Antigua and Barbuda
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robot Modifying: [[be-x-old:Антыґуа і Барбуда]]
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Antigua and Barbuda
|conventional_long_name =
|common_name = Antigua and Barbuda
|image_flag = Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Antigua and Barbuda.gif
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|image_map = LocationAntiguaAndBarbuda.png
|national_motto = Each Endeavouring, All Achieving
|national_anthem = ''[[Fair Antigua and Barbuda]]''
|royal_anthem = ''[[God Save the Queen]]'' {{smallsup|1}}
|official_languages = [[English language|English]]
|capital = [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint John's]]
|latd=17 |latm=7 |latNS=N |longd=61 |longm=51 |longEW=W
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary democracy]] and [[federal constitutional monarchy]]
|leader_title1 = [[Monarch of Antigua and Barbuda|Head of State]]
|leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]
|leader_title2 = [[Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda|Governor-General]]
|leader_name2 = [[Louise Lake-Tack]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Baldwin Spencer]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = [[November 1]], [[1981]]
|area_rank = 198th
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_km2 = 442
|area_sq_mi = 171
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate = 82,786
|population_estimate_rank = 197th
|population_estimate_year = 2005
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 184
|population_density_sq_mi = 394
|population_density_rank = 57
|GDP_PPP = [[US$]]875.8 million
|GDP_PPP_rank = 170th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$12,586
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 59th
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.815
|HDI_rank = 57th
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI_category = <span style="color:#090">high</span>
|currency = [[East Caribbean dollar]]
|currency_code = XCD
|country_code =
|time_zone = AST
|utc_offset = -4
|demonym = Antiguan, Barbudan
|cctld = [[.ag]]
|calling_code = 1 268
|ISO_3166-1_alpha2 =
|ISO_3166-1_alpha3 =
|ISO_3166-1_numeric =
|sport_code =
|vehicle_code =
|footnote1 = ''God Save The Queen'' is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and vice-regal occasions.
}}
'''Antigua and Barbuda''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for ''Ancient'' and ''Bearded'') is an [[island nation]] located in the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]], on the sea's boundary with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. There are two major islands - [[Antigua]] ({{IPAEng|ænˈtiːgə}}) and [[Barbuda]] ({{IPA|/bɑrˈbjuːdə/}}), which are close neighbours within the middle of the [[Leeward Islands]], roughly 17 degrees north of the equator.
Antigua has a population of 82,000 comprised chiefly of a mixture of people of [[West African]], [[European]] ([[British]]), [[Syrian]], [[Portuguese]] and [[Lebanese]] descent.
The islands of Antigua and Barbuda are part of the [[Lesser Antilles]] [[archipelago]]. To the south of Antigua and Barbuda lie the islands of [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]], [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Barbados]], [[Grenada]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. [[Montserrat]] lies to the southwest; [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] and [[Saint Eustatius]] are to the west, and [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin]] and [[Anguilla]] are to the northwest.
==History==
{{main|History of Antigua and Barbuda}}
Pre-ceramic [[Amerindian]]s were the first to inhabit the islands of Antigua and Barbuda in 2400 BC. Later [[Arawak]] and [[Carib]] Amerindian tribes populated the islands. The island of Antigua was named Wadadli by these natives and is today called ''Land of Wadadli'' by locals. [[Christopher Columbus]] landed on his second trip in 1493 and named the island Santa Maria de la Antigua after a church in [[Seville]], Spain. Early settlement by the Spanish was replaced by English rule from 1632 (British rule from 1707 [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]]), with a [[France|French]] interlude in 1666. [[Slavery]], established to run the [[sugar]] plantations on Antigua, was abolished in 1834.
The islands became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations on [[November 1]] 1981, with [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] as the first [[Monarchy in Antigua and Barbuda|Queen of Antigua and Barbuda]] and the Right Honourable [[Vere Cornwall Bird]] became the first [[prime minister]].
==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Antigua and Barbuda}}
The politics of Antigua and Barbuda takes place in a framework of a [[Federation|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[monarchy]], whereby the [[Head of State]] is the [[monarch]], who appoints the [[Governor-General]] as vice-regal representative. In 2007 [[Louise Lake-Tack]] became the first female to hold the position of Governor-General in the history of Antigua and Barbuda. A Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the [[List of Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda|Prime Minister]], currently Baldwin Spencer. The Prime Minister is the head of the government. [[Vere Cornwall Bird]], Antigua and Barbuda's first Prime Minister, is credited with having brought Antigua and Barbuda and the Caribbean into a new era of independence.
