Apple Newton
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/* eMate 300 */ fix Newton usage and clarify
[[Image:Apple Newton MP100.jpg|thumb|250px|The Apple Newton MessagePad 100]]
The '''Apple Newton''', or simply '''Newton''', was an early line of [[personal digital assistant]]s developed and marketed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] (now Apple Inc.) from 1993 to 1998. Some electronic engineering and the manufacture of the Newton was done in Japan by [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]. The original Newtons were based on the [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 610 RISC processor and featured [[handwriting recognition]] software. Apple's official name for the device was "MessagePad"; the term "Newton" was Apple's name for the operating system it used ([[Newton OS]]), but popular usage of the word ''Newton'' has grown to include the device and its software together. The name is an allusion to [[Isaac Newton#Newton's apple|Isaac Newton's apple]].
== The Newton in development ==
The Newton project was not originally intended to produce a PDA. The PDA category did not exist for most of Newton's genesis, and the "[[personal digital assistant]]" term itself was coined relatively late in the development cycle by Apple's then-CEO [[John Sculley]]{{Fact|date=February 2008}}, the driving force behind the project. Newton was intended to be a complete reinvention of personal computing. For most of its design lifecycle Newton had a large-format screen, more internal memory, and an object-oriented graphics kernel. One of the original motivating [[use case]]s for the design was known as the "Architect Scenario," in which Newton's designers imagined a residential [[architect]] working quickly with a client to sketch, clean up, and interactively modify a simple two-dimensional home plan{{Fact|date=February 2008}}.
For a portion of the Newton's development cycle (roughly the middle third<!--exact dates?-->), the project's intended programming language was [[Dylan programming language|Dylan]] though in fact the language and environment never matured enough for any applications to be successfully written{{Fact|date=February 2008}}. Dylan was a small, efficient [[object-oriented]] [[Lisp programming language|Lisp]] variant that still retains some interest{{Fact|date=February 2008}}. Although it was efficient (for its day, and considering its substantial run-time [[dynamic programming language|dynamism]]){{Fact|date=February 2008}}, Dylan never lived up to its developers' performance expectations and was a tough sell for a development team unaccustomed to Lisp programming{{Fact|date=February 2008}}. When the move was made to a smaller form factor (designed by [[Jonathan Ive]]), <ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_39/b4002414.htm "Who Is Jonathan Ive?"], BusinessWeek</ref> <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/44.html "cyber elite: Jonathan Ive"], Time</ref> Dylan was relegated to experimental status in the "Bauhaus Project" and eventually canceled outright. Its replacement, NewtonScript which had garbage collection, tight integration with the "soup" storage and user-interface toolkit, and was specifically designed to run in small RAM/large ROM environments.
The project missed its original goals to reinvent personal computing{{Fact|date=February 2008}}, and then to [[Rewrite (programming)|rewrite]] contemporary application programming{{Fact|date=February 2008}}. The Newton project fell victim to project slippage, [[scope creep]], and a growing fear that it would interfere with Macintosh sales. It was reinvented as a PDA which would be a complementary Macintosh peripheral instead of a stand-alone computer which might compete with the Macintosh.
== Product Details ==
=== Application software ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Controlpanelnewton.png|thumb|right|''The [[Newton OS]] GUI'']] -->
The Newton was pre-loaded with a variety of software to aid in personal data organization and management. This included such applications as Notes, Names, and Dates, as well as a variety of productivity tools such as a calculator, conversion calculators (metric conversions, currency conversions, etc), time-zone maps, etc. In later versions of the [[Newton OS]] these applications were refined, and new ones were added, such as the Works word processor and the Newton Internet Enabler, as well as the inclusion of bundled [[Third-party developer|3rd party]] applications, such as the QuickFigure Works spreadsheet (a "lite" version of Pelicanware's QuickFigure Pro), Pocket [[Quicken]], the NetHopper web browser, and the EnRoute email client. Various Newton applications had full import/export capabilities with popular desktop office suite and [[Personal information manager|PIM (Personal Information Manager)]] application file formats, primarily by making use of Apple's bundled [[Apple Newton Software|Newton Connection Utilities]].
====Notes====
The Notes application allowed users to create small documents that could contain text that had been typed, or that had been recognized from handwriting, as well as free-hand sketches, [[Apple Newton#User interface|"Shapes", and "ink text"]].
[[Image:Apple newton messagepad checklist jk.jpg|left|thumbnail|Photograph of screen displaying Checklist, some bullet points [[Tick (checkmark)|checked]] and/or "collapsed"]] In version 2 of the [[Newton OS]], the Notes application (as well as Names) could accept what Apple termed "stationery", 3rd-party created plug-in modules that could extend the functionality of the basic applications.
One of the new types of Notes stationery added to Newton OS 2.0 was a [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]], [[Bullet point|bullet-ed]], collapsible, multi-line "[[Checklist]]", an implementation of [[outliner]] software. This could be used for organizing thoughts, priorities, [[Time management|"to do" lists]], planning steps and sub-tasks, etc. Each bullet point could contain as many lines of text as desired. A bullet point could be dragged and placed underneath another bullet point, thus forming a hierarchical [[outline]]/[[Tree structure|tree]]. When a bullet point was dragged, the entire sub-[[Tree structure|tree]] of child bullet points underneath it (if any) would be dragged along as well. If a bullet point had child bullet points, tapping the hollow parent bullet point once would "roll up" or collapse all the children ([[WindowShade|"windowshade" effect]]). The parent bullet point would become a solid black circle and all the children would disappear. Tapping the parent bullet point again would make the children re-appear.
