Antidote
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2008-06-11T09:15:07Z
Soulbot
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robot Adding: [[no:Motgift]]
{{dablink|For the debut album by the musical act [[Foals (band)|Foals]], see [[Antidotes (album)|Antidotes]]}}
{{toxicology}}
An '''antidote''' or '''counterdose''' is a substance which can counteract a form of [[poisoning]].
Sometimes, the antidote for a particular [[toxin]] is manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and the resulting [[antibody|antibodies]] are extracted from the animals' blood. The [[venom (poison)|venom]] produced by some [[snake]]s, [[spider]]s, and other venomous animals is often treatable by the use of these [[antivenin]]s, although a number do lack one, and a bite or sting from such an animal often results in death. Some animal venoms, especially those produced by [[arthropod]]s (e.g. certain [[spider]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[bee]]s, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce [[anaphylactic shock]]; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning, though anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use of [[epinephrine]]).
Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison [[ricin]], which is produced from the waste byproduct of [[castor oil]] manufacture, has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities.
Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of [[activated charcoal]], which [[absorb]]s the poison, and then it is flushed from the digestive tract, removing a large part of the toxin.
Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body.
== Poison and toxic signs ==
* [[Anticholinergic]] poisoning is given [[physostigmine]] sulfate as the antidote.
* [[atropine sulfate]] poisoning is given [[Anticholinesterase]] and [[pralidoxime chloride]] 2-PAM as the antidote.
* [[Benzodiazepine]] poisoning is given [[flumazenil]] as the antidote.
* [[Beta blocker]] poisoning is given [[glucagon]] as the antidote.
* [[Carbon monoxide]] poisoning is given [[oxygen]] as the antidote.
* [[Cyanide]] poisoning is given [[amyl nitrite]], [[sodium nitrite]], or [[thiosulfate]] as the antidote. A new patented process uses [[mesoxalic acid]] as the antidote.
* [[Digoxin]] poisoning is given [[Fragment antigen binding]](Fab) fragments that bind to digoxin (trade names Digibind and Digifab) as the antidote.
* [[Ethylene glycol]] poisoning is given [[ethanol]] or [[fomepizole]] as the antidote.
* [[Extrapyramidal]] reactions associated with [[antipsychotic]] poisoning is given [[diphenhydramine hydrochloride]] and [[benztropine mesylate]] as the antidote.
* [[Heavy metals|Heavy metal]] poisoning is given [[chelator]]s, [[calcium disodium edetate]] (EDTA), [[dimercaprol]] (BAL), [[penicillamine]], and 2,3-[[dimercaptosuccinic acid]] (DMSA, succimer) as the antidote.
* [[Heparin]] poisoning is given [[protamine sulfate]] as the antidote.
* [[Iron]] poisoning is given [[deferioxamine]] mesylate as the antidote.
* [[Isoniazid]] poisoning is given [[pyridoxine]] as the antidote.
* [[Methanol]] poisoning is given [[ethanol]] or [[fomepizole]] as the antidote.
* [[Methemoglobinemia]] poisoning is given [[methylene blue]] as the antidote.
* [[Opioid]] poisoning is given [[naloxone hydrochloride]] as the antidote.
* [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) poisoning is given [[N-acetylcysteine]] as the antidote.
* [[Thallium]] poisoning is given [[Prussian blue]] as the antidote.
* [[Warfarin]] poisoning is given vitamin K [[phytomenadione]] and [[fresh frozen plasma]] as the antidote.
==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [[Snakebite (bite)|snakebite]]
* [[tourniquet]]
{{Antidotes}}
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