Arab world 159433 225951786 2008-07-16T04:32:50Z George Al-Shami 1256796 put countries in order with the largest Christian populations {{redirect|Arab States|the political alliance|Arab League}} The '''Arab world''' ([[Arabic]]: العالم العربي; Transliteration: al-`alam al-`arabi) refers to Arabic-speaking countries stretching from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to the [[Arabian Sea]] in the east, and from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in the north to the [[Horn of Africa]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] in the southeast. It consists of 24 countries and territories with a combined population of some 325 million people spanning two continents. ==Language, politics, and religion== The [[Arabic language]] forms a unifying feature of the Arab World. Though different areas use [[Varieties of Arabic|local dialects of Arabic]], all share in the use of the standard classical language (see [[diglossia]]). This contrasts with the situation in the wider [[Islamic World]], where Arabic retains its cultural prestige primarily as the language of religion and of theological scholarship, but the populace generally do not speak [[Arabic languages]]. The linguistic and political denotation inherent in the term "[[Arab]]" is generally dominant over [[genealogical]] considerations. Thus, individuals with little or no direct ancestry from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] could identify as, or be considered to be, Arabs partially by virtue of their [[first language|mother tongue]] (see [[Arab#Definition|Who is an Arab?]]). However, this definition is disputed by many peoples of non-Arab origins; thus [[Egyptians]] for example may or may not identify as Arabs (see [[Egypt#Identity]]). The [[Arab League]], a political organization intended to encompass the Arab World, defines as Arab, {{cquote|a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples.}} [[Image:Flag of the League of Arab States.svg|thumb|right|The [[flag of the Arab League|flag]] of the [[Arab League]]]] The Arab League's main goal is to unify politically the Arab populations so defined. Its permanent headquarters are located in [[Cairo]]. However, it was moved temporarily to [[Tunis]] during the 1980s, after Egypt was expelled due to the [[Camp David Accords (1978)]]. The majority of people in the Arab World adhere to [[Islam]] and the religion has official status in most countries. [[Shariah]] law exists partially in the legal system in some countries, especially in the [[Arabian peninsula]], while others are [[secularism|secular]]. The majority of the Arab countries adhere to Sunni Islam. [[Iraq]], however, is a [[Shia]] majority country (65%), while Lebanon, Yemen, Kuwait, and Bahrain have large Shia minorities. In [[Saudi Arabia]], the eastern province Al-Hasa region has Shia minority and the southern province city Najran has Ismalia Shiite minority too. [[Ibadi]] Islam is practised in [[Oman]] and Ibadis make up 75% population of the country. There are sizable numbers of [[Christians]], living primarily in [[Egypt]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Palestine]] and [[Sudan]]. Formerly, there were significant minorities of [[Arab Jews]] throughout the Arab World; however, the establishment of the state of [[Israel]] prompted their subsequent mass [[aliyah|emigration]] and [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands|expulsion]] within a few decades. Today small Jewish communities remain, ranging anywhere from ten in Bahrain to 7,000 in [[Morocco]] and more than 1,000 in [[Tunisia]]. Overall, [[Arab]]s make up less than one quarter of the world's 1.4 billion [[Muslim]]s, a group sometimes referred to as the [[Islamic world]]. Some Arab countries have substantial reserves of petroleum. The Gulf is particularly well-furnished: four Gulf states, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar, are among the top ten oil or gas exporters worldwide. In addition, Algeria, Libya, Iraq, Bahrain, Morocco, Western Sahara, and Sudan all have smaller but significant reserves. Where present, these have had significant effects on regional politics, often enabling [[rentier state]]s, leading to economic disparities between oil-rich and oil-poor countries, and, particularly in the more sparsely populated states of the Gulf and Libya, triggering extensive labor immigration. According to [[UNESCO]], the average rate of [[adult literacy]] (ages 15 and older) in this region is 66%, and this is one of the lowest rates in the world. In Mauritania, Morocco, and Yemen, the rate is lower than the average, at barely over 50 %. On the other hand, [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine]] and [[Jordan]] record a high adult literacy rate of over 90%. The average rate of adult literacy shows steady improvement, and the absolute number of adult illiterates fell from 64 million to around 58 million between 1990 and 2000-2004. Overall, the gender disparity in adult literacy is high in this region, and of the illiteracy rate, women account for two-thirds, with only 