====Names====
The Names application was used for storing contacts. Contacts created either on the Newton or on a Windows or Macintosh desktop [[Personal information manager|PIM]] could be synchronized to each other. <ref>Apple Computer. [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=38006 "Newton Connection Utilities ReadMe"], Apple, July 24, 1997</ref> <ref>Apple Computer. [http://www.oldschool.net/newton/papers/ncu.html#NCU "Newton Connection Utilities Features"], Newton Source</ref> Entering a date in Names for fields such as birthday or anniversary automatically created corresponding repeating events in the Dates application. Each contact had an attached free-form notes field available to it, that could contain any mix of interleaved text, ink text, Shapes, or Sketches. Like Notes, Names could be extended by developers, to create special new categories of contacts with specialized pre-defined fields. Names shipped with 3 types of contacts, "people", "companies", and "groups", but a developer could define new types, for instance "client", "patient", etc.
====Dates====
Dates supplied calendar, events, meeting, and alarms functions, including an integrated [[Time management|"to do" list]] manager. It offered many different display and navigation styles, including a list view, graphical day "time blocking" view, or a week, month, or year grid. As with Names, Dates items created either on the Newton or on a Windows or Macintosh desktop [[Personal information manager|PIM]] could be synchronized to each other.
=== Screen and input ===
With the 1xx series, an optional keyboard became available, which can also be used via the dongle on a 2x00.
The MessagePad can be used with the screen turned horizontally ("landscape") as well as vertically ("portrait"). A change of a setting instantly rotates the contents of the display by 90, 180 or 270 degrees. Handwriting recognition still works properly with the display rotated.
==== Handwriting recognition ====
In initial versions ([[Newton OS]] 1.x) the Newton's handwriting recognition gave extremely mixed results for users and was often inaccurate. The original handwriting recognition engine was called Calligrapher, and was licensed from a Russian company called Paragraph International. Calligrapher's design was quite sophisticated; it attempted to learn the user's natural handwriting, using a database of known words to make guesses as to what the user was writing, and could interpret writing anywhere on the screen, whether hand-printed, in [[cursive]], or a mix of the two. By contrast, [[Palm Pilot|Palm Pilot's]] Graffiti had a less sophisticated design than Calligrapher, but was more accurate in practise due to its reliance on a simplified alphabet which clearly differentiated similar characters. <ref>[http://www.grot.com/zoomer/zoomer-list/zoomer-list-3Q1994/0048.html Grafitti Accuracy]</ref>
For editing text, Newton had an intuitive system for handwritten editing, such as scratching out words to be deleted, circling text to be selected, or using written [[caret]]s to mark inserts. <ref>Read about HWR, ink text, Sketches, & Shapes in Apple's [http://manuals.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Manuals/newton/0307258ANEWTONMP.PDF MessagePad Handbook] available in Apple's [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=50092 Newton Manuals] collection</ref>
Later releases of the [[Newton OS|Newton operating system]] retained the original recognizer for compatibility, but added a hand-printed-text-only (not [[cursive]]) recognizer, code-named "[[Rosetta (Newton)|Rosetta]]," which was developed by Apple, included in version 2.0 of the [[Newton OS|Newton operating system]], and refined in Newton 2.1. Rosetta is generally considered a significant improvement and many reviewers, testers, and users consider the Newton 2.1 handwriting recognition software better than any of the alternatives even 10 years after it was introduced. <ref>HWR accuracy:
*See comments in Wired's [http://www.wired.com/news/mac/0,2125,54580,00.html Apple Newton Just Won't Drop] (4 yrs later)
*See text under "Handwriting Recognition" in [http://www.pencomputing.com/developer/newton_20.html Pen Computing's First Look at Newton OS 2.0]
*See "Opportunity Squandered" in Pen Computing's [http://www.pencomputing.com/frames/newton_obituary.html Why did Apple kill the Newton?]
