s.{{Or|date=September 2007}} Anti-terrorism legislation usually includes specific amendments allowing the state to bypass its own legislation when fighting terrorism-related [[crime]]s, under the grounds of necessity. For example, the various UK terrorist acts during the [[Troubles|Northern Ireland conflict]] have severely restricted the rights of the defense and of those accused of terrorist acts.
Because of this suspension of regular procedure, such legislation is sometimes criticized as a form of ''[[lois scélérates]]'' which may unjustly repress all kinds of popular protests. Critics often allege that anti-terrorism legislation endangers [[democracy]] by creating a [[state of exception]] that allows [[authoritarian]] style of government. Governments often state that they are necessary temporary measures that will be dispelled when the danger finally vanish. However, most anti-terrorist legislation remains in activity even after the initial target of it has been eliminated.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Measures which may be included by anti-terrorism legislation include [[preventive detention]] (that is, detention without trial), "[[control orders]]" in the UK and Australia, [[warrantless searches in the United States]], etc.
== The ''lois scélérates'': anti-terrorism in the 19th century ==
{{see|Propaganda of the deed}}
At the end of the 19th century, Russia, Europe and the United States were confronted to a new radical movement which engaged in violent and illegal acts. This movement was first created in [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]], where young intellectuals, staunchly [[positivism|positivist]] [[atheism|atheist]]s, began to engage in a violent struggle against the Czar. Finding their influence in [[Nikolai Chernyshevsky]]'s ''[[What Is To Be Done? (novel by Chernyshevsky)|What Is To Be Done?]]'', they began to advocate assassinations and bombings. One of the first group, ''[[Land and Liberty (Russia)|Zemlya y Volya]]'' (Land and Liberty), formed of upper-class professional revolutionaries, started [[armed struggle]] against the Czar's regime. [[Sergey Nechayev]] (1847-1882) would become one of the most famous figures of what quickly became known as a "[[Nihilist movement|Nihilist]]" movement, whose fate was described by [[Albert Camus]] in ''[[The Just Assassins]]'' (1949) — Camus would later write a thoroughly thought-out essay on [[existentialism]] rebellion and the use of violence in history in ''[[The Rebel]]'' (1951), which denounced both [[quietism]] and terrorism. Russian nihilists eventually succeeded in assassinating [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] in 1881.
The "nihilist movement" then quickly spread to all of Europe, in particular via one of the founder of [[anarchism]], [[Mikhail Bakunin]], who fled to [[Switzerland]], a haven for [[political refugee]]s of the time. There, he joined the [[International Workingwomen's Association|First International]] (IAW), which eventually theorized "[[propaganda of the deed]]." Starting in the 1880s, a wave of bombings and assassination attempts, organized by people close to the anarchist movement, literally began to terrorize the governing classes. Propaganda of the deed was not necessary violent action, but often took that form. Spinning on the [[right of rebellion]], which had been theorized centuries ago by liberal thinker [[John Locke]], such anarchists had no moral problems in theorizing [[regicide]]s and [[tyrannicide]]s, since it was "for the good of the people." Bakunin thus wrote that "we must spread our principles, not with words but with deeds, for this is the most popular, the most potent, and the most irresistible form of propaganda."<ref> [http://marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1870/letter-frenchman.htm "Letter to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis" (1870) by Mikhail Bakunin] </ref> As soon as 1887, several anarchists opposed themselves to what they saw as a self-defeating tactic, including [[Peter Kropotkin]], who wrote that year in ''[[Le Révolté]]'' that "it is an illusion to believe that a few kilos of [[dynamite]] will be enough to win against the coalition of exploiters". Kropotkin's pragmatism eventually proved to be more realist than the most radical anarchist's idealism. Soon, all the [[labour movement]] was confronted to strong repression from the state, which did not manage to convince the people to start an [[insurrection]]ary and [[general strike]], as had been expected by the theorists of propaganda of the deed. Furthermore, as depicted in [[Joseph Conrad]]'s novel, [[agent provocateur]]s also infiltrated the movement, permitting many arrests in the social movement.