69 literate women for every 100 literate men. The average GPI (Gender Parity Index) for adult literacy is 0.72, and gender disparity can be observed in Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen. Above all, the GPI of Yemen is only 0.46 in a 53% adult literacy rate {{PDFlink|[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001489/148972E.pdf]|374&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 383492 bytes -->}}. Literacy rate is higher among the youth than adults. Youth literacy rate (ages 15-24) in the Arab region increased from 63.9 to 76.3 % from 1990 to 2002. The average rate of GCC States [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf_%28GCC%29] was 94 %, followed by [[the Maghreb]] at 83.2% and the [[Mashriq]] at 73.6 %. However, more than one third of youth remain illiterate in the Arab LDCs (Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen) {{PDFlink|[http://www.escwa.org.lb/information/publications/edit/upload/scu-05-3-sum-e.pdf]|158&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 162107 bytes -->}}.In 2004, the regional average of youth literacy is 89.9% for male and 80.1 % for female [http://www.uis.unesco.org/profiles/EN/EDU/counttyProfile_en.aspx?code=40322]. The average population growth rate in Arab countries is 2.3%. The [[United Nations]] published an [[Arab human development report]] in 2002, 2003 and 2004. These reports, written by researchers from the Arab world, address some sensitive issues in the development of Arab countries: women empowerment, availability of education and information among others. ===Non-Arab people in the Arab World=== Within the most common definition of the Arab World, there are substantial populations who are not Arab either by ethnic or linguistic affiliation, and who often or generally do not consider themselves Arab as such. Nevertheless, most are as indigenous to their areas and related to their local Arabized counterparts, and many, if not most, actually resided in the area before the arrival of true Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula during which the spread of [[Islam]] and [[Arabization]] of local peoples took place. Certain populations have expressed resentment towards the term "Arab World," and believe that their national and political rights have been unjustly brushed aside by modern governments' focus on [[Pan-Arabism]] and promoting an Arab identity. In some cases this has led to severe conflicts between the [[ethnic nationalism]] of these groups and the [[Arab nationalism]] promoted by governments lead by Arab identifying leaders, which sometimes amounted to denying the existence of or forcibly suppressing non-Arab minorities within their borders. In [[North Africa]] most of the population is of [[Berber people|Berber descent]] (as opposed to current ethnic identification) as the number of Arabs who settled in North Africa was very small (about 200,000)<ref>[http://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_particularites_de_l_islam_au_maghreb.asp ''Les particularités de l'islam au Maghreb'' by Paul Balta (Paris III-Sorbonne)]</ref>. However, a distinct majority now self-identifies as Arab. Berber and Arab identity in these countries is generally defined by primary language use rather than ancestry. In [[Morocco]], [[Berber languages|Berber speakers]] form over 35% of the total population; in Algeria, they represent about 20% of the population, more than half in the eastern region of [[Kabylie]]. In Libya, they form about 4% of the population, mainly near the Tunisian border. There are much smaller isolated Berber communities in [[Tunisia]], [[Mauritania]], and even one oasis in [[Egypt]]. The nomadic [[Tuareg]] people whose traditional areas straddle the borders of several countries in the [[Sahara desert]], are also of Berber origins. Government worries about ethnic separatism, and condescending attitudes towards the mainly rural Berber-speaking areas, led to the Berber communities being denied full linguistic and cultural rights; in Algeria, for example, Berber chairs at universities were closed, and Berber singers were occasionally banned from singing in their own language, although an official Berber radio station continued to operate throughout. These problems have to some extent been redressed in later years in Morocco and Algeria; both have started teaching Berber languages in schools and universities, and Algeria has amended its constitution to declare Berber a fundamental aspect of Algerian identity (along with Islam and Arabness.) In Libya, however, any suggestion that Berbers might be non-Arab remains taboo {{Fact|date=September 2007}}. In the northern regions of [[Iraq]] (15-20%) and [[Syria]] (5-8%) live the [[Kurd]]s, a mountain people who speak [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], a language closely related to [[Persian language|Persian]], but not directly to [[Arabic Language|Arabic]], except insofar as like Persian, it has absorbed Arabic vocabulary. The nationalist aspiration for self-rule or for a state of [[Kurdistan]] has created conflict