*See comments under "Software" in [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.13/13.04/NewtonGetSerious/index.html MacTech's MessagePad 2000 review]
*[http://www.pencomputing.com/editor/editor_34.html Comments by Pen Computing's editor]
*See user testing results discussed in part 6 of this [ftp://ftp.apple.com/research/neural/larryy/ANHR/AIMag/Yaegeretal.AIMag.pdf A.I. Magazine article on Newton HWR]
*[http://www.smalldog.com/newsarchive/kibbles_display.php?id=29 MessagePad 2000 review at Small Dog Electronics]
*See comments under "Note-taking" in [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~mac/mp2000.html MessagePad 2000 review at "The History and Macintosh Society"]
*[http://perlnet.umephy.maine.edu/bio/wittmann/pooter/newtuse/hwr.html What's Right With The Newton: HWR]
*A very large number of references on [http://slashdot.org slashdot.org], here are a few: "leaps and bounds ahead of what anyone was doing then or is doing now", "recognition is out of this world" in thread attached to [http://apple.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=02/08/29/208248 Newton Won't Die], "still isn't a handwriting recognition system available that's as good" in thread attached to [http://apple.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/01/15/1415249 NewtonOS Running on Linux PDA], "recognition of 3 years ago is better than anything else on the market today" in thread attached to [http://apple.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=02/08/01/1220229 "Inkwell No Longer From the Newton?"], "excellent handwriting recognition", "awesome recognition", ""great handwriting recognition" in thread attached to [http://hardware.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/10/05/0023212 The Newton O.S. Creeps Toward New Hardware], "best I've ever seen" in thread attached to [http://hardware.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/07/28/137207 Apple Newton vs Samsung Q1 UMPC]
*[http://www.beanblossom.in.us/larryy/ANHR.html Assessment by Apple developer]
*[http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej07/mr1.html Prof. Warden's MessagePad 130 review]
</ref> Recognition and computation of handwritten horizontal and vertical formulas such as "1 + 2 =" was also under development but never released.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
A critical feature of the Newton handwriting recognition system is the [[modeless]] [[Error detection and correction|error correction]]. That is, correction done [[in situ]] without using a separate window or widget, using a minimum of gestures. If a word is recognized improperly, the user could double-tap the word and a list of alternatives would pop up in a menu under the stylus. Most of the time, the correct word will be in the list. If not, a button at the bottom of the list allows the user to edit individual characters in that word. Other pen gestures could do such things as transpose letters (also [[in situ]]). Error correction in many current handwriting systems provides such functionality but adds more steps to the process, greatly increasing the interruption to a user's workflow that a given correction requires.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
==== User interface ====
[[Image:Apple newton messagepad mixed note jk.jpg|right|thumbnail|Newton screen displaying a Note with text, "ink text", a sketch, & [[Vector graphics|vectorized]] shapes]]
Text could also be entered by tapping with the stylus on a small on-screen pop-up [[QWERTY]] [[virtual keyboard]]. Newton could also accept free-hand "Sketches", "Shapes", and "ink text", much like a desktop computer [[graphics tablet]]. With "Shapes", Newton could recognize that the user was attempting to draw a circle, a line, a [[polygon]], etc, and it would clean them up into "perfect" [[vector graphics|vector]] representations (with modifiable control points and defined vertices) of what the user was attempting to draw. "Shapes" and "Sketches" could be [[image scaling|scaled]] or deformed once drawn. "Ink text" captured the user's free-hand writing but allowed it to be treated somewhat like recognized text when manipulating for later editing purposes ("ink text" supported [[word wrap]], could be formatted to be bold, italic, etc). <ref>[http://www.pencomputing.com/developer/newton_20.html Pen Computing's First Look at Newton OS 2.0]</ref> At any time a user could also direct the Newton to recognize selected "ink text" and turn it into recognized text (deferred recognition). A Newton Note document (or the notes attached to each contact in Names and each calendar event) could contain any mix of interleaved text, ink text, Shapes, and Sketches.
=== Operating system and programming environment ===
The [[Newton OS]] consists of three layers. At the lowest level, a [[microkernel]] handles resources like tasks and memory. On top of the microkernel, the bulk of the operating system is implemented in [[C++]], including the communications layer, handwriting recognition, and the [[NewtonScript]] environment. The top layer consists of built-in and user installed applications written in NewtonScript.
NewtonScript is an advanced [[object-oriented programming]] language, developed by Apple employee [[Walter Smith (programmer)|Walter Smith]] <ref>[http://waltersmith.us/ Walter Smith’s home page]</ref>. Some programmers complained at the $1000 cost of the Toolbox programming environment (later in the life of the Newton, the programming environment was made available free of charge).{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Additionally, it required learning a new way of programming. Despite this, many third party and [[shareware]] applications are available for Newton.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
The Newton Toolkit (NTK), an integrated environment tailored to the graphical nature of the Newton, was developed specifically for developing applications for the Newton and included a graphical view editor, a template browser, and an interactive inspector. Initially, it was only available for Macs, and later a Windows version was developed. The Technical Lead for the Newton Toolkit was Norberto Menendez; other engineers on the team were: Ben Sharpe and Peter Potrebic.
=== Data storage ===
Data in Newton is stored in object-oriented databases known as [[Soup (Apple Newton)|soups]]. One of the innovative aspects of Newton is that soups are available to all programs; and programs can operate cross-soup; meaning that the calendar can refer to names in the address book; a note in the notepad can be converted to an appointment, and so forth; and the soups can be programmer-extended—a new address book enhancement can be built on the data from the existing address book.
While the soup concept works well within the Newton system itself, it causes several issues. First, it makes it difficult to synchronize data with other systems, like a desktop [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] or [[Personal computer|PC]] since the data stored in soups does not correspond well with such file based systems. Apple's utility to perform this task, the Newton Connection Utility, was complex{{Fact|date=February 2008}} and was never completed to perform to the satisfaction of most users. The realization that a hand held computer needs to work within the existing data environment of its users was key to the success of the later [[Palm Pilot]] platform. Difficulty in working and sharing data with other systems was a key contributor to Newton's demise.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
The second consequence of the data-object soup is that objects can extend built-in applications such as the address book so seamlessly that Newton users can not distinguish which program or add-on object is responsible for the various features on their own system. A user rebuilding their system after extended usage might find themselves unable to manually restore their system to the same functionality because some long-forgotten downloaded extension was missing. Data owned and used by applications and extensions themselves is tossed in the "Storage" area of the "Extras" drawer. There is no built-in distinction between types of data in that area. For example, an installed application's icon could be sitting right next to a database of addresses used by another installed extension further down the list.
