Antimony
898
225179361
2008-07-12T08:56:53Z
ToePeu.bot
4082686
robot Modifying: [[ar:إثمد]]
{{about|the element|the town in Utah|Antimony, Utah}}
{{distinguish2|[[antinomy]], a type of [[paradox]]}}
{{Elementbox_header | number=51 | symbol=Sb | name=antimony | left=[[tin]] | right=[[tellurium]] | above=[[arsenic|As]] | below=[[bismuth|Bi]] | color1=#cccc99 | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_series | [[metalloid]]s }}
{{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=15 | period=5 | block=p }}
{{Elementbox_appearance_img | Sb,51| silvery lustrous gray }}
{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | 121.760[[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }}
{{Elementbox_econfig | [[[krypton|Kr]]] 4d<sup>10</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> 5p<sup>3</sup> }}
{{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 }}
{{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#cccc99 | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }}
{{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 6.697 }}
{{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 6.53 }}
{{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=903.78 | c=630.63 | f=1167.13 }}
{{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=1860 | c=1587 | f=2889 }}
{{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 19.79 }}
{{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 193.43 }}
{{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.23 }}
{{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 807 | 876 | 1011 | 1219 | 1491 | 1858 | comment= }}
{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#cccc99 | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_crystalstruct | rhombohedral }}
{{Elementbox_oxistates | −3, '''3''', 5 }}
{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.05 }}
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 834 | 1594.9 | 2440 }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | 145 }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | 133 }}
{{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | 138 }}
{{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#cccc99 | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }}
{{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 417 n}}
{{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 24.4 }}
{{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 11.0 }}
{{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 3420 }}
{{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 55 }}
{{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 20 }}
{{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 42 }}
{{Elementbox_mohshardness | 3.0 }}
{{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 294 }}
{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-36-0 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=antimony | color1=#cccc99 | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=121 | sym=Sb | na=57.36% | n=70 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=123 | sym=Sb | na=42.64% | n=72 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=125 | sym=Sb
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=2.7582 [[year|y]]
| dm=[[beta emission|Beta<sup>-</sup>]] | de=0.767 | pn=125 | ps=[[tellurium|Te]] }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}}
{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#cccc99 | color2=black }}
'''Antimony''' (IPA [æˈntɪməˌniː] [[Received Pronunciation|(Received Pronunciation)]], /ˈænt<s>ɪ</s>moʊni/ (US)) is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sb''' ({{lang-la|stibium}}, meaning "mark") and [[atomic number]] 51. A [[metalloid]], antimony has four [[allotropy|allotropic]] forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metalloid. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Antimony is used in flame-proofing, [[paint]]s, [[ceramic]]s, [[Vitreous enamel|enamels]], a wide variety of [[alloy]]s, [[electronics]], and [[rubber]].
== Properties ==
[[Image:Antimon.PNG|thumb|left|200px|]]
Antimony in its elemental form is a silvery white, [[brittle]], [[fusibility|fusible]], [[crystal]]line solid that exhibits poor [[electrical conductivity|electrical]] and [[thermal conductivity|heat conductivity]] properties and [[vaporize]]s at low [[temperature]]s. A [[metalloid]], antimony resembles a metal in its appearance and in many of its physical properties, but does not chemically react as a metal. It is also attacked by [[oxidation|oxidizing]] [[acid]]s and [[halogen]]s. Antimony and some of its alloys are unusual in that they expand on cooling. Antimony is geochemically categorized as a [[chalcophile]], occurring with [[sulfur]] and the [[heavy metals]] [[lead]], [[copper]], and [[silver]].
Estimates of the abundance of antimony in the [[Earth]]'s crust range from 0.2 to 0.5 [[part per million|ppm]].
