Apocrita
432373
206581123
2008-04-18T22:17:39Z
Polinizador
6621576
/* External links */ Fix broken link
{{wiktionary}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Apocrita
| image = Hymenoptere(s).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[Andrena]] sp.''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]
| subordo = '''Apocrita'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Superfamily (biology)|Superfamilies]]
| subdivision =
* '''[[Aculeata]]'''
** Superfamily [[Apoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Chrysidoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Vespoidea]]
* '''[[Parasitica]]'''
** Superfamily [[Ceraphronoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Chalcidoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Cynipoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Evanioidea]]
** Superfamily [[Ichneumonoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Megalyroidea]]
** Superfamily [[Mymarommatoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Platygastroidea]]
** Superfamily [[Proctotrupoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Stephanoidea]]
** Superfamily [[Trigonaloidea]]
** Many [[family(biology)|families]], see article
}}
'''Apocrita''' is a suborder of [[insect]]s in the order Hymenoptera.
The Apocrita includes [[wasp]]s, [[bee]]s and [[ant]]s, and consists of many families. It includes the most advanced Hymenoptera and is distinguished from the [[Symphyta]] by the narrow "waist" ([[petiole (insect)|petiole]]) formed between the first two segments of the actual [[abdomen]]; the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax, and is called the [[propodeum]]. Therefore, it is general practice, when discussing the body of an apocritan in a technical sense, to refer to the [[mesosoma]] and [[metasoma]] (or "gaster") rather than the "thorax" and "abdomen," respectively. The [[ovipositor]] of the female either extends freely or is retracted, and may be developed into a [[stinger|sting]] for both defense and paralyzing prey. Larvae are legless and blind, and either feed inside a host (plant or animal) or in a nest cell provisioned by their mother.
The Apocrita has historically been split into two groups, the "[[Parasitica]]" and the [[Aculeata]], but these are rankless groupings in present classifications, if they appear at all. The Parasitica is an artificial ([[paraphyletic]]) group comprising the majority of Hymenopteran insects, with respective members living as [[parasitoid]]s on what amounts to nearly "every other species of insect", and many non-insects. Most species are small, with the ovipositor adapted for piercing. In some hosts the parasitoids induce [[Metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosis]] prematurely, and in others it is prolonged. There are even species ("hyperparasites") that are parasitoids on other parasitoids. The Parasitica lay their [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s inside or on another insect (egg, larva ''or'' pupa) and their larvae grow and develop within or on that host. The host is nearly always killed. Many [[parasitic wasp|parasitic Hymenoptera]] are used as [[biological control]] control agents to control pests, such as [[caterpillar]]s, [[Hemiptera|true bugs and hoppers]], [[fly|flies]], and [[weevil]]s.
The Aculeata is a [[monophyletic]] group that includes those species in which the female's [[ovipositor]] is modified into a "[[stinger (organ)|stinger]]" to inject [[venom]] rather than eggs. Groups include the familiar [[ant]]s, [[bee]]s and various types of parasitic and predatory [[wasp]]s; it also includes all of the [[eusocial|social]] Hymenoptera.
Among the non-parasitic and non-social Aculeata, larvae are fed with captured prey (typically alive and paralyzed) or may be fed pollen and nectar. The [[Eusociality|social]] Aculeata feed their young prey ([[paper wasp]]s and [[hornet]]s), or [[pollen]] and [[nectar]] ([[bee]]s), or perhaps seeds, [[fungi]], or even non-viable eggs ([[ant]]s).
== Extant Families & Superfamilies ==
*'''Suborder Apocrita'''
**(unranked) [[Aculeata]]
***Superfamily [[Apoidea]] ([[bee]]s and sphecoid wasps)
****Family [[Andrenidae]] (mason bees)
****Family [[Apidae]] ([[carpenter bee]]s, [[digger bee]]s, [[cuckoo bee]]s, [[bumble bee]]s, [[orchid bee]]s, [[stingless bee]]s, and [[honeybee]]s)