between Kurdish minorities and their governments. In [[Eritrea]], most are of Arab origin and hybrids of Arabs and Africans ,not including the [[Rashaida]] of which most are full Arab or hybrids with the [[Tigre]] people. The Eritreans are either [[Semitic]] origin (The [[Tigrinya]] [[Habesha]] people) or [[Cushitic]] origin. The people of [[Semitic]] origin are known to be descendants of ancient [[South Arabian]] people who migrated to [[Eritrea]] 3000 or so years ago. They are to some extent culturally influenced by the Arabs, just like the [[Egyptians]], [[Somali]], and [[North Africans]]. [[Somalia]] is a Muslim country, but many [[Somali people|Somalis]] just recognize themselves as a Somali instead of Arab despite centuries-old ties to [[Arabia]] and the fact that most of the Somali clans ancestors are made up by the muslims that fled Mecca to East Africa during Prophet Muahammed's persecution in Mecca . Although [[Somalia]] joined the [[Arab League]] in 1974, accords Arabic official language status, and Arabic is spoken by many Somalis in commerce, religion and education, the country's primary language is [[Somali language|Somali]]. The population is also predominantly comprised of [[Somali people|ethnic Somalis]] with large communities of Indian, Iranian, Indonesian and Portuguese. [[Egypt]]'s largest ethnic group is the [[Egyptians]] who today speak [[Egyptian Arabic]]. However because Egyptians are of non-Arab ancestry, many do not identify as Arabs ([[Egypt#Identity]]). [[Djibouti]], whose demographics are approximately 60% [[Somali people|Somali]] and 35% [[Afar people|Afar]], is in a similar position. Arabic is one of the official languages, 94% of its population is Muslim, and Djibouti has a close proximity on the [[Red Sea]] and [[Arabia]], and 5% of the population is Yemeni Arab. Other examples of non-Arab peoples originating in what is often labeled the Arab World include the [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmen]] of Iraq, [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Jew]]s (most of whom [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands|fled]] to [[Israel]] after its creation in 1948). Since most [[Arab League]] states are products of colonialism, their borders rarely reflect distinct ethnic or geographic boundaries. Thus, many peripheral states of the Arab World have border-straddling minorities of non-Arab peoples. This is the case with [[Iran]]ians in Iraq (most of whom fled in the [[Iraq-Iran War]]) and the non-Arab (often called black Africans) peoples in [[Sudan]]. Many Arab countries in the Persian Gulf have sizable (10 - 30%) non-Arab populations, usually of a temporary nature, at least in theory. Iraq, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman has a sizeable [[Persian language|Persian]] speaking minority. The same countries also have Hindi-Urdu speakers and Filipinos as sizable minority. Balochi speakers are a good size minority in Oman. Countries like Bahrain, UAE, Oman and Kuwait have significant non-Muslim / non-Arab minorities (10 - 20%) like Hindus and Christians from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and the Philippines. Many non-Arab countries bordering the core Arab world like [[Chad]], Israel, Turkey, Iran, and [[Mali]] have sizable Arab minorities. ==Territories== {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width=100% ! width=33.33% valign="top" align="left" style="font-weight:normal"| * [[Algeria]] * [[Bahrain]] * [[Comoros]] * [[Djibouti]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Eritrea]] * [[Iraq]] * [[Jordan]] * [[Kuwait]] * [[Lebanon]] ! width=33.33% valign="top" align="left" style="font-weight:normal"| * [[Libya]] * [[Mauritania]] * [[Morocco]] * [[Oman]] * [[Palestinian Authority|Palestine]] <small>(full member of Arab League, but not recognized by UN, Israel, or most western states)</small> * [[Qatar]] * [[Saudi Arabia]] * [[Somalia]] * [[Sudan]] ! width=33.33% valign="top" align="left" style="font-weight:normal"| * [[Syria]] * [[Tunisia]] * [[United Arab Emirates]] * [[Western Sahara]] <small>(disputed, mostly under Moroccan administration)</small> * [[Yemen]] |} [[Image:Arab League.PNG|thumb|right|200xp|Arab States and territories]] [[Palestine]], as administered by the [[Palestinian Authority]], is recognized as a state by over 100[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/palrec.html] countries in addition to being a full-fledged member of the Arab League and many other international organizations. However, the UN, Israel, USA, and the EU do not recognize the [[State of Palestine]] as an operational state, referring instead to the [[Palestinian Territories]], under which name the Palestinian Authority sits as an observer member of the UN. The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is disputed between [[Morocco]] and the [[Polisario Front]], which declared independence and a government-in-exile, the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (SADR), following the withdrawal of Spanish forces. SADR, although having won support from many sub-Saharan