Finally, the data soup concept works well for data like addresses, which benefit from being shared cross-functionally, but it works poorly for discrete data sets like files and documents. Later, the 2.0 release of the [[Newton OS]] introduced Virtual Binary Objects to alleviate the problem of handling large data objects.
===Package installation, capacity planning, and disaster recovery===
Several software utilities which accommodate data transfer to and from a host system exist for the following platforms:
* Apple Macintosh
* Amiga OS
* UNIX
* Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/2003/XP/Vista
See [[Apple Newton Software]] --> [[Apple Newton Software|Backup]] for further details.
=== Hardware connectivity ===
Earlier MessagePads use [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]]-standard [[serial port]]s—round [[Mini-DIN connector|Mini-DIN 8 connectors]] instead of the more common trapezoidal [[D-subminiature|DE-9, commonly called DB-9]]. The 2000/2100 models have a proprietary small flat connector, called an InterConnect port, used with an adapter. In addition, all models have [[infrared]] connectivity, initially only the [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] [[ASK]] protocol, later [[IrDA]]. Unlike the Palm, all MessagePad models are equipped with a standard [[PC Card]] expansion slot (two on the 2000/2100). This allows native modem and even [[Ethernet]] connectivity; Newton users have also written [[Device driver|drivers]] for [[802.11b]] wireless networking cards and ATA-type [[flash memory]] cards (including the popular [[CompactFlash]] format), as well as for [[Bluetooth]] cards. Newton can also dial a phone number through the MessagePad speaker by simply holding a telephone handset up to the speaker, and fax support is built in at the operating system level, although it requires external cards or a small serial Apple modem powered by AA batteries.
=== Power options ===
As with the contemporary early-model PI-series [[Sharp]] [[Zaurus]] PDAs in Japan, the MessagePad and MessagePad 100 used [[AAA battery|AAA batteries]]. The early Zaurus used 2 AAA batteries, whereas the MessagePad and MessagePad 100 used 4 AAA batteries. However, even with twice as many batteries, AAA batteries proved to be an inadequate power source for the consumption needs of the Newton.
The use of 4 [[AA battery|AA]] [[NiCd]] (MessagePad 110, 120 and 130) and 4x AA [[NiMH]] cells (2x00 series, [[eMate 300]]) give a runtime of up to 30 hours (MP 2100 with two 20 MB linear [[Flash memory]] [[PC Card]]s, no backlight usage) and up to 24 hours with backlight on. While adding more weight to the Newtons than AAA batteries or custom battery packs, the choice of an easily replaceable/rechargeable cell format gives the user a still unsurpassed runtime and flexibility of power supply. This, together with the [[Flash memory]] used as internal storage (if all cells lost their power, no data was lost due to the non-volatility of this storage), gave birth to the slogan "Newton never dies, it only gets new batteries".
=== Later efforts and improvements ===
The MessagePad 2000 and 2100, with a vastly improved handwriting recognition system, 162 MHz [[StrongARM]] SA-110 [[RISC]] processor, Newton 2.1 OS, and a better, clearer, backlit screen, attracted critical plaudits. Although their size and expense were factors which kept them from being as popular as later [[Palm OS]] devices, the Newton still has a small but passionate user base.
[[Image:Applenewton emate300.jpg|thumb|left|''The [[eMate 300]]'']]
====eMate 300====
{{main|eMate 300}}
The [[eMate 300]] was a Newton device in a laptop form factor offered to schools in 1997 as an inexpensive ($799 US, originally sold to education markets only) and durable computer for classroom use. However, in order to achieve its low price, the eMate 300 did not have all the speed and features of the contemporary MessagePad equivalent, the MessagePad 2000. The eMate was cancelled along with the rest of the Newton line.
====Prototypes====
Many prototypes of additional Newton models were spotted. Most notable was a Newton tablet or "slate," a large, flat screen that could be written on. Others included a "Kids Newton" with side handgrips and buttons, "VideoPads" which would have incorporated a video camera and screen on their flip-top covers for two-way communications, the "Mini 2000" which would have been very similar to Palm Pilot, and the "NewtonPhone" (developed by [[Siemens AG]]) which incorporated a handset and a keyboard.
=== Cases ===
Apple and third parties marketed several "wallets" (cases) for the MessagePads, which would hold them securely along with the owner's credit cards, driver's license, business cards, and cash. These wallets were even larger than the MessagePads and even less able to fit in a pocket, so they were most often used as a protective case for the unit to shield it from bumps and scratches. Some cases included a metal or plastic shield inside the fabric to protect the glass LCD screen. The MessagePad has a receiver in the middle back to accept a pin that was mounted on the case. This allowed the Newton to be held by the case without the use of adhesives or straps.
== Market reception ==
Although the Apple Newton was produced for six years, it was never as successful in the marketplace as Apple had hoped. This has been attributed to two primary reasons: the Newton's high price (which went up to $1000 when models 2000 and 2100 were introduced), and its large size (it failed the "pocket test" by not fitting in an average coat, shirt, or trouser pocket).
The MessagePad and MessagePad 100 were also limited by the very short lifetime of their inadequate AAA batteries.