[[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the two chambers of the [[Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda|Parliament]]. The [[bicameral]] Parliament consists of the Senate (seventeen-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of Representatives (seventeen seats; members are elected by [[first past the post]] to serve five-year terms). The last elections held were on [[23 March]] [[2004]], while the next are due in 2009. At the last elections, the [[Antigua Labour Party]] won four seats, while the [[United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda)|United Progressive Party]] won thirteen.
Since 1949, the party system had been dominated by the [[personalist]] Antigua Labour Party. However, the [[Antigua and Barbuda legislative election, 2004]], saw the defeat of the longest-serving elected government in the Caribbean. The Prime Minister, Lester Bryant Bird and deputy Robin Yearwood had been in office since 1994, when he succeeded his father, Vere Bird. The elder Bird had been Prime Minister from independence in 1981 and, before independence, had been Chief Minister of Antigua from 1960, except for the period 1971-76 when the Progressive Labour Movement (PLM) defeated them in those elections.
The Judicial Branch is the [[Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court]] (based in Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the [[Court of Summary Jurisdiction]]). Antigua is also a member of the [[Caribbean Court of Justice]]. The [[Supreme Court of Appeal]] was the British [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] up until 2001, when the nations of the Caribbean Community voted to abolish the right of appeal to the Privy Council in favour of a Caribbean Court of Justice. Some debate between member countries had repeatedly delayed the court's date of inauguration. As of March, 2005, only Barbados was set to replace appeals to the Privy Council with appeals the Caribbean Court of Justice, which then had come into operation.
==Military==
{{Expand|date=June 2008}}
The [[Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force]] is the country's [[armed force]]. It has 185 members.
== Parishes and dependencies ==
{{main|Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda}}
The island of Antigua is divided into six [[parish]]es:
{| style="background:transparent;"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! !!width="70px"| Name !! Population</tr>
| 1. || [[Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|St. George]] ||align="right"| {{commas|4473}}</tr>
| 2. || [[Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John]] ||align="right"| {{commas|14121}}</tr>
| 3. || [[Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|St. Mary]] ||align="right"| {{commas|5303}}</tr>
| 4. || [[Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|St. Paul]] ||align="right"| {{commas|6117}}</tr>
| 5. || [[Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|St. Peter]] ||align="right"| {{commas|3622}}</tr>
| 6. || [[Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda|St. Philip]] ||align="right"| {{commas|2964}}</tr>
|}
|
[[Image:Antigua parishes numbered.png|right|px150|The Parishes of Antigua]]
|}
The island of Barbuda (1,241) and the uninhabited island of [[Redonda]] each enjoy dependency status.
The capital is the city of [[Saint John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]] (population 21,514).
==Geography==
[[Image:Antigua and Barbuda-CIA WFB Map.png|250px|thumb|right|]]
{{main|Geography of Antigua and Barbuda}}
The country consists of a number of islands, of which Antigua is the largest and most populous. Barbuda, just north of Antigua, is the other main island. The islands have a warm, tropical climate, with nearly constant temperatures throughout the year. Redonda, another nearby island, which was annexed in the 1860s when its phosphate resources were discovered, is also the territory of Antigua and Barbuda although it has been unoccupied since 1930.
The islands are mostly low-lying with the highest point being [[Boggy Peak]], at 402 [[metre]]s (1,319 ft). The small country's main town is the capital, Saint John's, on Antigua; Barbuda's largest town is [[Codrington, Barbuda|Codrington]]. Antigua & Barbuda combined have 365 beaches.
The [[Antiguan Racer]] is the rarest snake in the world with approximately only two hundred remaining in the wild. It is found on [[Great Bird Island, Antigua|Bird Island]], an island off the coast of Antigua.
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Antigua and Barbuda}}
[[Tourism]] dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of the [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]. Weak tourist arrival numbers since early 2000 have slowed the economy, however, and pressed the government into a tight fiscal corner. The dual-island nation's [[agriculture|agricultural]] production is focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited [[water supply]] and a [[labour (economics)|labour]] shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction work.
[[Manufacturing]] comprises enclave-type assembly for export with major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components. Prospects for [[economic growth]] in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the [[United States]], which accounts for about one-third of all tourist arrivals.