****Family [[Colletidae]] ([[yellow-faced bee]]s and [[plasterer bee]]s)
****Family [[Dasypodaidae]]
****Family [[Halictidae]] ("[[sweat bee]]s")
****Family [[Megachilidae]] ([[leafcutting bee|leaf-cutting bee]]s)
****Family [[Meganomiidae]]
****Family [[Melittidae]]
****Family [[Stenotritidae]]
****Family [[Ampulicidae]] ([[cockroach wasp]]s)
****Family [[Crabronidae]] (sand wasps, bee wolves, etc.)
****Family [[Heterogynaidae]]
****Family [[Sphecidae]] ([[digger wasp]]s)
***Superfamily [[Chrysidoidea]]
****Family [[Bethylidae]]
****Family [[Chrysididae]] ([[cuckoo wasp]]s)
****Family [[Dryinidae]]
****Family [[Embolemidae]]
****Family [[Plumariidae]]
****Family [[Sclerogibbidae]]
****Family [[Scolebythidae]]
***Superfamily [[Vespoidea]]
****Family [[Bradynobaenidae]]
****Family [[Ant|Formicidae]] ([[ant]]s)
****Family [[Mutillidae]] ([[velvet ant]]s)
****Family [[Pompilidae]] ([[spider wasp]]s)
****Family [[Rhopalosomatidae]]
****Family [[Sapygidae]]
****Family [[Scoliidae]]
****Family [[Sierolomorphidae]]
****Family [[Tiphiidae]]
****Family [[Vespidae]] ([[paper wasp]]s, [[potter wasp]]s, [[hornet]]s, [[pollen wasp]]s, [[yellowjacket]]s)
**(unranked) [[Parasitica]]
***Superfamily [[Ceraphronoidea]]
****Family [[Ceraphronidae]]
****Family [[Megaspilidae]]
***Superfamily [[Chalcidoidea]]
****Family [[Agaonidae]] ([[fig wasp]]s)
****Family [[Aphelinidae]]
****Family [[Chalcididae]] ([[chalcid wasp]]s)
****Family [[Eucharitidae]]
****Family [[Eulophidae]]
****Family [[Eupelmidae]]
****Family [[Eurytomidae]] ([[seed chalcid]]s)
****Family [[Leucospidae]]
****Family [[Mymaridae]] ([[fairyfly|fairyflies]]) - the smallest of all insects
****Family [[Ormyridae]]
****Family [[Perilampidae]]
****Family [[Pteromalidae]]
****Family [[Rotoitidae]]
****Family [[Signiphoridae]]
****Family [[Tanaostigmatidae]]
****Family [[Tetracampidae]]
****Family [[Torymidae]]
****Family [[Trichogrammatidae]]
***Superfamily [[Cynipoidea]]
****Family [[Austrocynipidae]]
****Family [[Cynipidae]] ([[gall wasp]]s)
****Family [[Figitidae]]
****Family [[Ibaliidae]]
****Family [[Liopteridae]]
***Superfamily [[Evanioidea]]
****Family [[Aulacidae]]
****Family [[Evaniidae]] ([[ensign wasp]]s)
****Family [[Gasteruptiidae]]
***Superfamily [[Ichneumonoidea]]
****Family [[Braconidae]]
****Family [[Ichneumonidae]] ([[ichneumon wasp]]s)
***Superfamily [[Megalyroidea]]
****Family [[Megalyridae]]
***Superfamily [[Mymarommatoidea]] - sometimes called [[Serphitoidea]]
****Family [[Mymarommatidae]]
***Superfamily [[Platygastroidea]]
****Family [[Platygastridae]]
****Family [[Scelionidae]]
***Superfamily [[Proctotrupoidea]]
****Family [[Austroniidae]]
****Family [[Diapriidae]]
****Family [[Heloridae]]
****Family [[Maamingidae]]
****Family [[Monomachidae]]
****Family [[Pelecinidae]]
****Family [[Peradeniidae]]
****Family [[Proctorenyxidae]]
****Family [[Proctotrupidae]]
****Family [[Roproniidae]]
****Family [[Vanhorniidae]]
***Superfamily [[Stephanoidea]]
****Family [[Stephanidae]]
***Superfamily [[Trigonaloidea]]
****Family [[Trigonalidae]]
== References ==
*{{cite book|author=[[David Grimaldi|Grimaldi, D.]] and [[Michael S. Engel|Engel, M.S.]] |title=Evolution of the Insects|year=[[2005]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|id=ISBN 0-521-82149-5}}
==External links==
{{wikispecies|Apocrita}}
* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/12325 Suborder Apocrita - Ants, Bees and Wasps - BugGuide.Net] — images and other information
* [http://balades.naturalistes.free.fr/Balades_entomologiques.php Balades Entomologiques] — "entomological walks" with images {{fr icon}}
[[Category:Hymenoptera]]
[[Category:Wasps]]
[[Category:Biological pest control agents]]
[[ca:Apòcrit]]
[[de:Taillenwespen]]
[[et:Rippkehalised]]
[[es:Apocrita]]
[[fr:Apocrita]]
[[ko:벌아목]]
[[it:Apocrita]]
[[hu:Fullánkosdarázs-alkatúak]]
[[nl:Apocrita]]
[[no:Stilkvepser]]
[[nn:Stilkkvefsar]]
[[pl:Apocrita]]
[[ru:Стебельчатобрюхие]]
[[fi:Hoikkatyviset]]
[[sv:Midjesteklar]]
[[zh:细腰亚目]]