Apocrita 432373 206581123 2008-04-18T22:17:39Z Polinizador 6621576 /* External links */ Fix broken link {{wiktionary}} {{Taxobox | name = Apocrita | image = Hymenoptere(s).jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''[[Andrena]] sp.'' | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | subordo = '''Apocrita''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Superfamily (biology)|Superfamilies]] | subdivision = * '''[[Aculeata]]''' ** Superfamily [[Apoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Chrysidoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Vespoidea]] * '''[[Parasitica]]''' ** Superfamily [[Ceraphronoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Chalcidoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Cynipoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Evanioidea]] ** Superfamily [[Ichneumonoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Megalyroidea]] ** Superfamily [[Mymarommatoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Platygastroidea]] ** Superfamily [[Proctotrupoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Stephanoidea]] ** Superfamily [[Trigonaloidea]] ** Many [[family(biology)|families]], see article }} '''Apocrita''' is a suborder of [[insect]]s in the order Hymenoptera. The Apocrita includes [[wasp]]s, [[bee]]s and [[ant]]s, and consists of many families. It includes the most advanced Hymenoptera and is distinguished from the [[Symphyta]] by the narrow "waist" ([[petiole (insect)|petiole]]) formed between the first two segments of the actual [[abdomen]]; the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax, and is called the [[propodeum]]. Therefore, it is general practice, when discussing the body of an apocritan in a technical sense, to refer to the [[mesosoma]] and [[metasoma]] (or "gaster") rather than the "thorax" and "abdomen," respectively. The [[ovipositor]] of the female either extends freely or is retracted, and may be developed into a [[stinger|sting]] for both defense and paralyzing prey. Larvae are legless and blind, and either feed inside a host (plant or animal) or in a nest cell provisioned by their mother. The Apocrita has historically been split into two groups, the "[[Parasitica]]" and the [[Aculeata]], but these are rankless groupings in present classifications, if they appear at all. The Parasitica is an artificial ([[paraphyletic]]) group comprising the majority of Hymenopteran insects, with respective members living as [[parasitoid]]s on what amounts to nearly "every other species of insect", and many non-insects. Most species are small, with the ovipositor adapted for piercing. In some hosts the parasitoids induce [[Metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosis]] prematurely, and in others it is prolonged. There are even species ("hyperparasites") that are parasitoids on other parasitoids. The Parasitica lay their [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s inside or on another insect (egg, larva ''or'' pupa) and their larvae grow and develop within or on that host. The host is nearly always killed. Many [[parasitic wasp|parasitic Hymenoptera]] are used as [[biological control]] control agents to control pests, such as [[caterpillar]]s, [[Hemiptera|true bugs and hoppers]], [[fly|flies]], and [[weevil]]s. The Aculeata is a [[monophyletic]] group that includes those species in which the female's [[ovipositor]] is modified into a "[[stinger (organ)|stinger]]" to inject [[venom]] rather than eggs. Groups include the familiar [[ant]]s, [[bee]]s and various types of parasitic and predatory [[wasp]]s; it also includes all of the [[eusocial|social]] Hymenoptera. Among the non-parasitic and non-social Aculeata, larvae are fed with captured prey (typically alive and paralyzed) or may be fed pollen and nectar. The [[Eusociality|social]] Aculeata feed their young prey ([[paper wasp]]s and [[hornet]]s), or [[pollen]] and [[nectar]] ([[bee]]s), or perhaps seeds, [[fungi]], or even non-viable eggs ([[ant]]s). == Extant Families & Superfamilies == *'''Suborder Apocrita''' **(unranked) [[Aculeata]] ***Superfamily [[Apoidea]] ([[bee]]s and sphecoid