==Demographics==
[[Image:Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg|right|thumb|St. John's Cathedral]]
{{main|Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda}}
The ethnic distribution consist of 91% Black, 4.4% Mixed Race, 1.7% White, 2.9% Other. The majority of the white population is ethnically Irish and British, while there are also Christian Levantine Arabs (primarily of Syrian, Lebanese and Palestinian descent) and a small population of Asians and Sephardic Jews.
An increasingly large percent of the population live abroad, most notably in the [[United Kingdom]] ([[Antiguan British|Antiguan Britons]]), [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. A minority of the Antiguan residents are immigrants from other countries, particularly [[Dominica]], [[Guyana]] and [[Jamaica]] with an increasing number of immigrants from the [[Dominican Republic]], [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Nigeria]]. There is also a significant population of American citizens estimated at 4500 people which would make it one of the largest American citizen populations in the English speaking Eastern Caribbean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2336.htm |title=Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
Almost all Antiguans are [[Christianity|Christians]] (74%<ref>{{cite web |date=2006-09-15 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71445.htm |title=Antigua and Barbuda: International Religious Freedom Report 2006 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>), with the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]] (about 44%) being the largest denomination. [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] is the other significant denomination, with the remainder being other [[Protestants]]: including Methodists, Moravians, Pentecostals and Seventh-Day Adventists. There are also [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. Non-Christian religions practiced on the islands include [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]], [[Islam]], Judaism, and [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]].
==Language==
The official language of Antigua and Barbuda is English, but many of the locals speak [[Antiguan Creole]]. The [[Barbudan]] accent is slightly different from the [[Antiguan]] one. Spanish is also widely spoken in certain communities in Antigua where immigrants from the Dominican Republic make up large numbers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Farquhar |first=Bernadette |url=http://cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/antigua/conference/papers/farquhar.html |title=The Spanish Language in Antigua and Barbuda: Implications for Language Planning and Language Research |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
In the years before Antigua and Barbuda's independence, Standard English was widely spoken in preference to Antiguan Creole, but afterwards Antiguans began treating Antiguan Creole as a respectable aspect of their culture. Generally, the upper and middle classes shun Antiguan Creole. The educational system dissuades use of Antiguan Creole and instruction is done in Standard (British) English. The higher up one goes on the socio economic ladder, the less prevalent Antiguan Creole becomes, to the extent that some Antiguans will even deny that they speak or understand Antiguan Creole
Many of the words used in the [[Antiguan Creole|Antiguan dialect]] are derived from [[British English|British]] and also [[African]] origins. The dialect was formed when [[Slavery|enslaved Africans]] owned by British planters imitated the 18th century English spoken by their masters; utilising traditional African language structures they created an African-English hybrid or [[pidgin]]. This can be easily seen in some phrases like: "Me nah go" meaning "I am not going". Another example is: "Ent it?" meaning "Ain't it?" which is in itself dialect and means "Isn't it?". Common island [[proverbs]] often can be traced to Africa.
==Culture==
The culture of Antigua and Barbuda is predominantly British which is evident throughout many aspects of the society. American popular culture also has a heavy influence. Family and religion play an important role in the lives of Antiguans. There is a national Carnival celebration held during August each year. Historically, Carnival commemorates the abolition of slavery in the [[British West Indies]]. The annual Carnival includes pageants, shows, contests and festive activities and is a notable tourist attraction.
[[Calypso music|Calypso]] and [[soca music]] are important in Antigua and Barbuda and [[Burning Flames]] is a popular band.
{{seealso|Cuisine of Antigua and Barbuda}}
==Media==
There are two daily newspapers: [http://www.antiguaobserver.com Daily Observer], and [http://www.antiguasun.com Antigua Sun] which also publishes newspapers on other Caribbean islands. Most American television networks are available in addition to the local face television ABS TV 10 which is the only stations that show 100% local shows. There are several local and regional radio stations.
==Sport==
{{seealso|cricket in the West Indies}}
[[Image:Cricket ground.jpg|Cricket ground in St. John, Antigua.|thumb]]
Like in many [[commonwealth of nations|commonwealth]] countries, [[cricket]] is the most popular sport. The [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] was hosted in the West Indies from [[11 March]] to [[28 April]] [[2007]]. Antigua hosted eight matches at the [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], which was completed on [[11 February]] 2007 and can hold up to 20 000 people at full capacity.
Antigua is also a Host of [[Stanford Twenty20]] - [[Twenty20 Cricket]], a version started by Allen Stanford in 2006 as a regional cricket game with almost all Caribbean islands taking part.