== Applications ==
Antimony is increasingly being used in the [[semiconductor]] industry in the production of [[diode]]s, [[infrared]] detectors, and [[Hall effect|Hall-effect]] devices. As an [[alloy]], this metalloid greatly increases [[lead]]'s hardness and mechanical strength. The most important use of antimony is as a hardener in lead for storage batteries. Uses include:
*[[Battery (electricity)|Batteries]]
*antifriction alloys
*[[type metal]]
*[[small arms]] and [[tracer ammunition]]
*cable sheathing
*[[match]]es
*medicines, antiprotozoan drugs
*plumbing
*[[solder]]ing - some "lead-free" solders contain 5% Sb
*main and big-end bearings in [[internal combustion engine]]s (as alloy)
*used in the past to treat [[Schistosomiasis]]; today [[Praziquantel]] is universally used
*used in [[linotype]] printing machines
Antimony compounds in the form of [[oxide]]s, [[sulfide]]s, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride are used in the making of flame-proofing compounds, [[ceramic]] enamels, [[glass]], [[paint]]s, and [[pottery]]. Antimony trioxide is the most important of the antimony compounds and is primarily used in flame-retardant formulations. These flame-retardant applications include such markets as children's clothing, toys, aircraft and automobile seat covers. It is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraft engine covers. The resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed. Antimony sulfide is also one of the ingredients of [[Match#Safety matches|safety matches]].
In the 1950s, tiny beads of a [[lead]]-antimony alloy were used for the emitters and collectors of NPN [[alloy junction transistor]]s.
The natural sulfide of antimony, [[stibnite]], was known and used in Biblical times, as [[medicine]] and in Islamic/Pre-Islamic times as a [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]]. The [[Sunan Abi Dawood]] reports, “Muhammad said: 'Among the best types of [[collyrium]] you use is antimony (ithmid) for it clears the vision and makes the hair sprout.'” <ref>Sunan Abu-Dawud (Ahmad Hasan translation), Book 32, Number 4050: http://www.muslimaccess.com/sunnah/hadeeth/abudawud/032.html</ref>
Stibnite is still used in some developing countries as [[medicine]]. Antimony has been used for the treatment of [[schistosomiasis]]. Antimony attaches itself to [[sulfur]] atoms in certain [[enzyme]]s which are used by both the parasite and human host. Small doses can kill the parasite without causing damage to the patient. Antimony and its compounds are used in several [[veterinary]] preparations like Anthiomaline or Lithium antimony thiomalate, which is used as a skin conditioner in ruminants. Antimony has a nourishing or conditioning effect on keratinized tissues, at least in animals. Tartar emetic is another antimony preparation which is used as an anti-schistosomal drug. Treatments chiefly involving antimony have been called [[antimonial]]s.
Antimony-based drugs such as Allopurinol, and Meglumine, are also considered the drugs of choice for the treatment of Leishmaniasis in domestic animals. Unfortunately, as well as having low therapeutic indices, the drugs are poor at penetrating the bone marrow, where some of the Leishmania amastigotes reside, and so cure of the disease - especially the visceral form - is very difficult.
A coin made of antimony was issued in the Keichow Province of [[China]] in 1931. The coins were not popular, being too soft and they wore quickly when in circulation. After the first issue no others were produced.<ref>[http://www.tclayton.demon.co.uk/metal.html Metals Used in Coins and Medals<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Etymology==
The ancient words for antimony mostly have, as their chief meaning, [[kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]], the sulfide of antimony. [[Pliny the Elder]], however, distinguishes between male and female forms of antimony; his male form is probably the sulfide, the female form, which is superior, heavier, and less friable, is probably native metallic antimony.<ref>Pliny, ''Natural history'', 33.33; W.H.S. Jones, the [[LCL|Loeb]] translator, supplies a note suggesting the identifications.</ref>
The Egyptians called antimony ''mśdmt''; in hieroglyphics, the vowels are uncertain, but there is an Arabic tradition that the word is ''mesdemet''.<ref>Albright, p.230; Sarton p.541, quotes Meyerhof, the translator of the book he is reviewing.</ref> The Greek word, ''stimmi'', is probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian, and is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC; later Greeks also used ''stibi'', as did [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Celsus]] and Pliny, writing in Latin, in the first century AD. Pliny also gives the names ''stimi'' [''sic''], ''larbaris'', [[alabaster]], and the "very common" ''platyophthalmos'', "wide-eye" (from the effect of the cosmetic). Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin as ''stibium''. The Arabic word for the substance, as opposed to the cosmetic, can appear as ''ithmid, athmoud, othmod'', or ''uthmod''. [[Littré]] suggests the first form, which is the earliest, derives from ''stimmida'', (one) accusative for ''stimmi''.<ref>[[LSJ]], ''s.v.'', vocalisation, spelling, and declension vary; Endlich, p.28; Celsus, 6.6.6 ff; Pliny ''Natural History'' 33.33; Lewis and Short: ''Latin Dictionary''. ''OED'', s. "antimony". </ref>
The use of '''Sb''' as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to the 18th century chemical pioneer, [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]], who used this abbreviation of the name ''stibium''.
The medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages, and late Byzantine Greek, take their names, is ''antimonium''. The origin of this is uncertain; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The popular etymology, from ''anti-monachos'' or French ''antimoine'', still has adherents; this would mean "monk-killer", and is explained by many early alchemists being monks, and antimony being poisonous.<ref>The use of a symbol resembling an upside down "female" symbol for antimony could also hint at a satirical pun in this origin</ref> So does the hypothetical Greek word ''antimonos'', "against one", explained as "not found as metal", or "not found unalloyed".<ref>See, for example, Diana Fernando, ''Alchemy : an illustrated A to Z'' (1998) and Kirk-Othmer (below) respectively. Fernando even derives it from the story of how "Basil Valentine" and his fellow monastic alchemists poisoned themselves by working with antimony; ''antimonium'' is found two centuries before his time. "Popular etymology" from ''OED''; as for ''antimonos'', the pure negative would be more naturally expressed by ''a-'' "not". .</ref>
Lippmann conjectured a Greek word, ''anthemonion'', which would mean "floret", and he cites several examples of related Greek words (but not that one) which describe chemical or biological [[efflorescence]].<ref>Lippman, p.643-5</ref>
The early uses of ''antimonium'' include the translations, in 1050-1100, by [[Constantine the African]] of Arabic medical treatises.<ref>Lippman, p.642, writing in 1919, says "''zuerst''".</ref> Several authorities believe that ''antimonium'' is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form; Meyerhof derives it from ''ithmid'';<ref>Meyerhof as quoted in Sarton, p.541, asserts that ''ithmid'' or ''athmoud'' became corrupted in the medieval "traductions barbaro-latines".; the ''OED'' asserts that some Arabic form is the origin, and
''if'' ''ithmid'' is the root, posits ''athimodium, atimodium, atimonium'', as intermediate forms.</ref> other possibilities include ''Athimar'', the Arabic name of the ''metal'', and a hypothetical ''*as-stimmi'', derived from or parallel to, the Greek.<ref>Endlich, p.28; one of the advantages of ''as-stimmi'' would be that it has a whole syllable in common with ''antimonium''. </ref>
== History ==
Antimony's sulfide compound, antimony (III) trisulfide, Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> was recognized in antiquity, at least as early as [[4th millennium BC|3000 BC]]. Pastes of Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> powder in fat<ref>Priesner and Figala</ref> or in other materials have been used since that date as eye cosmetics in the Middle East and farther afield; in this use, Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> is called [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]]. It was used to darken the brows and lashes, or to draw a line around the perimeter of the eye.
An artifact made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Tello, Chaldea (part of present-day Iraq), and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt.<ref>Kirk-Othmer, entry "Antimony"</ref> There is some uncertainty as to the description of the artifact from Tello. Although it is sometimes reported to be a vase, a recent detailed discussion of it reports it to be rather a fragment of indeterminate purpose.<ref>The fragment was presented in a lecture in 1892. One contemporary commented, "we only know of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal, which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase, and therefore this remarkable 'find' must represent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable." Moorey 1994:241</ref>
Antimony was first isolated by [[Geber]] (721-815), an [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Arabian alchemist]].<ref>[[George Sarton]], ''Introduction to the History of Science'' ([[cf.]] Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997), [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html ''Quotations From Famous Historians of Science''], [http://www.cyberistan.org Cyberistan])</ref> The first European description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book ''[[De la pirotechnia]]'' of 1540 by [[Vannoccio Biringuccio]], written in Italian. This book precedes the more famous 1556 book in Latin by [[Georg Agricola|Agricola]], ''[[De re metallica]]'', even though Agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony.