In France, after [[Auguste Vaillant]]'s attempt, the "[[Opportunist Republicans]]" voted in 1893 the first anti-terrorist laws, which were quickly denounced as ''[[lois scélérates]]''. These laws severely restricted [[freedom of expression]]. The first one condemned apology of any felony or crime as a felony itself, permitting wide-spread [[censorship (France)|censorship]] of the press. The second one allowed to condemn any person directly or indirectly involved in a ''propaganda of the deed'' act, even if no killing was effectively carried on. The last one condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist [[propaganda]] (and, by extension, socialist libertarians present or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA):
<blockquote> "1. Either by provocation or by apology... [anyone who has] encouraged one or several persons in committing either a stealing, or the crimes of murder, looting or arson...; 2. Or has addressed a provocation to military from the Army or the Navy, in the aim of diverting them from their military duties and the obedience due to their chiefs... will be deferred before courts and punished by a prison sentence of three months to two years.<ref> {{fr icon}} ''"1. Soit par provocation, soit par apologie [...] incité une ou plusieurs personnes à commettre soit un vol, soit les crimes de meurtre, de pillage, d’incendie [...] ; 2. Ou adressé une provocation à des militaires des armées de terre et de mer, dans le but de les détourner de leurs devoirs militaires et de l’obéissance qu’ils doivent à leurs chefs [...] serait déféré aux tribunaux de police correctionnelle et puni d’un emprisonnement de trois mois à deux ans."'' </ref> </blockquote>
Thus, [[free speech]] and encouraging propaganda of the deed or [[antimilitarism]] was severely restricted. Some people were condemned to prison for rejoicing themselves of the 1894 assassination of French president [[Marie François Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]] by the Italian anarchist [[Sante Geronimo Caserio|Caserio]]. The term of ''lois scélérates'' has since entered popular language to design any harsh or injust laws, in particular anti-terrorism legislation which often broadly represses the whole of the social movements.
The United Kingdom quickly became the last haven for political refugees, in particular anarchists, who were all conflated with the few who had engaged in bombings. Already, the First International had been founded in London in 1871, where [[Karl Marx]] had taken refuge. But in the 1890s, the Kingdom became a nest for anarchist colonies expelled from the continent, in particular between 1892 and 1895, which marked the height of the repression. [[Louise Michel]], aka "the Red Virgin," [[Emile Pouget]] or [[Charles Matato]] were the most famous of the many, anonymous anarchists, [[desertion|desertors]] or simple criminals who had fled France and other European countries. A lot of them returned to France after President [[Felix Faure]]'s [[amnesty]] in February 1895. A few hundreds persons related to the anarchist movement would however remain in the UK between 1880 and 1914. The right of asylum was a British tradition since the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in the 16th century. However, it would progressively erode itself, and the French immigrants met with hostility. Several hate campaigns would be issued in the British press in the 1890s against these French exilees, relayed by riots and a "restrictionist" party which advocated the end of liberality concerning freedom of movement, and hostility towards French and international activists<ref> [http://www.univ-paris13.fr/CRIDAF/DOCTORANTS/BANTMAN-Constance.htm Project of a doctoral thesis], continuing work on "French Anarchists in England, 1880-1905", including a large French & English bibliography, with archives and contemporary newspapers. </ref>
Could the Kingdom continue to provide haven for activists which did not confine themselves to opposition in one single country, but which travel from country to country, theorizing in [[internationalism|international Revolution]]? Thus, strong debates began to shake the island, which finally decided to restrict [[freedom of movement]]. Thus were created one of the first [[immigration]] control laws. In a wholly different context, the same kind of debate would be lifted at the end of the 20th century, with the resurgence of international terrorism, this time under the guise of [[Islamic terrorism]].
