Antidesma 954696 206825764 2008-04-20T04:26:47Z IceCreamAntisocial 346507 refine cat {{Taxobox | name = ''Antidesma'' | image = Antidesma.platyphyllum3web.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Hame (''[[Antidesma platyphyllum]]'') - habit | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Phyllanthaceae]] | tribus = [[Antidesmeae]] | subtribus = [[ Antidesminae]] | genus = '''''Antidesma''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = See [[Antidesma#Species|Species section]] }} '''''Antidesma''''' is a [[tropical]] [[plant]] [[genus]] of about 170 [[species]] from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Phyllanthaceae]]. It consists of [[shrub]]s or [[tree]]s, up to 30 m, growing in [[evergreen]] forests. They occur in the [[Old World]] [[Tropics]] and mainly in [[Southeast Asia]], but also in tropical [[Australia]], [[Africa]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. There are 18 [[species]] and five [[variety (biology)|varieties]] of ''Antidesma'' [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to [[Thailand]]. ===Synonymy=== The genus ''Antidesma'' is also known as several other names: *'''''Bestram''''' <small>[[Adans.]]</small> *'''''Coulejia''''' <small>[[Dennst.]]</small> *'''''Minutalia''''' <small>[[Fenzl]]</small> *'''''Rhytis''''' <small>[[Lour.]]</small> *'''''Rubina''''' <small>[[Noronha]]</small> *'''''Stilago''''' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small> ==Description== The evergreen (sometimes deciduous) simple [[Leaf|leaves]] have fine hairs and show no glands. They grow in an alternate arrangement, with entire, symmetrical blades. They are connected to the stem with a petiole (= leaf stalk) and stipules (= appendage at the base of a leaf stalk). The [[flower]]s grow in a raceme, with 1 bract per flower, on a short pedicel (tiny stalk, supporting a single flower). Their color is light yellowish green, but may turn red when mature. These plants are dioecious, i.e. unisexual, with male and female flowers on separate plants. There are 3 to 8 fused sepals, but no petals. The male flowers have 2 to 8 [[stamens]], but no [[pistil]]s. The female flowers have 2 to 6 stigmas. They have a 1-locular ovary with 2 ovules. The globose to ellipsoid [[fruit]]s resemble a drupe. Their color varies from green to white, red and black. The fleshy and juicy fruits are edible with a sour to bitter sweet taste. ==Species== Here is a list of ''Antidesma'' species, with each species's distribution in parentheses: *''[[Antidesma acidum]]'' : ([[Thailand]]) [[Image:Antidesma bunius Blanco2.361.png|thumb|right|250px|Bignay]] *''[[Antidesma acuminatissimum]]'' *''[[Antidesma agusanense]]'' : ([[Philippines]]) *''[[Antidesma angustifolium]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma aruanum]]'' : ([[New Guinea]]) *''[[Antidesma baccatum]]'' : ([[New Guinea]]) *''[[Antidesma boridiense]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma brachyobotrys]]'' : ([[Malaysia]], [[Borneo]]) *''[[Antidesma bunius]]'' - bignay, current tree, currentwood, wild cherry ([[Queensland]], [[Southeast Asia]]) **''Antidesma bunius'' var. ''bunius'' **''Antidesma bunius'' var. ''pubescens'' *''[[Antidesma calvescens]]'' *''[[Antidesma cambodianum]]'' *''[[Antidesma catanduense]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma celebicum]]'' : ([[Sulawesi]]) *''[[Antidesma chalaranthum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma cinnamomifolium]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma clementis]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma cochinchinense]]'' *''[[Antidesma concinnum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma contractum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma cordato-stipulaceum]]'' : (The Philippines) *''[[Antidesma cordatum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo) *''[[Antidesma coriaceum]]'' : (Malaysia, [[Sumatra]], Borneo, Sulawesi) *''[[Antidesma coriifolium]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma costulatum]]'' *''[[Antidesma cruciforme]]'' : (Malaysia). *''[[Antidesma cumingii]]'' : (Philippines, Sulawesi) *''[[Antidesma curranii]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma cuspidatum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi) [[Image:Antidesma.platyphyllum1web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hama (''Antidesma platyphyllum'') - ripe berries]] *''[[Antidesma dallachyanum]]'' : Herbert River cherry (Queensland) *''[[Antidesma decandrum]]'' *''[[Antidesma diandrum]]'' : ([[Java (island)|Java]]) *''[[Antidesma digitaliforme]]'': (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma discolor]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma diversifolium]]'' : (Sumatra) *''[[Antidesma edule]]'' *''[[Antidesma erostre]]'' : wild currant, currantwood (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma elassophyllum]]'' *''[[Antidesma ferrugineum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma forbesii]]'' : (Sumatra) *''[[Antidesma fructiferum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma fusicarpum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma ghaesembilla]]'' : black tree (Australia, Southeast Asia) *''[[Antidesma gillespieanum]]'' *''[[Antidesma globuligerum]]'' : (Sulawesi) *''[[Antidemesma hainanense]]'' *''[[Antidesma helferi]]'' : (Malaysia, Thailand) *''[[Antidesma henryi]]'' *''[[Antidesma heterophyllum]]'' : (Java) *''[[Antidesma hosei]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra) *''[[Antidesma ilocanum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma impressinerve]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma insulare]]'' *''[[Antidesma japonicum]]'' : ([[Japan]], Thailand, Malaysia) **''Antidesma japonicum'' var. ''japonicum'' **''Antidesma japonicum'' var. ''robustius'' *''[[Antidesma jucundum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma katikii]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma kerrii]]'' : (Thailand) *''[[Antidesma kusaiense]]'' *''[[Antidesma laciniatum]]'' : ([[Aduigbo]], [[Nigeria]]) *''[[Antidesma laurifolium]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma ledermannianum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma leptocladum]]'' : (Thailand, Philippines) *''[[Antidesma leucocladon]]'' : (Malaysia, Sumatra) **''Antidesma leucopodum '' var. ''kinbaluense'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo) *''[[Antidesma linearifolium]]'' : (Borneo) *''[[Antidesma longipes]]'' : (Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma lucidum]]'' *''[[Antidesma luzonicum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma macgregorii]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma maclurei]]'' *''[[Antidesma martabanicum]]'' : (Thailand) *''[[Antidesma megalophyllum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma membranaceum]]'' : ([[Asofeyeje]], Nigeria) *''[[Antidesma membranaefolium]]'' *''[[Antidesma menasu]]'' *''[[Antidesma microcarpum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma microphyllum]]'' : (Thailand) *''[[Antidesma mindanaense]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma minus]]'' : (Java) *''[[Antidesma moluccanum]]'' : (Sulawesi, New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma montanum]]'' : (Southeast Asia) **''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''microcarpum'' **''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''microphyllum'' **''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''montanum'' **''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''salicinum'' **''Antidesma montanum'' var. ''wallichii'' *''[[Antidesma montis-silam]]'' : (Borneo) *''[[Antidesma mucronatum]]'' : (Sumatra) *''[[Antidesma myriocarmum]]'' : (New Guinea) **''Antidesma myriocarpum '' var. ''puberulum'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma neurocarpum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo) *''[[Antidesma nienkui]]'' : (Thailand) *''[[Antidesma novoguineense]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma nitidum]]'' *''[[Antidesma obliquicarpum]]'' *''[[Antidesma obliquinervium]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma oblongifolium]]'' : (Sumatra) *''[[Antidesma oligoneurum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma olivaceum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma orarium]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma orthogyne]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma pachystachys]]'' : (Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma pahangense]]'' : (Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma palembanicum]]'' : (Sumatra) *''[[Antidesma paxii]]'' : (Thailand) *''[[Antidesma pedicellare]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma pendulum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo) *''[[Antidesma pentandrum]]'' : (Philippines) **''Antidesma pentandrum '' var. ''angustifolium'' *''[[Antidesma perakense]]'' : (Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma persimile]]'' : (Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma petiolare]]'' *''[[Antidesma petiolatum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma phanerophlebium]]'' : (Philippines, Sulawesi) *''[[Antidesma plagiorrhynchum]]'' : (Sumatra) [[Image:Antidesma.platyphyllum2web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hama (Antidesma platyphyllum) - unripe fruits]] *''[[Antidesma platyphyllum]]'' : [[Ha’a]], [[Hame]] ([[Hawaii]]) **''Antidesma platyphyllum'' ''hillebrandii'' : Hillebrand’s Ha’a *''[[Antidesma pleuricum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma polyanthum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma polystylum]]'' : (Borneo) *''[[Antidesma pseudopetiolatum]]'' (New Guinea) **''Antidesma pubescens'' var. ''moritzii'' **''Antidesma pulvinatum'' var. ''contractum'' : ([[Hame]], [[Hawaii]]) *''[[Antidesma puncticulatum]]'' *''[[Antidesma pyrifolium]]'' *''[[Antidesma ramosii]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma rhynchophyllum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma riparium]]'' : (Borneo) *''[[Antidesma rotatum]]'' *''[[Antidesma roxburgii]]'' *''[[Antidesma rufescens]]'' *''[[Antidesma salicinum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo) *''[[Antidesma samarense]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma santosii]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma sarcocarpum]]'' : (Philippines, New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma sootepense]]'' : (Thailand) *''[[Antidesma spatulifolium]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma sphaerocarpum]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma spicatum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma stenocarpum]]'' : (Borneo) *''[[Antidesma stenophyllum]]'' : (Borneo) *''[[Antidesma stipulare]]'': (Southeast Asia) *''[[Antidesma subcordatum]]'' : (Philippines) **''Antidesma subcordatum '' var. ''glabrescens'' *''[[Antidesma subolivaceum]]'' : (Philippines) *''[[Antidesma tagulae]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma tenuifolium]]'' *''[[Antidesma tetrandrum]]'' : (Java, Sulawesi) *''[[Antidesma thwaitesianum]]'' : (Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines) *''[[Antidesma tomentosum]]'' : (Southeast Asia) *''[[Antidesma trichophyllum]]'' *''[[Antidesma urdanetense]]'' *''[[Antidesma vaccinioides]]'' : (New Guinea) *''[[Antidesma velutinosum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia, Java) *''[[Antidesma velutinum]]'' : (Thailand, Malaysia) *''[[Antidesma venenosum]]'' : (Borneo) *''[[Antidesma venosum]]'' : ([[Aroro]], Nigeria) *''[[Antidesma vogelianum]]'' : ([[Ojuat kachi]], Nigeria) *''[[Antidesma yunnanense]]'' : ([[China]]) *''[[Antidesma zippelii]]'' : ([[Lesser Sunda Islands]]) ==References== *Hoffmann, P. 1999. The genus Antidesma (Euphorbiaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Kew Bulletin 54: 877 - 885. *[http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThAspecies/ThAntidesmaT.htm Antidesma (Flora of Thailand)] *[http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/euphorbs/Newsletter/Newsletter6.htm Malaysian Euphorbiaceae] [[Category:Antidesma| ]] [[es:Antidesma]] [[pt:Antidesma]]