wasps) ****Family [[Andrenidae]] (mason bees) ****Family [[Apidae]] ([[carpenter bee]]s, [[digger bee]]s, [[cuckoo bee]]s, [[bumble bee]]s, [[orchid bee]]s, [[stingless bee]]s, and [[honeybee]]s) ****Family [[Colletidae]] ([[yellow-faced bee]]s and [[plasterer bee]]s) ****Family [[Dasypodaidae]] ****Family [[Halictidae]] ("[[sweat bee]]s") ****Family [[Megachilidae]] ([[leafcutting bee|leaf-cutting bee]]s) ****Family [[Meganomiidae]] ****Family [[Melittidae]] ****Family [[Stenotritidae]] ****Family [[Ampulicidae]] ([[cockroach wasp]]s) ****Family [[Crabronidae]] (sand wasps, bee wolves, etc.) ****Family [[Heterogynaidae]] ****Family [[Sphecidae]] ([[digger wasp]]s) ***Superfamily [[Chrysidoidea]] ****Family [[Bethylidae]] ****Family [[Chrysididae]] ([[cuckoo wasp]]s) ****Family [[Dryinidae]] ****Family [[Embolemidae]] ****Family [[Plumariidae]] ****Family [[Sclerogibbidae]] ****Family [[Scolebythidae]] ***Superfamily [[Vespoidea]] ****Family [[Bradynobaenidae]] ****Family [[Ant|Formicidae]] ([[ant]]s) ****Family [[Mutillidae]] ([[velvet ant]]s) ****Family [[Pompilidae]] ([[spider wasp]]s) ****Family [[Rhopalosomatidae]] ****Family [[Sapygidae]] ****Family [[Scoliidae]] ****Family [[Sierolomorphidae]] ****Family [[Tiphiidae]] ****Family [[Vespidae]] ([[paper wasp]]s, [[potter wasp]]s, [[hornet]]s, [[pollen wasp]]s, [[yellowjacket]]s) **(unranked) [[Parasitica]] ***Superfamily [[Ceraphronoidea]] ****Family [[Ceraphronidae]] ****Family [[Megaspilidae]] ***Superfamily [[Chalcidoidea]] ****Family [[Agaonidae]] ([[fig wasp]]s) ****Family [[Aphelinidae]] ****Family [[Chalcididae]] ([[chalcid wasp]]s) ****Family [[Eucharitidae]] ****Family [[Eulophidae]] ****Family [[Eupelmidae]] ****Family [[Eurytomidae]] ([[seed chalcid]]s) ****Family [[Leucospidae]] ****Family [[Mymaridae]] ([[fairyfly|fairyflies]]) - the smallest of all insects ****Family [[Ormyridae]] ****Family [[Perilampidae]] ****Family [[Pteromalidae]] ****Family [[Rotoitidae]] ****Family [[Signiphoridae]] ****Family [[Tanaostigmatidae]] ****Family [[Tetracampidae]] ****Family [[Torymidae]] ****Family [[Trichogrammatidae]] ***Superfamily [[Cynipoidea]] ****Family [[Austrocynipidae]] ****Family [[Cynipidae]] ([[gall wasp]]s) ****Family [[Figitidae]] ****Family [[Ibaliidae]] ****Family [[Liopteridae]] ***Superfamily [[Evanioidea]] ****Family [[Aulacidae]] ****Family [[Evaniidae]] ([[ensign wasp]]s) ****Family [[Gasteruptiidae]] ***Superfamily [[Ichneumonoidea]] ****Family [[Braconidae]] ****Family [[Ichneumonidae]] ([[ichneumon wasp]]s) ***Superfamily [[Megalyroidea]] ****Family [[Megalyridae]] ***Superfamily [[Mymarommatoidea]] - sometimes called [[Serphitoidea]] ****Family [[Mymarommatidae]] ***Superfamily [[Platygastroidea]] ****Family [[Platygastridae]] ****Family [[Scelionidae]] ***Superfamily [[Proctotrupoidea]] ****Family [[Austroniidae]] ****Family [[Diapriidae]] ****Family [[Heloridae]] ****Family [[Maamingidae]] ****Family [[Monomachidae]] ****Family [[Pelecinidae]] ****Family [[Peradeniidae]] ****Family [[Proctorenyxidae]] ****Family [[Proctotrupidae]] ****Family [[Roproniidae]] ****Family [[Vanhorniidae]] ***Superfamily [[Stephanoidea]] ****Family [[Stephanidae]] ***Superfamily [[Trigonaloidea]] ****Family [[Trigonalidae]] == References == *{{cite book|author=[[David Grimaldi|Grimaldi, D.]] and [[Michael S. Engel|Engel, M.S.]] |title=Evolution of the Insects|year=[[2005]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|id=ISBN 0-521-82149-5}} ==External links== {{wikispecies|Apocrita}} * [http://bugguide.net/node/view/12325 Suborder Apocrita - Ants, Bees and Wasps - BugGuide.Net] — images and other information * [http://balades.naturalistes.free.fr/Balades_entomologiques.php Balades Entomologiques] — "entomological walks" with images {{fr icon}} [[Category:Hymenoptera]] [[Category:Wasps]] [[Category:Biological pest control agents]] [[ca:Apòcrit]] [[de:Taillenwespen]] [[et:Rippkehalised]] [[es:Apocrita]] [[fr:Apocrita]] [[ko:벌아목]] [[it:Apocrita]] [[hu:Fullánkosdarázs-alkatúak]] [[nl:Apocrita]] [[no:Stilkvepser]] [[nn:Stilkkvefsar]] [[pl:Apocrita]] [[ru:Стебельчатобрюхие]] [[fi:Hoikkatyviset]] [[sv:Midjesteklar]] [[zh:细腰亚目]]