== International conventions related to terrorism and counter-terrorism cases ==
{{see|International conventions on terrorism}}
Terrorism has been on the international agenda since 1934, when the [[League of Nations]], predecessor of the [[United Nations]] founded during the June 1945 [[San Francisco Conference]], took the first major step towards discussing a draft convention for the prevention and punishment of terrorism. Although the Convention was eventually adopted in 1937, it never came into force.
There are today thirteen international conventions in force, opened to ratification. They were developed under the auspices of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA). A 14th international convention is currently under negotiations. The [[UN General Assembly]] adopted on 8 September 2006 a "Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy"<ref> [http://www.un.org/terrorism/instruments.html International instruments to counter terrorism], ''[[United Nations]]'' {{en icon}} </ref>
*1961 [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]]
*1963 [[Vienna Convention on Consular Relations]]
*1963 Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (Tokyo Convention, agreed 9/63—safety of aviation)
*1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Hague Convention, agreed 12/70)
*1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal Convention, agreed 9/71)
*1979 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (Nuclear Materials Convention, agreed 10/79)
*1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation (agreed 2/88)
*1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation
*1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf
*1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Identification
*UN Security Council Resolution 731 (January 21, 1992)
*UN Security Council Resolution 748 (March 31, 1992)
*UN Security Council Resolution 883 (November 11, 1993)
*International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing 1999
*September 28, 2001 [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373]]
=== Council of Europe ===
*1977 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (Strasbourg, January 1977)[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/090.htm]
*2003 Protocol (Strasbourg, May 2003)[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/190.htm]
*2006 [[Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism]]
[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/196.htm]
<!-- Council of Europe is discrete from the EU -->
=== Others regional conventions ===
:''Commonwealth of Independent States''
#*Treaty on Cooperation among States Members of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Combating Terrorism (Minsk, June 1999) [http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism/csi_e.pdf]
'''North and South America'''
#*[[Organisation of American States]] Convention to Prevent and Punish Acts of Terrorism Taking the Form of Crimes Against Persons and Related Extortion that are of International Significance (Washington, D.C. February 1971)[http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/Treaties/a-49.html]
#*[[Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism]] (Bridgetown, June 2002 )[http://www.oas.org/xxxiiga/english/docs_en/docs_items/AGres1840_02.htm]
'''Africa'''
#*Organisation of African Union Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism (Algiers July 1999)[http://www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Algiers_convention%20on%20Terrorism.pdf] and
#*the Protocol to that Convention, Addis Ababa July 2004)[http://www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/The%20Protocol%20on%20Terrorism%2026July2004.pdf] [as of 30 August 2005 the Protocol was not yet in force]
'''Asia'''
#*SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism (Kathmandu, November 1987)[http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism/Conv18.pdf]
#*and the Additional Protocol to the Convention, Islamabad, January 2004 [As of 30 August 2005 not yet in force].
#* The ASEAN Convention On Counter Terrorism , Cebu, Philippines, 13 January 2007 [As of 17 February 2007 not yet in force][http://www.12thaseansummit.org.ph/innertemplate3.asp?category=docs&docid=17]
'''League of Arab States'''
#*Arab Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (Cairo, April 1998)[http://www.ciaonet.org/cbr/cbr00/video/cbr_ctd/cbr_ctd_27.html]
'''Organization of the Islamic Conference'''
#*Convention of the Organization of the Islamic Conference on Combating International Terrorism (Ouagadougou, July 1999)[http://www.oic-un.org/26icfm/c.html]
== Anti-terrorist legislation in the European Union ==
=== European Union ===
*EU Framework Decision on Terrorism [http://www.statewatch.org/news/2002/jul/frameterr622en00030007.pdf]
=== European Court of Human Rights cases related to anti-terrorist legislation ===
*Anna Maroufidou v. Sweden - 1981<ref name="Human Rights Committee"> [http://www.law.wits.ac.za/humanrts/undocs/session36/13-58.htm] {{en icon}} </ref>
*Brogan and others v. the UK - 11209/84;11234/84;11266/84;... [1988] [[ECHR]] 24 (29 November 1988)<ref> [http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1988/24.html EHCR - Brogan and others v. the UK, 1988] {{en icon}}</ref>
=== Belgium ===
*[[Belgium Anti-Terrorism Act 2003]]
=== France ===
France has passed a variety of anti-terrorist laws, the first of which being the 19th century ''[[lois scélérates]]'' [[Censorship (France)|restricting freedom of expression]]. Today, magistrates in the [[Minister of Justice (France)|Justice Minister]] anti-terrorism unit have authority to detain people suspected of "conspiracy in relation to terrorism" while evidence is gathered against them.<ref> [[Dana Priest]], ''[[Washington Post]]'', July 3, 2005. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/02/AR2005070201361_pf.html Help From France Key In Covert Operations] {{en icon}}</ref>
=== Italy ===
{{see|History of the Italian Republic}}
Italy has passed various anti-terrorist laws during the "[[years of lead]]" (''anni di piombo'') in the 1970s.