Critics also panned the [[handwriting recognition]], trumpeted in the Newton's marketing campaign, available in the debut models, and it was this problem that was famously skewered in the [[Doonesbury]] comic strips<ref name="doonesbury">[http://images.ucomics.com/comics/db/1993/db930827.gif Egg freckles comic strip]</ref> and the animated television series [[The Simpsons]]. Although the handwriting recognition was greatly improved in later models, these initial problems marred Newton's reputation in the eyes of the public, and PDAs would remain a niche product until [[Palm, Inc.]]'s [[Palm Pilot]], which emerged shortly before the Newton was discontinued. The Palm Pilot, with its smaller, thinner shape, lower cost, excellent PC synchronization, and more robust [[Graffiti (Palm OS)|Graffiti]] handwriting recognition system—which had been available first as a software package for the Newton—managed to restore the viability of the PDA market after Newton's commercial failure. Palm Computing was co-founded by ex-Apple employee [[Donna Dubinsky]].
Another factor which limited the Newton's appeal was that desktop connectivity was not included in the basic retail package. Desktop computer synchronization hardware and software had to be purchased separately adding to the expense of the basic package.
Later versions (OS 2.x) offered excellent handwriting recognition and modeless access to error correction, quite possibly a leading reason for the continued popularity of the device among Newton users. Even given the age of the hardware and software, Newtons still demand a sale price on the used market far greater than that of comparatively aged PDAs produced by other companies. [[As of 2004]] the Newton 2000 and 2100 could still fetch a price, without accessories, of over $100. In 2006 [[CNET]] compared a Newton Message Pad 2000 to a Samsung Q1, and the Newton was declared better<ref>http://digitalliving.cnet.co.uk/specials/0,39030785,49282099-1,00.htm</ref>
== Newton technology after cancellation ==
Before the Newton project was canceled, it was "spun off" into an Apple wholly owned subsidiary company, ''Newton Inc.'', but was reabsorbed several months later when [[Steve Jobs]] ousted Apple CEO [[Gil Amelio]] and resumed control of Apple. Two ex-Apple Newton developers founded [[Pixo]], the company that created the [[iPod]]'s OS.
Speculation continued for several years that Apple might release a new PDA with some Newton technology or collaborate with Palm. Feeding a bit of speculation, Apple put the "Print Recognizer" part of the Newton 2.1 handwriting recognition system into [[Mac OS X]] version 10.2 (known as "Jaguar"). It can be used with graphics tablets to seamlessly input handwritten printed text anywhere there was an insertion point on the screen. This technology, known as "[[Inkwell (Macintosh)|Inkwell]]", appears in the System Preferences whenever a tablet input device is plugged in. Whether Apple will ever extensively utilize such technology again in a [[handheld device]] remains to be seen, however in beta versions of the [[iPhone]] 2.0 software release, Apple has incorporated Chinese character recognition, when drawn with a finger. An [[Easter egg (virtual)|Easter egg]] in Print Recognizer on the Newton (write "ROSETTA! ROSETTA! ROSETTA!", and the Newton will insert "ROSETTA! ROSETTA! Hey, that's me!" instead) was present in Inkwell in Mac OS 10.2 and 10.3, but seems to have been removed in 10.4. This led to speculation that Inkwell was a direct port of Print Recognizer, but may have just been a programmer being nostalgic. The [[Rosetta (software)|Rosetta]] name was later used for Apple's [[PowerPC]] emulation layer for [[Intel]]-based Macs.
At an All Things Digital conference in 2004, Steve Jobs made reference to a new "Apple PDA" (likely a successor to the Newton) which the company had developed but had decided not to bring to market.<ref>http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/04/06/07/jobs_apple_developed_but_did_not_ship_apple_pda.html</ref>
The Apple [[iPhone]], announced by Steve Jobs at [[Macworld]] on [[9 January]] [[2007]], was described by one blogger as "surprisingly close to what a current-generation Newton might look like if Jobs hadn't killed the line in 1997"<ref>http://blog.wired.com/cultofmac/2007/01/iphone_the_newt.html</ref>. Many of the iPhone's icons are reminiscent of the Newton 2x00 soft icons at the bottom of the screen.
=== Newton Emulation ===
Since 2004, the Einstein Project<ref>http://www.kallisys.com/newton/einstein/</ref> has been working on emulating the Newton for use as an alternate OS on other platforms. It is currently available for the Sharp [[Zaurus]], Apple's [[Mac OS X]], Nokia [[Nokia 770|770]] and [[Nokia N800|N800]], and the [[Pepper Pad|PepperPad]] 3. The emulator is an open source project, but requires an original Newton ROM to be installed in order to function.
===Future===
A possible Newton revival has been a common source of speculation among the Macintosh user base; when patents for a tablet based Macintosh were applied for <ref>[http://www.appleinsider.com/article.php?id=600 Appleinsider, ''Euro filing reveals Apple handheld design images'', August 13, 2004]</ref>, rumor sites jumped at the possibility of a new [[Tablet PC]] style Macintosh. Also, the [[IPhone|Apple iPhone]] and [[iPod Touch]] have PDA functions, touchscreen navigation, Chinese character handwriting recognition, and could therefore be considered a successor to the Newton.