[[Viv Richards]] is from Antigua and scored the fastest Test Century also [[Brian Lara]] twice scored the World Test Record at [[Antigua Recreation Ground]].
[[Association football]] is also a very popular sport. Antigua has a national football team albeit inexperienced.
Athletics is also popular. Talented athletes are trained from a young age and Antigua and Barbuda have produced a few fairly adept athletes. [[Janill Williams]], a young athlete with much promise comes from [[Gray's Farm]], Antigua. Also, [[Sonia Williams]] and [[Heather Samuel]] have represented Antigua and Barbuda at the [[Olympic Games]]. Others prominent rising stars include [[Brendan Christian]] (100 m, 200 m), [[Daniel Bailey]] (100 m, 200 m) and [[James Grayman]] (High Jump).
==Education==
The people of Antigua & Barbuda have a high level of literacy at well over 90%. In 1998, Antigua and Barbuda adopted a national mandate to become the preeminent provider of medical services in the Caribbean. As part of this mission, Antigua and Barbuda is building the most technologically advanced hospital in the Caribbean, the [[Mt. St. John Medical Centre]]. The island of Antigua currently has two medical schools, the [[American University of Antigua, college of medicine|American University of Antigua]] (AUA),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auamed.org/ |title=American University of Antigua, College of Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> founded in 2004 and The [[University of Health Sciences Antigua]] (UHSA),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhsa.ag/ |title=University of Health Sciences Antigua |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> founded in 1982.
There is also a government owned state college in Antigua as well as the Antigua and Barbuda Institute of [[Information Technology]] (ABIIT). [[The University of the West Indies]] has a branch in Antigua for locals to continue University studies.
With the onset of the Internet more Antiguans are completing online degrees.
== Foreign relations ==
{{main|Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda}}
Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Caribbean Community]], [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States]], [[Organization of American States]], [[World Trade Organization]] and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System.
Antigua and Barbuda is also a member of the [[International Criminal Court]] (with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military as covered under [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Article 98]]).
== See also ==
{{Antigua and Barbuda topics|state=uncollapsed}}
*[[Antiguan British]]
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Liberta]] Village, Antigua
==External links==
{{commonscat|Antigua and Barbuda}}
===Government===
* [http://www.ab.gov.ag The Official Website of the Government of Antigua and Barbuda]
* [http://www.antigua-barbuda.org/index.html Antigua & Barbuda], its Department of Tourism website
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/antigua/antigua.html Antigua and Barbuda], United States Library of Congress Portals on the World
* [http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/ag.html Governments on the WWW: Antigua and Barbuda]
===Country Data===
*{{CIA World Factbook link|ac|Antigua and Barbuda}}
*[http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?PTYPE=CP&CCODE=ATG World Bank's country data profile] for Antigua and Barbuda
*[http://govindicators.org Worldwide Governance Indicators]
* [http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ipworldwide/pdf/ag.pdf World Intellectual Property Handbook: Antigua and Barbuda]
===Other===
* [http://www.antigua-barbuda.com The High Commission of Antigua and Barbuda]. Tourism, business, history and culture, politics - an up to date website.
* [http://www.antiguacarnival.com Antigua Carnival] - with photo galleries.
* [http://www.auamed.org/ American University of Antigua] - a hospital integrated medical school in Caribbean.
* [http://students.auamed.net/library/ Health Sciences library] - Library of American University of Antigua
* [http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/recipes/countryrecipe.asp?country=Antigua+and+Barbuda Recipes to many Antiguan dishes]
* '''[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M4ngFW97yY Video of Antigua and Barbuda]'''
{{Template group
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{{Countries and territories of the Caribbean}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{coor title dm|17|03|N|61|48|W|}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = International membership
|list =
{{Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)|state=collapsed}}
{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
{{Commonwealth Realms}}
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}
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{{Anglophone states}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Antigua and Barbuda| ]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Requests for audio pronunciation (English)]]
<!--Other languages-->
[[ar:أنتيغا وبربودا]]
[[an:Antigua e Barbuda]]
[[frp:Antigoa-et-Barbuda]]
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[[bn:অ্যান্টিগুয়া ও বার্বুডা]]
[[zh-min-nan:Antigua kap Barbuda]]
[[be:Антыгуа і Барбуда]]
[[be-x-old:Антыґуа і Барбуда]]
[[bs:Antigva i Barbuda]]
[[br:Antigua ha Barbuda]]
[[bg:Антигуа и Барбуда]]
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[[zh:安提瓜和巴布达]]