The Reale Act was adopted on [[May 22]], [[1975]]. It allowed the police to carry out searches and arrest persons without being mandated by an investigative judge. Interrogation could take place without the presence of a lawyer. Critics underlined that this contradicted article 3 of the [[Italian Constitution|Constitution]] on equality before the law.<ref name=Reale&al> Anne Schimel ([[Ceriep|Study and Research Center of the Institute of Political Studies]]), in "[http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1998/04/SCHIMEL/10247 Justice "de plomb" en Italie] ("Lead" justice in Italy), ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', March 1998 </ref>
Preventive detention was fixed before 1970 to two years, for a possible sentence going between 20 years to perpetuity, while it was limited to one year for charges of crimes leading to a sentence of less than 20 years. It passed to four years after 1970. A decree-law of [[April 11]], [[1974]] authorized a four years detention until the first judgment, six years until the appeal, and eight years until the definitive judgment. In case of indictment for "acts of terrorism," the preventive detention was extended to twelve years.<ref name=Reale&al/>
The [[Francesco Cossiga|Cossiga]] [[decree-law]] was passed on [[December 15]], [[1979]]. It prolonged the length of [[preventive detention]] relative to terrorism suspicions and allowed [[wiretaps]]. Critics have pointed out that this violated articles 15 and 27 of the Constitution.<ref name=Reale&al/> The Cossiga decree-law also created the status of ''[[pentito]]'' (officially "collaborators of justice"): those accused of terrorism crimes and who accepted of [[confession|confessing]] them and of informing the authorities about their accomplices could be liberated.
Law n°191 of May 21, 1978, called "[[Aldo Moro|Moro law]]", and law n°15 of February 6, 1980 were ratifications by the Assembly of [[decree]]s of emergency enacted by the executive power, respectively on March 28, 1978 and on December 15, 1979<ref> [[Giorgio Agamben]], EUROPE DES LIBERTÉS OU EUROPE DES POLICES ?, on [http://www.paroledonnee.info/ Parole donnée] {{fr icon}} </ref>
=== United Kingdom ===
*[[Prevention of Terrorism Act (Northern Ireland)]], 1974–89
*[[Terrorism Act 2000]]
*[[Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001]] (the [[Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006|Racial and Religious Hatred Act]] was supposed to be part of it as provisions, but it was dropped)
* The [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]] is intended to deal with the [[Law Lords]]' ruling of [[16 December]], [[2004]], that the detention without trial of nine foreigners at [[Her Majesty's Prison Service|HM Prison]] [[Belmarsh (HM Prison)|Belmarsh]] under Part IV of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was unlawful, being incompatible with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. It was given [[Royal Assent]] on [[March 11]], [[2005]]. The Act allows the [[Home Secretary]] to impose "[[control order]]s" on people he suspects of involvement in [[terrorism]], which in some cases may derogate (opt out) from [[human rights]] laws. In April 2006, a High Court judge issued a declaration that section 3 of the Act was incompatible with the right to a fair trial under article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Act was described by [[Jeremy Sullivan|Mr Justice Sullivan]] as an 'affront to justice'. [[Amnesty International]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[JUSTICE]] and [[Liberty]] have opposed it. Criticism of the Act included complaints about the range of restrictions that could be imposed, the use of closed proceedings and special advocates to hear secret evidence against the detainee, and the possibility that evidence against detainees may include evidence obtained in other countries by torture.