African countries and full membership in the [[African Union]], is not recognized by the [[Arab League]]. Generally, there has not been international support or recognition for the Moroccan annexation, nor for the establishment of an independent state. The Western powers and the [[UN]] support a negotiated settlement between the parties, and many if not most countries maintain a careful diplomatic ambiguity with respect to each parties' claims, pending a final settlement. While [[Comoros]] is a member state of the Arab League and accords [[Arabic]] status as an official language, [[Comorian language|Comorian]] and [[French language|French]] enjoy greater usage. The predominate language in Somalia and Djibouti is [[Somali language|Somali]] which predominatly consists of Arabic and some influences of Hindi, Persian and other cushitik languages found in east Africa and is a part of the larger [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family of languages that also includes Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Similarly, while the [[Maltese language]] is closely related to [[Tunisian Arabic]], the people of [[Malta]] do not use standard Arabic nor do they consider themselves Arab. [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], and [[Israel]] all recognize standard Arabic as an [[official language]], but none of them are members of the Arab League, though [[Chad]] and [[Eritrea]] have observer status. [[Mali]] and [[Senegal]], West African countries which are neither a part of the Arab League nor the Arab world, recognize [[Hassaniya]] (the Arabic dialect of their [[Berber]] minorities) as a [[national language]]. Likewise, Egypt recognizes the [[Masri]] variant of its own [[Egyptian Arabic|Arabic]], but does not accord it similarly official status. Different [[List of forms of government|forms of government]] are represented in the Arab World: Some of the countries are [[monarchy|monarchies]]: Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The other Arab countries are all [[republic]]s. With the exception of Lebanon, and recently Mauritania, democratic elections throughout the Arab World are generally viewed as compromised, due to outright vote rigging, intimidation of opposition parties, and severe restraints on civil liberties and political dissent. After [[World War II]], the movement known as [[Pan-Arabism]] sought to unite all Arabic-speaking countries into one political entity. Only [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Egypt]], [[Tunisia]], [[Libya]] and [[North Yemen]] attempted the short-lived unification. Historical divisions, competing local nationalisms, and geographical sprawl were major reasons for the failure of Pan-Arabism. [[Arab Nationalism]] was another strong force in the region which peaked during the mid 20th century and was professed by many leaders in Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Syria, and Iraq. Arab Nationalist leaders included [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] of Egypt, [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] of Algeria, [[Michel Aflaq]], [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]], [[Zaki al-Arsuzi]], [[Constantin Zureiq]], [[Shukri al-Kuwatli]], [[Hafez al-Assad]] and [[Bashar al-Assad]] of Syria, [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr]] of Iraq, [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] of Libya, [[Habib Bourguiba]] of Tunisia, [[Mehdi Ben Barka]] of Morocco, and [[Shakib Arslan]] of Lebanon. The various Arab states maintain close ties but national identities have been strengthened by the political realities of the past 60 years, making a single Arab nationalistic state less and less feasible. Moreover, the upsurge in political Islam and led to a greater emphasis on pan-Islamic identity amongst many Arab Muslims. As such, Arab nationalists who once opposed Islamic movements now pander to them for political survival. [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/ArabNationalism.htm] ===Modern Boundaries=== Many of the modern borders of the Arab World were drawn by [[Europe]]an imperial powers during the 19th and early 20th century. However, some of the larger states (in particular [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]]) have historically maintained geographically definable boundaries, on which some of the modern states are roughly based. The 14th century Egyptian historian [[Al-Maqrizi]], for instance, defines Egypt's boundaries as extending from the [[Mediterranean]] in the north to lower [[Nubia]] in the south; and between the [[Red Sea]] in the east and the oases of the Western/[[Libyan desert]]. The modern borders of Egypt, therefore, are not a creation of European powers, and are at least in part based on historically definable entities which are in turn based on certain cultural and ethnic identifications. At other times, kings, '[[emir]]s' or '[[sheik]]s' were placed as semi-autonomous rulers over the newly created [[nation state]]s, usually chosen by the same imperial powers that for some drew