Antidesma
954696
206825764
2008-04-20T04:26:47Z
IceCreamAntisocial
346507
refine cat
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Antidesma''
| image = Antidesma.platyphyllum3web.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Hame (''[[Antidesma platyphyllum]]'') - habit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia = [[Phyllanthaceae]]
| tribus = [[Antidesmeae]]
| subtribus = [[ Antidesminae]]
| genus = '''''Antidesma'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See [[Antidesma#Species|Species section]]
}}
'''''Antidesma''''' is a [[tropical]] [[plant]] [[genus]] of about 170 [[species]] from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Phyllanthaceae]]. It consists of [[shrub]]s or [[tree]]s, up to 30 m, growing in [[evergreen]] forests. They occur in the [[Old World]] [[Tropics]] and mainly in [[Southeast Asia]], but also in tropical [[Australia]], [[Africa]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. There are 18 [[species]] and five [[variety (biology)|varieties]] of ''Antidesma'' [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to [[Thailand]].
===Synonymy===
The genus ''Antidesma'' is also known as several other names:
*'''''Bestram''''' <small>[[Adans.]]</small>
*'''''Coulejia''''' <small>[[Dennst.]]</small>
*'''''Minutalia''''' <small>[[Fenzl]]</small>
*'''''Rhytis''''' <small>[[Lour.]]</small>
*'''''Rubina''''' <small>[[Noronha]]</small>
*'''''Stilago''''' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
==Description==
The evergreen (sometimes deciduous) simple [[Leaf|leaves]] have fine hairs and show no glands. They grow in an alternate arrangement, with entire, symmetrical blades. They are connected to the stem with a petiole (= leaf stalk) and stipules (= appendage at the base of a leaf stalk).
The [[flower]]s grow in a raceme, with 1 bract per flower, on a short pedicel (tiny stalk, supporting a single flower). Their color is light yellowish green, but may turn red when mature. These plants are dioecious, i.e. unisexual, with male and female flowers on separate plants. There are 3 to 8 fused sepals, but no petals. The male flowers have 2 to 8 [[stamens]], but no [[pistil]]s. The female flowers have 2 to 6 stigmas. They have a 1-locular ovary with 2 ovules.
The globose to ellipsoid [[fruit]]s resemble a drupe. Their color varies from green to white, red and black. The fleshy and juicy fruits are edible with a sour to bitter sweet taste.
==Species==
Here is a list of ''Antidesma'' species, with each species's distribution in parentheses:
*''[[Antidesma acidum]]'' : ([[Thailand]])
[[Image:Antidesma bunius Blanco2.361.png|thumb|right|250px|Bignay]]
*''[[Antidesma acuminatissimum]]''
*''[[Antidesma agusanense]]'' : ([[Philippines]])
*''[[Antidesma angustifolium]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma aruanum]]'' : ([[New Guinea]])
*''[[Antidesma baccatum]]'' : ([[New Guinea]])
*''[[Antidesma boridiense]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma brachyobotrys]]'' : ([[Malaysia]], [[Borneo]])
*''[[Antidesma bunius]]'' - bignay, current tree, currentwood, wild cherry ([[Queensland]], [[Southeast Asia]])
**''Antidesma bunius'' var. ''bunius''
**''Antidesma bunius'' var. ''pubescens''
*''[[Antidesma calvescens]]''
*''[[Antidesma cambodianum]]''
*''[[Antidesma catanduense]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma celebicum]]'' : ([[Sulawesi]])
*''[[Antidesma chalaranthum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma cinnamomifolium]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma clementis]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma cochinchinense]]''
*''[[Antidesma concinnum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma contractum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma cordato-stipulaceum]]'' : (The Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma cordatum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma coriaceum]]'' : (Malaysia, [[Sumatra]], Borneo, Sulawesi)
*''[[Antidesma coriifolium]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma costulatum]]''
*''[[Antidesma cruciforme]]'' : (Malaysia).