*The [[Terrorism Act 2006]] increased the limit of pre-charge detention for terrorist suspects to 28-days after a rebellion by Labour MP's. Originally, the Government, and Prime Minister Tony Blair, had pushed for a 90-day detention period, but this was reduced to 28-days after a vote in the House of Commons.
*The [[Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7207659.stm BBC NEWS | Politics | Terror bill: Key elements<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> is currently going before the UK Parliament, with a clause which aims to increase the limit of pre-charge detention for terrorism suspects to 42-days, however this is currently the subject of much controversy and on-going debate within UK politics.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7323740.stm BBC NEWS | Politics | Terror laws face Commons battle<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> As of [[June 11]], [[2008]], Prime Minister Gordon Brown narrowly won a House of Commons vote on extending the maximum time police can hold terror suspects to 42 days.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7449268.stm]</ref> The marginal decision, where nine Democratic Unionist MPs decided to vote with him resulting in a 315:306 majority sparked astonishing scenes in the House of Commons as furious Tory MPs shouted "traitors", "shame" and "you've been bought" at the Northern Ireland politicians sitting alongside them. It could thus transpire that Labour rebels and Unionists were bought off with future favours and inducements.
There have been concerns that anti-terrorism legislation is so broad as to enable its use to stifle legitimate protest: see for example the case of [[Walter Wolfgang]].
== Anti-terrorism legislation in common law countries (other than the UK) ==
=== Australia ===
*[[Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004]]
*[[Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005]]
The [[Civil Rights Network]] opposes such legislation. [[Elizabeth Evatt]], a federal judge, has criticized [[John Howard]]'s 2005 anti-terrorism bill, particularly provisions relating to control orders and preventive detention, saying that "These laws are striking at the most fundamental freedoms in our democracy in a most draconian way."<ref name="SMH call for debate">{{cite news | author = Michael Pelly, Tony Stephens and Marian Wilkinson | title = Former leaders call for debate | publisher = Sydney Morning Herald | date = [[October 25]] 2005 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/former-leaders-call-for-debate/2005/10/24/1130006061370.html | accessdate = 2006-08-11 }}</ref>
=== Canada ===
*[[Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act|Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act, 2001]]
=== India ===
*[[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (1985-1995)
*[[Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act]]
=== New Zealand ===
*[[Terrorism Suppression Act 2002]]
=== South Africa ===
*[[Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967|South African Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967]]
=== United States ===
==== Federal ====
*[[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996|US Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996]] (see also the [[LaGrand case]] which opposed in 1999-2001 Germany to the US in the [[International Court of Justice]] concerning a German citizen convicted of armed robbery and murder, and [[death penalty|sentenced to death]])
*[[Executive Order 13224]], signed by President George W. Bush Sept. 23,2001, among other things, authorizes the seizure of assets of organizations or individuals designated by the Secretary of the Treasury to assist, sponsor, or provide material or financial support or who are otherwise associated with terrorists. 66 Fed. Reg. 49,079 (Sept. 23, 2001).
*[[USA Patriot Act|2001 Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools for Intercepting and Obstructing Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act)(amended March 2006)]] (the [[Financial Anti-Terrorism Act]] was integrated to it)
*[[Homeland Security Act of 2002]], Pub. L. 107-296.