the new borders, for services rendered to European powers like [[the British Empire]] e.g. [[Sherif Hussein ibn Ali]]. Many African States did not attain independence until the 1960s from France after bloody insurgencies for their freedom. These struggles were settled by the imperial powers approving the form of independence given, so as a consequence almost all of these borders have remained. Some of these borders were agreed upon without consultation of those individuals that had served the colonial interests of Britain or France. One such agreement solely between Britain and France (to the exclusion of [[Sherif Hussein ibn Ali]]), signed in total secrecy until [[Lenin]] released the full text, was the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]]. Another influential document written without the consensus of the local population was the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917|Balfour Declaration]]. As former director of the Israeli intelligence agency [[Mossad]], Efraim Halevy, now a director at the Hebrew University said, {{quotation|The borders, which if you look on the maps of the middle-east are very straight lines, were drawn by British and French draftsmen who sat with maps and drew the lines of the frontiers with rulers. If the ruler for some reason or other moved on the map, because of some person's hand shaking, then the frontier moved (with the hand).|[http://www.lawac.org/speech/2004-05/Halevy%202005.pdf]}} He went on to give an example, {{quotation|There was a famous story about a British consul, a lady named [[Gertrude Bell]] who drew the map between Iraq and Jordan, using transparent paper. She turned to talk to somebody and as she was turning the paper moved and the ruler moved and that added considerable territory to the (new) Jordanians|[http://www.lawac.org/speech/2004-05/Halevy%202005.pdf]}} Historian Jim Crow, of [[Newcastle University]], has said: {{quotation|Without that imperial carve-up, Iraq would not be in the state it is in today...Gertrude Bell was one of two or three Britons who were instrumental in the creation of the Arab states in the Middle East that were favourable to Britain.|[http://www.sundayherald.com/31563]}} ===Modern Economies=== As of 2006, the Arab World accounts for two-fifth of the gross domestic product and three-fifth of the trade of the wider [[Muslim World]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The Arab states are mostly, although not exclusively, developing economies and derive their export revenues from oil and gas, or the sale of other raw materials. Recent years have seen significant economic growth in the Arab World, due largely to an increase in oil and gas prices, which tripled between 2001 and 2006, but also due to efforts by some states to diversify their economic base. Industrial production has risen, for example the amount of steel produced between 2004 and 2005 rose from 8.4 to 19 million tonnes. (Source: Opening speech of Mahmoud Khoudri, [[Algeria|Algeria's]] Industry Minister, at the 37th General Assembly of the Iron & Steel Arab Union, Algiers, May 2006). However even 19 million tons pa still only represents 1.7% of global steel production, and remains inferior to the production of countries like [[Brazil]]. (source: www.worldsteel.org). The main economic organisations in the Arab World are the [[Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)]], comprising the states in the Gulf, and the Union of the Arab Maghreb (UMA), made up of North African States. The GCC has achieved some success in financial and monetary terms, including plans to establish a common currency in the Gulf region. Since its foundation in 1989, the UMA's most significant accomplishment has been the establishment of a 7000 km highway crossing North Africa from [[Mauritania]] to [[Libya|Libya's]] border with [[Egypt]]. The central stretch of the highway, expected to be completed in 2010, will cross [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]. In recent years a new term has been coined to define a greater economic region: the MENA region (standing for Middle East and North Africa) is becoming increasingly popular, especially with support from the current US administration. [[Saudi Arabia]] remains the top Arab economy in terms of total GDP. It is Asia's eleventh largest economy, followed by [[Egypt]] and [[Algeria]], which were also the second and third largest economies in Africa (after [[South Africa]]), in 2006. In terms of GDP per capita, [[Qatar]] is the richest developing country in the world. (Source: CIA [[World Factbook]], GDP by country classification) ==Geography== The Arab World stretches across more than 12.9 million square kilometers (5 million square miles) of [[North Africa]] and the part of North-East Africa and South-West Asia called the [[Middle East]]. The [[Asia]]n part of the Arab world is called the ''[[Mashreq]]''. The North African part of the Arab World to the west of Egypt and Sudan is known as the ''[[Maghreb]]''. [[Image:Maghrib.PNG|thumb|right|[[Maghreb]] Arab World]] [[Image:Mashriq.PNG|thumb|right|[[Mashriq]] Arab