*''[[Antidesma cumingii]]'' : (Philippines, Sulawesi)
*''[[Antidesma curranii]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma cuspidatum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi)
[[Image:Antidesma.platyphyllum1web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hama (''Antidesma platyphyllum'') - ripe berries]]
*''[[Antidesma dallachyanum]]'' : Herbert River cherry (Queensland)
*''[[Antidesma decandrum]]''
*''[[Antidesma diandrum]]'' : ([[Java (island)|Java]])
*''[[Antidesma digitaliforme]]'': (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma discolor]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma diversifolium]]'' : (Sumatra)
*''[[Antidesma edule]]''
*''[[Antidesma erostre]]'' : wild currant, currantwood (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma elassophyllum]]''
*''[[Antidesma ferrugineum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma forbesii]]'' : (Sumatra)
*''[[Antidesma fructiferum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma fusicarpum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma ghaesembilla]]'' : black tree (Australia, Southeast Asia)
*''[[Antidesma gillespieanum]]''
*''[[Antidesma globuligerum]]'' : (Sulawesi)
*''[[Antidemesma hainanense]]''
*''[[Antidesma helferi]]'' : (Malaysia, Thailand)
*''[[Antidesma henryi]]''
*''[[Antidesma heterophyllum]]'' : (Java)
*''[[Antidesma hosei]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra)
*''[[Antidesma ilocanum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma impressinerve]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma insulare]]''
*''[[Antidesma japonicum]]'' : ([[Japan]], Thailand, Malaysia)
**''Antidesma japonicum'' var. ''japonicum''
**''Antidesma japonicum'' var. ''robustius''
*''[[Antidesma jucundum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma katikii]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma kerrii]]'' : (Thailand)
*''[[Antidesma kusaiense]]''
*''[[Antidesma laciniatum]]'' : ([[Aduigbo]], [[Nigeria]])
*''[[Antidesma laurifolium]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma ledermannianum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma leptocladum]]'' : (Thailand, Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma leucocladon]]'' : (Malaysia, Sumatra)
**''Antidesma leucopodum '' var. ''kinbaluense'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma linearifolium]]'' : (Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma longipes]]'' : (Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma lucidum]]''
*''[[Antidesma luzonicum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma macgregorii]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma maclurei]]''
*''[[Antidesma martabanicum]]'' : (Thailand)
*''[[Antidesma megalophyllum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma membranaceum]]'' : ([[Asofeyeje]], Nigeria)
*''[[Antidesma membranaefolium]]''
*''[[Antidesma menasu]]''
*''[[Antidesma microcarpum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma microphyllum]]'' : (Thailand)
*''[[Antidesma mindanaense]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma minus]]'' : (Java)
*''[[Antidesma moluccanum]]'' : (Sulawesi, New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma montanum]]'' : (Southeast Asia)
**''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''microcarpum''
**''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''microphyllum''
**''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''montanum''
**''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''salicinum''
**''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''wallichii''
*''[[Antidesma montis-silam]]'' : (Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma mucronatum]]'' : (Sumatra)
*''[[Antidesma myriocarmum]]'' : (New Guinea)
**''Antidesma myriocarpum '' var. ''puberulum'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma neurocarpum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma nienkui]]'' : (Thailand)
*''[[Antidesma novoguineense]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma nitidum]]''
*''[[Antidesma obliquicarpum]]''
*''[[Antidesma obliquinervium]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma oblongifolium]]'' : (Sumatra)
*''[[Antidesma oligoneurum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma olivaceum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma orarium]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma orthogyne]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma pachystachys]]'' : (Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma pahangense]]'' : (Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma palembanicum]]'' : (Sumatra)
*''[[Antidesma paxii]]'' : (Thailand)
*''[[Antidesma pedicellare]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma pendulum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma pentandrum]]'' : (Philippines)
**''Antidesma pentandrum '' var. ''angustifolium''
*''[[Antidesma perakense]]'' : (Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma persimile]]'' : (Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma petiolare]]''
*''[[Antidesma petiolatum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma phanerophlebium]]'' : (Philippines, Sulawesi)
*''[[Antidesma plagiorrhynchum]]'' : (Sumatra)
[[Image:Antidesma.platyphyllum2web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hama (Antidesma platyphyllum) - unripe fruits]]
*''[[Antidesma platyphyllum]]'' : [[Ha’a]], [[Hame]] ([[Hawaii]])
**''Antidesma platyphyllum'' ''hillebrandii'' : Hillebrand’s Ha’a
*''[[Antidesma pleuricum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma polyanthum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma polystylum]]'' : (Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma pseudopetiolatum]]'' (New Guinea)
**''Antidesma pubescens'' var. ''moritzii''
**''Antidesma pulvinatum'' var. ''contractum'' : ([[Hame]], [[Hawaii]])
*''[[Antidesma puncticulatum]]''
*''[[Antidesma pyrifolium]]''
*''[[Antidesma ramosii]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma rhynchophyllum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma riparium]]'' : (Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma rotatum]]''
*''[[Antidesma roxburgii]]''
*''[[Antidesma rufescens]]''
*''[[Antidesma salicinum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma samarense]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma santosii]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma sarcocarpum]]'' : (Philippines, New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma sootepense]]'' : (Thailand)
*''[[Antidesma spatulifolium]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma sphaerocarpum]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma spicatum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma stenocarpum]]'' : (Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma stenophyllum]]'' : (Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma stipulare]]'': (Southeast Asia)
*''[[Antidesma subcordatum]]'' : (Philippines)
**''Antidesma subcordatum '' var. ''glabrescens''
*''[[Antidesma subolivaceum]]'' : (Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma tagulae]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma tenuifolium]]''
*''[[Antidesma tetrandrum]]'' : (Java, Sulawesi)
*''[[Antidesma thwaitesianum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines)
*''[[Antidesma tomentosum]]'' : (Southeast Asia)
*''[[Antidesma trichophyllum]]''
*''[[Antidesma urdanetense]]''
*''[[Antidesma vaccinioides]]'' : (New Guinea)
*''[[Antidesma velutinosum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Java)
*''[[Antidesma velutinum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia)
*''[[Antidesma venenosum]]'' : (Borneo)
*''[[Antidesma venosum]]'' : ([[Aroro]], Nigeria)
*''[[Antidesma vogelianum]]'' : ([[Ojuat kachi]], Nigeria)
*''[[Antidesma yunnanense]]'' : ([[China]])
*''[[Antidesma zippelii]]'' : ([[Lesser Sunda Islands]])
==References==
*Hoffmann, P. 1999. The genus Antidesma (Euphorbiaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Kew Bulletin 54: 877 - 885.
*[http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThAspecies/ThAntidesmaT.htm Antidesma (Flora of Thailand)]
*[http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/euphorbs/Newsletter/Newsletter6.htm Malaysian Euphorbiaceae]
[[Category:Antidesma| ]]
[[es:Antidesma]]
[[pt:Antidesma]]