==Newton models==
{{seealso|Timeline of Apple products}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Model || Processor || Memory || Display || [[Newton OS]] Version || Ports || Memory Card || Power || Weight & Dimensions || Introduced || Discontinued
|-
| OMP ('''O'''riginal Newton '''M'''essage'''P'''ad) aka H1000|| [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 610 (20 MHz) || 4MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 640KB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 336 x 240 (B&W) || 1.0 - 1.1 || [[RS422]] & SHARP ASK Infrared || 1 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] II || 4 AAA or [[NiCd]] rechargeable or external power supply || 0.41kg, 18.42cm H x 11.43cm W x 1.91cm D || August 1993 || March 1994
|-
| MessagePad 100 || [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 610 (20 MHz) || 4MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 640KB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 336 x 240 (B&W) || 1.2 - 1.3 || [[RS422]] & SHARP ASK Infrared || 1 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] II || 4 AAA or [[NiCd]] rechargeable or external power supply || 0.41kg, 18.42cm H x 11.43cm W x 1.91cm D || March 1994 || April 1995
|-
| MessagePad 110 || [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 610 (20 MHz) || 4MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 1MB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 320 x 240 (B&W) || 1.3 || [[RS422]] & SHARP ASK Infrared || 1 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] II || 4 AA or [[NiCd]] rechargeable or external power supply || 0.45kg, 20.32cm H x 10.16cm W x 3cm D || March 1994 || April 1995
|-
| MessagePad 120 || [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 610 (20 MHz) || 4MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 1-2MB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 320 x 240 (B&W) || 1.3 - 2.0 || [[RS422]] & SHARP ASK Infrared || 1 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] II || 4 AA or [[NiCd]] rechargeable or external power supply || 0.45kg, 20.32cm H x 10.16cm W x 3cm D || October 1994 (Germany), January 1995 (USA) || June 1996
|-
| MessagePad 130 || [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 610 (20 MHz) || 4MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 2.5MB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 320 x 240 w/ backlight || 2.0 || [[RS232]] & SHARP ASK Infrared || 1 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] II || 4 AA or [[NiCd]] rechargeable or external power supply || 0.45kg, 20.32cm H x 10.16cm W x 3cm D || March 1996 || April 1997
|-
| MessagePad 2000 || [[StrongARM]] SA-110 (162 MHz) || 8MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 5MB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 480 x 320 greyscale (16 shades) w/ backlight || 2.1 || Dual-mode IR; [[IrDA]] & SHARP ASK Infrared, LocalTalk, Audio I/O, Autodock, Phone I/O || 2 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] II, 3.3v 5v || 4 AA or [[NiMH]] rechargeable or external power supply || 0.64kg, 21.1cm H x 11.94cm W x 2.79cm D || March 1997 || February 1998
|-
| MessagePad 2100 || [[StrongARM]] SA-110 (162 MHz) || 8MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 8MB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 480 x 320 greyscale (16 shades) w/ backlight || 2.1 || Dual-mode IR; [[IrDA]] & SHARP ASK Infrared, LocalTalk, Audio I/O, Autodock, Phone I/O || 2 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] II, 3.3v 5v || 4 AA or [[NiMH]] rechargeable or external power supply || 0.64kg, 21.1cm H x 11.94cm W x 2.79cm D || November 1997 || February 1998
|-
| [[eMate 300]] || [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 710a (25 MHz) || 8MB [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 3MB [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] || 480 x 320 greyscale (16 shades) w/ backlight || 2.1 (2.2)|| [[IrDA]], headphone port, Interconnect port, LocalTalk, Audio I/O, Autodock, Phone I/O || 1 [[PC card|PCMCIA-slot]] I/II/III || NiMH battery pack (built-in) or external power supply || 1.81kg, 30.5cm H x 29cm W x 5.33cm D || March 1997 || February 1998
|}
Note(*): The eMate 300 actually has ROM Chips silked screened with 2.2 on them. Stephanie Mak on her website discusses this. http://www.felesmagus.com/newton/otheremate.html So if you remove ALL patches to the eMate 300 NOS you will end up with an NOS of 2.2.00-0 which is documented in photo located here.<br>
{{Timeline of Newton models}}
===Third Party Licenses===
The [[Newton OS]] was also licensed to a number of third party developers including Sharp and Motorola who developed additional PDA devices that used the operating system. Motorola added wireless connectivity to the unit, and renamed it the Marco. <ref>[http://www.msu.edu/~luckie/gallery/marco.htm Motorola's 'Marco' Wireless Communicator]</ref>
==Other uses==
[[Image:PSAINS InteractStation7.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Petrosains uses Newton technology.]]
There were a number of projects that used the Newton as a portable information device in cultural settings such as museums. For example, Visible Interactive created a walking tour in San Francisco's Chinatown but the most significant effort took place in [[Malaysia]] at the [[Petronas]] Discovery Center, known as Petrosains. <ref>[http://www.petrosains.com.my/ Petrosains]</ref>
In 1995, an exhibit design firm, DMCD Inc., was awarded the contract to design a new 100,000 square foot (9300 m²) science museum in the [[Petronas Towers]] in Kuala Lumpur. A major factor in the award was the concept that visitors would use a Newton to access additional information, find out where they were in the museum, listen to audio, see animations, control robots and other media, and to bookmark information for printout at the end of the exhibit.
The device became known as the ARIF, a Malay word for "wise man" or "seer" and it was also an acronym for A Resourceful Informative Friend. Some 400 ARIFS were installed and over 300 are still in use today. The development of the ARIF system was extremely complex and required a team of hardware and software engineers, designers, and writers. ARIF is an ancestor of the PDA systems used in museums today and it boasted features that have not been attempted since.