World]] Its total area is the size of the entire Spanish-speaking Western Hemisphere (12.9 million km²), larger than [[Europe]] (10.4 million km²), [[Canada]] (10 million km²), [[China]] (9.6 million km²), the [[United States]] (9.6 million km²), [[Brazil]] (8.7 million km²). Only [[Russia]] – at 17 million km², the largest country in the world – and arguably Anglophone [[North America]] (eighteen million square kilometers) are larger geocultural units. The term "Arab" often connotes the Middle East, but the larger (and more populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. Its eight million square kilometers include the two largest countries of the African continent, [[Sudan]] (2.5 million km²) in the southeast of the region and [[Algeria]] (2.4 million km²) in the center, each about three-quarters the size of [[India]], or about one-and-a-half times the size of [[Alaska]], the largest state in the United States. The largest country in the Arab Middle East is [[Saudi Arabia]] (2 million km²). At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country in North Africa and the Middle East is [[Lebanon]] (10,452 km²), and the smallest island Arab country is [[Bahrain]] (665 km²). Notably, every Arab country borders a sea or ocean, with the exception of the Arab region of northern Chad. ===Historical boundaries=== The political borders of the Arab World have wandered, leaving Arab minorities in non-Arab countries of the [[Sahel]] and the [[Horn of Africa]] as well as in the Middle Eastern countries of [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], and also leaving non-Arab minorities in Arab countries. However, the basic geography of sea, desert, and mountain provide the enduring natural boundaries for this region. [[Image:Abbasids Dynasty 750 - 1258 (AD).PNG|thumb|right|[[Abbasid Dynasty]]]] The Arab World straddles two continents, [[Africa]] and Asia, and is oriented mainly along an east-west axis, dividing it into African and Asian areas. ====Arab Africa==== Arab Africa—or more commonly Arab North Africa, though this is redundant—is roughly a long trapezoid, narrower at the top, that comprises the entire northern third of the continent. It is surrounded by water on three sides (west, north, and east) and desert or desert scrubland on the fourth (south). In the west, it is bounded by the shores of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. From northeast to southwest, [[Morocco]], [[Western Sahara]] ([[annexation|annexed]] and [[military occupation|occupied]] by Morocco), and [[Mauritania]] make up the roughly 2,000 kilometers of Arab Atlantic coastline. The southwestern sweep of the coast is gentle but substantial, such that Mauritania's capital, [[Nouakchott]] (18°N, 16°W), is far enough west to share longitude with [[Iceland]] (13-22°W). Nouakchott is the westernmost capital of the Arab World and the third-westernmost in Africa, and sits on the Atlantic fringe of the southwestern Sahara. Next south along the coast from Mauritania is [[Senegal]], whose abrupt border belies the gradient in culture from Arab to Negroid African that historically characterizes this part of [[West Africa]]. Arab Africa's boundary to the north is again a continental boundary, the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. This boundary begins in the west with the narrow [[Strait of Gibraltar]], the thirteen kilometer wide channel that connects the Mediterranean with the Atlantic to the west, and separates Morocco from [[Spain]] to the north. East along the coast from Morocco are Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, followed by Egypt, which forms the region's (and the continent's) northeastern corner. The coast turns briefly but sharply south at Tunisia, slopes more gently southeastward through the Libyan capital of [[Tripoli]], and bumps north through Libya's second city, [[Benghazi]], before turning straight east again through Egypt's second city, [[Alexandria]], at the mouth of the Nile. Along with the spine of [[Italy]] to its north, Tunisia thus marks the junction of western and eastern Mediterranean, and a cultural transition as well: west of Tunisia begins the region of the Arab World known as the [[Maghreb]]. Historically the 4,000-kilometer Mediterranean boundary has fluttered. Population centers north of it in [[Europe]] have invited contact and Arab exploration—mostly friendly, though sometimes not. Islands and peninsulas near the Arab coast have changed hands. The islands of [[Sicily]] and [[Malta]] lie just a hundred kilometers east of the Tunisian city of [[Carthage]], which has been a point of contact with Europe since its founding in the first millennium B.C.E.; both Sicily and Malta at times have been part of the Arab World. Just across the Strait of Gibraltar from Morocco, regions of the Iberian peninsula were part of the Arab World throughout the [[Middle Ages]], extending the northern boundary at times to the foothills of the [[Pyrenees]] and leaving a substantial mark on local and wider European and Western culture. The northern boundary