Approximation
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/92.21.94.191|92.21.94.191]] ([[User talk:92.21.94.191|talk]]) to last version by Ben414
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An '''approximation''' (represented by the symbol ≈) is an [[Accuracy and precision|inexact]] representation of something that is still close enough to be useful. Although approximation is most often applied to [[number]]s, it is also frequently applied to such things as [[Function (mathematics)|mathematical functions]], [[shape]]s, and [[physical law]]s.
Approximations may be used because incomplete [[information]] prevents use of exact representations. Many problems in physics are either too complex to solve analytically, or impossible to solve. Thus, even when the exact representation is known, an approximation may yield a sufficiently accurate solution while reducing the complexity of the problem significantly.
For instance, [[physicists]] often approximate the shape of the [[Earth]] as a [[sphere]] even though more accurate representations are possible, because many physical behaviours—e.g. [[gravity]]—are much easier to calculate for a sphere than for less regular shapes.
The problem consisting of two or more planets orbiting around a sun has no exact solution. Often, ignoring the gravitational effects of the planets gravitational pull on each other and assuming that the sun does not move achieve a good approximation. The use of perturbations to correct for the errors can yield more accurate solutions. Simulations of the motions of the planets and the star also yields more accurate solutions.
The type of approximation used depends on the available [[information]], the degree of accuracy required, the sensitivity of the problem to this data, and the savings (usually in time and effort) that can be achieved by approximation.
==Science==
The [[scientific method]] is carried out with a constant interaction between scientific laws (theory) and empirical [[measurement]]s, which are constantly compared to one another.
The approximation also refers to using a simpler process. This model is used to make predictions easier. The most common versions of [[philosophy of science]] accept that empirical [[measurement]]s are always ''approximations''—they do not perfectly represent what is being measured. The [[history of science]] indicates that the scientific laws commonly felt to be ''true'' at any time in history are only ''approximations'' to some deeper set of laws. For example, attempting to resolve a [[Mathematical model|model]] using outdated [[Newtonian mechanics|physical laws]] alone incorporates an inherent source of error, which should be corrected by approximating the quantum effects not present in these laws.
Each time a newer set of laws is proposed, it is required that in the [[limit (mathematics)|limiting]] situations in which the older set of laws were tested against [[experiment]]s, the newer laws are nearly identical to the older laws, to within the [[measurement]] uncertainties of the older measurements. This is the [[correspondence principle]].
==Mathematics==
<div id="shortcut" class="noprint" style="border:1px solid #999; background:#fff; margin:0 0 .5em 1em; text-align:center; padding:5px; float:right; clear:right; font-size:smaller;">
<big><big><big><big><big>
≈ </big></big></big></big></big>
([[tilde#Mathematics|formal]])<br/><br/>
<big><big><big><big><big>
~ </big></big></big></big></big>
([[tilde#Mathematics|informal]])
</big></big></big></big></big><br/><div style="line-height: 120%; text-align: left"> symbols representing <br/>'''approximation'''.</div></div>
Approximation usually occurs when an exact form or an exact numerical number is unknown. However
some known form may exist and may be able to represent the real form so that no significant deviation can be found. It also is used when a number is not [[irrational number|rational]], such as the number [[π]], which often is shortened to 3.14, or √<span style="text-decoration:overline">7</span> as ≈ 2.65.
Numerical approximations sometimes result from using a small number of significant [[numerical digit|digit]]s. [[Approximation theory]] is a branch of mathematics, a quantitative part of [[functional analysis]]. [[Diophantine approximation]] deals with approximation to [[real number]]s by [[rational number]]s. The symbol "≈" means "approximately equal to"; tilde (~) and the [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] sign ([[Image:Libra.svg|14px]]) are common alternatives.
==See also==
{{Wiktionarypar|approximation}}
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[Approximation error]]
* [[Congruence]]
* [[Estimation]]
* [[Fermi estimate]]
* [[Linear approximation]]
* [[Newton's method]]
* [[Numerical analysis]]
* [[Orders of approximation]]
* [[Runge-Kutta methods]]
* [[Successive Approximation ADC]]
* [[Taylor series]]
* [[Least squares]]
</div>
==References==
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2007}}
[[Category:Numerical analysis]]
[[br:Tostadur]]
[[cs:Aproximace]]
[[da:Approksimation]]
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[[eo:Proksimuma kalkulado]]
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[[is:Námundun]]
[[it:Approssimazione]]
[[nl:Benadering]]
[[ja:近似]]
[[pl:Aproksymacja]]
[[pt:Aproximação]]
[[ru:Аппроксимация]]
[[simple:Approximation]]
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[[uk:Апроксимація]]