==Appearances in popular culture==
{{trivia|date=September 2007}}
* [[Image:Newton eat up martha.jpg|thumb|right|The Original Apple Newton's handwriting recognition was made light of in [[The Simpsons]] episode ''[[Lisa on Ice]]'']] In an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "[[Lisa on Ice]]", which first aired [[November 13]], [[1994]], school bully Kearney has his buddy Dolph take a memo on a Newton. When Dolph writes "Beat up Martin" on the screen, the handwriting recognition turns it into "Eat up Martha." Kearney throws the Newton at [[Martin Prince|Martin]] instead. <ref>[http://www.snpp.com/episodes/2F05.html 2F05 Lisa on Ice]</ref>
* The Newton was featured in the movie ''[[Under Siege 2: Dark Territory|Under Siege 2]],'' where the main character, played by [[Steven Seagal]], uses it to fax a call for help from a phone on a passenger train.
* In early episodes of the series ''[[The X-Files]]'', the FBI agents use Newtons. The Newton is also used as an in-game tool in [[The X-Files: The Game]].
* In the end scene of Larry Laffer ''[[Leisure Suit Larry]] 6: Shape Up or Slip Out!'' the woman says "I even had a Newton".
* The character of Kate Libby in ''[[Hackers (movie)|Hackers]]'' has a MessagePad which is seen in a number of scenes.
* [[Wayne Knight|Dennis Nedry]] in the film ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' has a Newton on his desk.
* [[Gary Sinise]] uses one as the hostage taker in the 1996 film ''[[Ransom (film)|Ransom]]'' starring [[Mel Gibson]].
* Daniel Brühl uses one in the German film ''[[The Edukators]]''.
* A "[[Saturday Night Live]]" mock commercial featured a Newton/Post-it Note hybrid device.
* The Newton is still used to this day (summer 2006), as a survey taking device by Disneyland castmembers.
*In the movie [[Angels in the Outfield]], the coach's personal assistant uses a Newton several times.
*A modified [[eMate 300]] appears in the 1997 film [[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]. <ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,126692-page,2-c,systems/article.html PC World - The 25 Greatest PCs of All Time<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Garry Trudeau]] ridiculed it in a series of episodes of his popular comic, ''[[Doonesbury]]''. The last panel of one strip, which shows a character reading the words "egg freckles?" from his Newton <ref name="doonesbury"/>, became an [[Easter egg (virtual)|Easter egg]] in the Newton operating system itself (version 2.0 and earlier). It can be seen by writing the words ''egg freckles'' then highlighting them and tapping the Assist button<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vakoItmiDlQ Video Showing the Doonesbury Easter Egg]</ref>.
* In an episode of ''[[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)|Sabrina, the Teenage Witch]]'' titled "Geek Like Me" a character in the Science Club, Howard, relates an experience with his Newton to the rest of the club: "...And the handwriting recognition on my Newton turned it into ‘[[Are You Afraid of the Dark? (TV series)|Are you afraid of the dork]]’!"
* In 2004, [[CNET]] elected the Apple Newton one of the "Top 10 tech we miss" <ref>[http://www.cnet.com/4520-11136_1-6259955.html cnet, Top 10 tech we miss, By Rafe Needleman]</ref>, mentioning the device's amusing willingness to translate nearly any stroke on the screen to text, allowing the user to generate surreal ''Newton Poetry'' from random scribbles.
* A number of [[Usenet]] discussion groups mocked the Newton's mangling of handwriting. For example: "Q: How many Apple Newtons does it take to change a light bulb? A: Foux! There to eat lemons, axe gravy soup."
==See also==
* [[ALON Project]] The ALON Project (ARM Linux on Newton Project)
* [[eMate 300]]
* [[Apple Newton Software]]
* [[NewtonScript]]
* [[iPhone]]
* [[iPod touch]]
* [[Orphaned technology]]
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
* [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=28047 Apple's MessagePad 2100 description]
* [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=28050 Apple's MessagePad 2100 technical specs]
* [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=50092 A selection of PDFs of Apple's Newton manuals]
* [http://www.apple.com/ca/press/1997/10/MP2100.html Apple's press release on the debut of the MessagePad 2100]
* [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=38006 Apple's overview of features & limitations of Newton Connection Utilities]
* [http://www.oldschool.net/newton/papers/index130.html Newton overview at Newton Source archived from Apple]
* [http://www.chuma.org/newton/faq/ Newton FAQ]
* [http://www.pencomputing.com/developer/newton_20.html Pen Computing's First Look at Newton OS 2.0]
* [http://www.msu.edu/~luckie/newtgal.htm Newton Gallery]
* [http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/0207.html Birth of the Newton]
* [http://www.msu.edu/~luckie/hallofame.htm The Newton Hall of Fame: People behind the Newton]
* Pen Computing's [http://www.pencomputing.com/frames/newton_obituary.html Why did Apple kill the Newton?]