of the African Arab World has also fluttered briefly in the other direction, first through the [[Crusades]] and later through the imperial involvement of [[France]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Spain]], and Italy. Another visitor from northern shores, [[Turkey]], controlled the east of the region for centuries, though not as a colonizer. Spain still maintains two small enclaves, [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], along the otherwise Moroccan coast. Overall this wave has ebbed, though like the Arab expansion north it has left its mark. The proximity of North Africa to Europe has always encouraged interaction, and this continues with Arab immigration to Europe and European interest in the Arab countries today. However, population centers and the physical fact of the sea keeps this boundary of the Arab World settled on the Mediterranean coastline. To the east, the [[Red Sea]] defines the boundary between [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], and thus also between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from [[Egypt]]'s [[Sinai peninsula]] southeast to the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait between [[Djibouti]] in Africa and [[Yemen]] in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide. Though the sea is navigable along its length, historically much contact between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East has been either overland across the Sinai or by sea across the Mediterranean or the narrow Bab al Mendeb strait. From northwest to southeast, Egypt, [[Sudan]], and [[Eritrea]] form the African coastline, with Djibouti marking Bab al Mendeb's African shore. Southeast along the coast from Djibouti is Somalia, but the Somali coast soon makes a 90-degree turn and heads northeast, mirroring a bend in the coast of Yemen across the water to the north and defining the south coast of the Gulf of Aden. The Somali coast then takes a hairpin turn back southwest to complete the horn of Africa. For six months of the year the [[monsoon]] winds blow from up equatorial Somalia, past Arabia and over the small Yemeni archipelago of [[Socotra]], to rain on [[India]]; they then switch directions and blow back. Hence the east- and especially southeast-coast boundary of Arab Africa has historically been a gateway for maritime trade and cultural exchange with both [[East Africa]] and the subcontinent. The trade winds also help explain the presence of the Comoros islands, an Arab-African country, off the coast of [[Mozambique]], near [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], the southernmost part of the Arab World. The southern boundary of Arab North Africa is the stripe of scrubland known as the [[Sahel]], that crosses the continent south of the Sahara, dipping further south in Sudan in the east. ====Arabia and the Arab Middle East==== {{main|Arabia|Middle East}} The Asian or Middle Eastern Arab World comprises the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Bilad al-Sham]] or the [[Levant]], and Iraq, more broadly or narrowly defined. The peninsula is roughly a tilted rectangle that leans back against the slope of northeast Africa, the long axis pointing toward Turkey and Europe. ==References== {{Reflist}} * [[Albert Hourani|Hourani, Albert]] (1991). ''A History of the Arab Peoples.'' Cambridge, MA: Warner Books. * Reader, John (1997). ''Africa: A Biography of the Continent.'' New York: Vintage. * [[Charles Saint-Prot|Saint-Prot, Charles]], ''French Policy toward the Arab World'' Abu Dhabi: ECSSR, 2003 ==See also== * [[Afro-Arab]] * [[Arab diaspora]] * [[Arab Empire]] * [[Arab League]] * [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language]] * [[Arabic literature]] * [[Arabs]] * [[Greater Middle East]] * [[List of countries where Arabic is an official language]] * [[Muslim world]] * [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]] ==External links== *[http://www.arabland.com/dir ArabLand.com - Directories of all Arab World countries] *[http://middleeastreference.org.uk/Chronology.html Chronology of Events in the Middle East from 1908 to 1966 ] *[http://arabworld.nitle.org/ NITLE Arab World Resource Site] *[http://www.araboo.com/ Araboo.com - Arab World Directory] *[http://www.winarab.net/ Arab - Arab Articles] {{Template:Cultural macro-regions of the world}} [[Category:Arab]] [[Category:Arab League]] [[Category:Country classifications]] [[Category:Cultural spheres of influence]] [[Category:Middle East]] [[ar:عالم عربي]] [[ca:Països àrabs]] [[cs:Arabský svět]] [[cy:Y Byd Arabaidd]] [[da:Arabiske verden]] [[de:Arabische Welt]] [[et:Araabia maad]] [[es:Mundo árabe]] [[eu:Arabiar mundua]] [[fa:جهان عرب]] [[fr:Monde arabe]] [[ko:아랍 세계]] [[it:Mondo arabo]] [[he:ארצות ערב]] [[kg:Bansi ya balabu]] [[lt:Arabų šalys]] [[hu:Arab államok]] [[ms:Dunia Arab]] [[nl:Arabische wereld]] [[ja:アラブ諸国]] [[no:Den arabiske verden]] [[nn:Den arabiske verda]] [[oc:Païses Arabis]] [[pl:Kraje arabskie]] [[pt:Mundo Árabe]] [[ru:Арабский мир]] [[sl:Arabski svet]] [[fi:Arabimaailma]] [[zh-yue:阿剌伯]] [[zh:阿拉伯世界]]