[[Image:antimony-symbol.svg|frame|left|60px|[[Alchemical symbol]] for antimony]]
According to the traditional history of western [[alchemy]], metallic antimony was described (previous to Biringuccio) by the putative Prior [[Basilius Valentinus]] in a Latin manuscript, ''Currus Triumphalis Antimonii'', supposedly circa 1450. This manuscript was published in 1604 in English translation as ''The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony'', by Johann Thölde (1565–1614). The marvelous discovery of a complete set of Valentinus' manuscripts, including the alchemical tales, is fully described by [[Jean-Jacques Manget]] in his ''Bibliotheca chemica curiosa'' (1702): the manuscripts had been enclosed for more than a century in a pillar of St. Peter's Abbey, at [[Erfurt]], until the pillar was shattered by a thunderbolt. Many scholars have considered Basilius Valentinus a mythological personage. [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] (1646–1716) declared, after careful enquiry, that no Prior Valentinus ever existed in the Abbey of Erfurt, rather that the name was only a pseudonym – probably of Thölde himself – used to merge poorly translated materials of various origins.
According to the traditional history of Middle Eastern alchemy, pure antimony was well known to [[Geber]], sometimes called "the Father of Chemistry", in the 8th century. Here there is still an open controversy: [[Marcellin Berthelot]], who translated a number of Geber's books, stated that antimony is never mentioned in them, but other authors claim that Berthelot translated only some of the less important books, while the more interesting ones (some of which might describe antimony) are not yet translated, and their content is completely unknown.
== Sources ==
[[Image:Antimony massive.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Native massive antimony with [[redox|oxidation]] products]]
[[Image:Antimony (mined)2.PNG|thumb|right|Antimony output in 2005]]
[[Image:Antimony - world production trend.svg|thumb|World production trend of antimony]]
Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in over 100 [[mineral]] species. Antimony is sometimes found native, but more frequently it is found in the sulfide [[stibnite]] (Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>) which is the predominant ore [[mineral]]. Commercial forms of antimony are generally ingots, broken pieces, granules, and cast cake. Other forms are powder, shot, and single crystals.
In 2005, China was the top producer of antimony with about 84% world share followed at a distance by South Africa, Bolivia and Tajikistan, reports the [[British Geological Survey]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Country !! Tonnes !! % of total
|-
|align="center" |[[People's Republic of China]]
|align="center" |126,000
|align="center" |84.0
|-
|align="center" |[[South Africa]]
|align="center" |6,000
|align="center" |4.0
|-
|align="center" |[[Bolivia]]
|align="center" |5,225
|align="center" |3.5
|-
|align="center" |[[Tajikistan]]
|align="center" |4,073
|align="center" |2.7
|-
|align="center" |[[Russia]]
|align="center" |3,000
|align="center" |2.0
|-
|align="center" |''Top 5''
|align="center" |''144,298''
|align="center" |''96.2''
|-
|align="center" |'''Total world'''
|align="center" |'''150,000'''
|align="center" |'''100.0'''
|}
<small>''Chiffres de 2003, métal contenue dans les minerais et concentrés, source: L'état du monde 2005''</small>
The largest mine in China is [[Xikuangshan mine]] in [[Hunan]] Province.
''See also [[:category:Antimonide minerals|Antimonide minerals]], [[:category:Antimonate minerals|Antimonate minerals]].''
== Precautions ==
[[Image:Skull and crossbones.svg|left|80px]]
Antimony and many of its compounds are [[toxic]]. Clinically, antimony poisoning is very similar to [[arsenic]] poisoning. In small doses, antimony causes [[headache]], [[dizziness]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. Larger doses cause violent and frequent vomiting, and will lead to death in a few days.
''See also [[arsenic poisoning]].''