* Pen Computing's [http://www.pencomputing.com/Newton/ Newton Notes] column archive
* [ftp://ftp.apple.com/research/neural/larryy/ANHR/AIMag/Yaegeretal.AIMag.pdf A.I. Magazine article by Yaeger on Newton HWR design, algorithms, & quality] and associated [http://wwnc.newtontalk.net/2004/program/larryyaeger/slides-larryyaeger.pdf slides]
* [http://www.beanblossom.in.us/larryy/ANHR.html Info on Newton HWR from Apple's HWR Technical Lead]
==External links==
{{external links|May 2007}}
{{Commons|Apple Newton}}
===Additional Resources & Information===
*'''''[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0941831949/ Defying Gravity: The Making of Newton, by Kounalakis & Menuez]''''' (Hardcover)
:*Hardcover: 192 pages
:*Publisher: Beyond Words Publishing (October 1993)
:*ISBN 0941831949
:*ISBN 978-0941831949
*[http://www.pda-soft.de/english.html Newton FAQ & Detailed upgrade/repair information]
*[http://dmoz.org/Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Newton/ the Open Directory Project's Newton links]
*[http://www.newtontalk.net/ NewtonTalk discussion email list]
*[http://www.unna.org/ United Network of Newton Archives]
*[http://npds.free.fr/ Newton-based web server software]
*[http://tools.unna.org/errors/ Online Newton Error-Code Lookup]
*[http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/07/09/26/up_next_for_apple_the_return_of_the_newton.html Up next for Apple: the return of the Newton]
*[http://newtonpoetry.wordpress.com/ Newton Poetry]: MessagePad Jabberwocky (blog)
===Newton Technical Documents for Programmers===
NewtonScript Programming: [[NewtonScript]] is the native programming language for all MessagePads
*[http://newton.vyx.net/documentation/COMPCON-Arch.pdf The Newton Application Architecture]
*[http://newton.tek-ed.com/NewtonToolKit_win/NTK/Winntk16.pdf Newton Tool Kit (NTK) Integrated Development Environment Manual]
*[http://home.satx.rr.com/dumbstart/tutorial/tutorial1.htm A quick introduction to programming in NewtonScript using NTK]
*[http://www.newted.org/manuals/NewtonScriptProgramLanguage.pdf The NewtonScript Programming Language (Apple Manual).]
*[http://www.newted.org/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuide20.pdf Newton Programmer's Guide, OS 2.0]
*[http://www.newted.org/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuide21Add.pdf Newton Programmer's Guide, OS 2.1 Addendum]
*[http://www.newted.org/manuals/NewtonProgrammerRef20.pdf Newton Programmer's Reference, OS 2.0]
*[http://www.newted.org/manuals/NewtonOS21EngDoc.pdf Newton OS 2.1 Engineering Documents]
*[http://waltersmith.us/wp-content/uploads/2005/12/OOPSLA95.pdf Explanation of NewtonScript Prototyping]
*[http://www.newted.org/manuals/Newton20UIGuide.pdf Newton User Interface Specification Guide]
MessagePad 2100 & 2000 Assembly Language Programming:
*[http://empeg.org.uk/info/sa1100/sa1100DevMan.pdf Complete Developer's manual for the StrongARM SA-110]
*[http://www-s.acm.uiuc.edu/sigarch/resources/docs/sa110_27805802.pdf StrongARM SA-110 Technical Reference Manual for Programmers (by Intel)]
*[http://empeg.org.uk/info/sa1100/sa110TechMan.pdf StrongARM SA-110 Technical Reference Manual for Programmers (by DEC).]
*[http://www.renan.org/ARM/doc/27819401.pdf StrongARM SA-110 Microprocessor Instruction Timing Technical Manual]
*[http://rpmfind.net/linux/netwinder.org/netwinder/docs/intel/applnots/27819101.pdf Memory Management on the StrongARM SA-110]
*[http://www.cs.ubc.ca/grads/resources/thesis/May06/Ferstay_Daniel.pdf Paper describing porting [[Xen]] to the SA-110. Describes many points of interest regarding porting to the StrongARM platform from the X86 architecture, very useful for Newton programmers.]
*[http://empeg.org.uk/info/sa1100/sa1100DataSheet.pdf StrongARM SA-110 Datasheet]
*[http://www.egr.msu.edu/classes/ece809/rover/coursework/00spr/procg7.pdf Very clear introductory overview of the StrongARM SA-110 Microprocessor suitable for beginners.]
*[http://waltersmith.us/wp-content/uploads/2005/12/COMPCON-OS.pdf A Technical Overview of the Original Newton OS]
*[http://newton.vyx.net/ Newton Internals]
*[http://www.0x1.org/d/stuff/newton/vm/ Newton Bytecode Specification]
===Reviews===
*[http://blog.wired.com/cultofmac/2007/01/in_1998_steve_j.html Apple Newton Versus iPhone]
*[http://lowendmac.com/rivera/jr07/0906.html My Newton: Why I won't buy an iPhone or iPod touch]
*[http://digitalliving.cnet.co.uk/specials/0,39030785,49282099,00.htm Interesting modern review comparing the MessagePad to the Samsung Q1]
*[http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.13/13.04/NewtonGetSerious/index.html MacTech's review of MessagePad 2000]
*[http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~mac/mp2000.html MessagePad 2000 review at "The History and Macintosh Society"]
*[http://db.tidbits.com/article/02170 TidBITS review of MessagePad 2000]
*[http://perlnet.umephy.maine.edu/bio/wittmann/pooter/newton.htm Prof. Wittmann's collection of Newton & MessagePad reviews]
{{Apple hardware before 1998}}
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