*[[Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act (SAFETY Act) of 2002]]
*[[Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005]]
*[[REAL ID Act]] of 2005
*[[Military Commissions Act of 2006]]
==== Ohio ====
*[[Ohio Patriot Act|US Ohio Patriot Act]]
== Anti-terrorism legislation in civil law countries ==
=== Chile ===
Human Rights Watch has criticized the Chilean government for inappropriately using anti-terrorist legislation against indigenous (Mapuche) groups involved in land conflicts. While the legislation in question was originally enacted by the Pinochet dictatorship, the democratic governments that have followed have actually increased its severity. Human Rights Watch has expressed special concern that the current version of the law lists arson as a “terrorist” offence. This has allowed the application of the law against Mapuche vandals. While recognizing that crimes have certainly been committed, the international organization believes that they are not comparable to terrorist acts.<ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/2004/chile1004/ Chile: Undue Process<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== El Salvador ===
[[El Salvador]], presided by [[Antonio Saca]] of the right-wing [[Nationalist Republican Alliance|ARENA]] party, had adopted in September 2006 an anti-terrorist law. All major parties, including the [[FMLN]], have criticized the law, claiming it could be used against social movements<ref> [http://www.latinamericamonitor.com/file/39316/fighting-terrorism.html Fighting Terrorism], ''[[Latin America Monitor]]'', October 2006 {{en icon}} </ref>
The government first attempted to use the law against illegal street vendors who violently resisted removal by the police. These charges did not result in convictions.
In July 2007, the Salvadoran government charged fourteen people with acts of terrorism for their participation and/or association with a demonstration against privatization of the nation's water system. Charges were dismissed against one of those arrested. The remainder, known as the Suchitito 13, were released, but continued to face charges under the Special Law Against Terrorist Acts.<ref>http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGUSA20070718001. See also http://ciponline.org/central_america/El%20Salvador%20Campaign/background.htm</ref> The charges were reduced to "disorderly conduct" in early February 2008 and then completely dropped later in the month.
=== Peru ===
Peru adopted anti-terrorist laws in 1992, under [[Alberto Fujimori]]'s presidency. The laws were criticized by [[Amnesty International]], who declared in its 2002 report that "Detainees falsely charged with “terrorism-related” offences in previous years remained held. “Anti-terrorism” legislation which had resulted in unfair trials since its introduction in 1992 remained in force. Members of the security forces accused of human rights violations continued to have their cases transferred to military courts."<ref> [http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/Per-summary-eng/ 2002 Report on Peru] by [[Amnesty International]] {{en icon}} </ref>. [[Lori Berenson]], a US citizen serving a 20 years prison term in Peru, has been condemned in virtue of these laws, on charges of collaboration with the [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]].
=== Philippines ===
The [[Human Security Act of 2007]] is a [[Philippines|Philippine]] law that took effect in 2007. It is aimed at tackling militants in the southern Philippines, including the [[Abu Sayyaf]] group, which has links to [[al Qaeda]] and has been blamed for bombings and kidnappings in the region.<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6374875.stm BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | Philippines approves terror bill<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The law criminalizes terrorism and allows authorities to arrest terror suspects without warrants and temporarily detain them or up to three days without charges.<ref name="anc">[http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/topofthehour.aspx?StoryId=69132 ABS-CBN Interactive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Under the law, detained terrorists are entitled to see a lawyer, a priest, a doctor, or family members.
==References==
{{reflist}}
== See also ==
*[[Anti-Socialist Laws]] passed in Germany in 1878
*[[High policing]]
*[[National security]]
*[[Rule of law]]
*[[state of emergency]]
*Philosopher [[Giorgio Agamben]]'s criticism of emergency laws
==External links==
*[http://202.71.128.135:5/bc/focusdetails.asp?ID=74 A comparative perspective on terror laws - India and Britain]
*[http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/QS%20Draft%2010%20FINAL1.pdf British Foreign Office report - Counter-terrorism Legislation and Practice: A Survey of Selected Countries, October 2005 (pdf)] - this report outlines current anti-terrorism legislation in ten democratic nations, including the United States, Canada, Australia and a portion of Europe.
*[http://www.counter-terrorism-law.org/ counter-terrorism-law.org]
[[Category:Anti-terrorism legislation|*]]
[[Category:Emergency laws]]
[[Category:Terrorism laws|*]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]