A study<ref>http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayHTMLArticleforfree.cfm?JournalCode=EM&Year=2006&ManuscriptID=b517844b&Iss=2</ref><ref>http://www.lfpress.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=120232&x</ref> found that antimony may be leaching from [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]] bottled water, but at levels below drinking water guidelines. The guidelines are:
*WHO, 20 µg l<sup>–1</sup>
*Japan, 15 µg l<sup>–1</sup><ref>H. Wakayama, Table 2, p. 84</ref>
*US EPA, Health Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Environment, 6 µg l<sup>–1</sup>
*German Federal Ministry of Environment, 5 µg l<sup>–1</sup><ref>Shotyk et al., 2006</ref>
The acidic nature of the drink is sufficient to dissolve small amounts of [[antimony trioxide]] contained in the packaging of the drink;{{Fact|date=February 2007}} modern manufacturing methods prevent this occurrence.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} However, researchers are concerned that antimony levels correspond to duration the bottle is left to stand - the longer the beverage has been bottled, the higher the antimony leached.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
== Chemistry ==
Important compounds of antimony include:
*[[Antimony pentafluoride]] SbF<sub>5</sub>
*[[Antimony trioxide]] Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
*[[Stibine]] (antimony trihydride SbH<sub>3</sub>)
*[[Indium antimonide]] (InSb)
*[[Fluoroantimonic acid]] (HSbF<sub>6</sub>)
''See also [[:Category:Antimony compounds|Antimony compounds]].''
==See also==
*[[Antimonial]]
*[[Phase change memory]]
*[[Naturalis Historia]]
*[[Pliny the Elder]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*W. F. Albright "Notes on Egypto-Semitic Etymology. II", ''The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures'', Vol. 34, No. 4. (Jul., 1918), pp. 215-255. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-0516%28191807%2934%3A4%3C215%3ANOEEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J JSTOR link]. esp p.230
*Endlich, F.M. "On Some Interesting Derivations of Mineral Names", ''The American Naturalist'', Vol. 22, No. 253. (Jan., 1888), pp. 21-32. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28188801%2922%3A253%3C21%3AOSIDOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W JSTOR link]. p.28
*Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed. 2004. Entry for antimony.
*[[Edmund Oscar von Lippmann|Lippmann, E O von]] [Edmund Oscar]. 1919. Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, teil 1. Berlin: Julius Springer. In German.
*Moorey, PRS. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence. New York: Clarendon Press.
*Priesner, Claus and Figala, Karin, eds. 1998. Alchemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft. München: C.H. Beck. 412 p. In German.
*Sarton, George. 1935. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753%28193502%2922%3A2%3C539%3A%28FOLGD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L Review] of ''Al-morchid fi'l-kohhl, ou Le guide d'oculistique'', translated by [[Max Meyerhof]]. ''Isis'' (Feb. 1935), 22(2):539-542 (The journal ''Isis'' is in the [[JSTOR]] archive.) In French.
*Shotyk, William; Krachler, Michael; Chen, Bin. [http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayHTMLArticleforfree.cfm?JournalCode=EM&Year=2006&ManuscriptID=b517844b&Iss=2 Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers] ''J. Environ. Monit'' 2006, 8:288-292 DOI: 10.1039/b517844b
*[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/51.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Antimony]
*[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs23.html Public Health Statement for Antimony]
*Wakayama, Hiroshi, [http://www.nilim.go.jp/lab/bcg/siryou/tnn/tnn0264pdf/ks0264011.pdf "Revision of Drinking Water Standards in Japan"], Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan), 2003
==External links==
{{Commons|Antimony}}
{{wiktionary|antimony}}
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/10.html National Pollutant Inventory - Antimony and compounds]
*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Sb/index.html WebElements.com – Antimony]
* [http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/antimony/antimony_table09.html World Mine Production of Antimony, by Country]
* [http://www.antimonynet.com/ AntimonyNet(news,price,ore,analysis,etc)]
{{clear}}
{{compact periodic table}}
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Metalloids]]
[[Category:Pnictogens]]
[[Category:Antimony|*]]
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