Aramean-Syriac people 4079848 226163890 2008-07-17T02:56:58Z Chris the speller 525927 sp, caps, phrasing, date fmt {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Aramean-Syriac people<ref>Controversial, [[Names of Syriac Christians]]</ref><br> <small>{{lang|arc|ܣܘܪܝܝܐ}} ''{{transl|arc|Sūryōye}}'' {{lang|arc|ܐܪܡܝܐ}} ''{{transl|arc|Orōmōye}}''</small> | image= [[Image:SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg|270px]] | caption =<small><small>[[Syrian Orthodox]] people in a [[monastery]] near [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]], early 20th century.</small></small> |population = 4-5 million <ref>http://i-cias.com/e.o/syr_orth.htm</ref><ref>[http://adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html Adherents.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |poptime = |region1 = '''{{resize|105%|Middle East}}''' |pop1 = |ref1 = |region2 = {{flagcountry|Syria}} |pop2 = 877,000 |ref2 = <ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=140085</ref><ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/syria_4.htm Syria: Peoples. Languages. Religions<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} |pop3 = 50,000 |ref3 = <ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=140085</ref><ref>[http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=87071&contact=1 Story of two Syriacs, one director and a letter for tomorrow - Turkish Daily News Oct 27, 2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://www.planetware.com/turkey/tur-abdin-jacobites-tr-ma-mat.htm Tur Abdin Jacobites, Turkey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/docs/uitreiking.doc</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/turkey/39.htm Turkey - Non-Muslim Minorities<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Iraq}} |pop4 = 150,000 |ref4 = <ref>[http://www.friesian.com/notes/note-n.htm Note on the Modern Assyrians, & Other Nationalistic Issues<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.themesopotamian.org/magazine/mesopotamian_v1_i4_jan05.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.kristdemokraterna.se/PressOchMedia/Pressmeddelanden/Internationellt/~/media/DBB059D6B89C42C1B8CB49B55C7CAC49.ashx</ref> |region5 = {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} |pop5 = 37,000 |ref5 = <ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/lebanon_4.htm Lebanon: Religions & Peoples<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/assyrian_p.htm Assyrian people<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |region6 = {{flagcountry|Jordan}} |pop6 = 70,000 |ref6 = <ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/jordan_4.htm Jordan: Religions & Peoples<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} |pop7 = 50,000 |ref7 = |region8 = '''{{resize|105%|Diaspora}}'''<br> |region9 = {{flagcountry|Europe}} |pop9 = 400,000 |ref9 = <ref>[http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134 Ancient Christian community looks to the future - Turkish Daily News Apr 07, 2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} |pop10 = 80,000 |ref10 = <ref name="SvD">{{cite news |first=Matilda |last=Hansson |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Nu visar vi världen vilka vi är |url=http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/inrikes/did_9505754.asp |format=HTML |work= |publisher=SvD, Svenska Dagbladet |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=2005-04-10 |language=Swedish |quote=Syrianer och assyrier är egentligen samma folk, med ett språk, en religion och rötter i samma länder: Turkiet, Irak, Iran, Libanon och Syrien. Medan syrianerna definierar sig utifrån sin tro, syrisk-ortodox kristendom, betraktar assyrierna sig som en folkgrupp, både etniskt och religiöst. }}{{Failed verification|date=March 2008}}</ref><ref name="vemshistorien">[http://www.educ.umu.se/presentation/publikationer/avhandlingar/vems_ar_historien.pdf Nordgren, Kenneth (2006), "Vems är historien? Historia som medvetande, kultur och handling i det mångkulturella Sverige", s. 71, ISSN 1653-6894. ISBN 91-7264-128-2]</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |pop11 = 70,000 |ref11 = <ref>"Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V. " [REMID: Religious Studies Media and Information Service, Marburg, Germany]; web page: "Informationen und Standpunkte " (viewed 2 Aug. 1999). [http://adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html]</ref> <ref>[http://adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html#3791 Adherents.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/levande_historia,ett_forfoljt_folk?OpenDocument Ett förföljt folk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |region12 = {{flagcountry|The Netherlands}} |pop12 = 30,000 |ref12 = |region13 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}} |pop13 = 10,000 |ref13 = |region14 = {{flagcountry|Egypt}} |pop14 = 8,000 |ref14 = <ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/egypt_4.htm Egypt: Religions & Peoples<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |pop15 = 2,900 |ref15 = <ref>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Religious%20Affiliation%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Cultural%20&]</ref> |region16 = {{flagcountry|United States}} |pop16 = 80,000 |ref16 = <ref>Spence, Hartzell. The Story of America's Religions; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1960) [1st printing 1957]; pg. 117. [http://adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html]</ref><ref>[http://adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html#3791 Adherents.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.euroamericans.net/census2000.htm Census 2000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <br> |langs = [[Turoyo language|Turoyo]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]] |rels = [[Syriac Christianity]]<br />{{smaller|([[#Religion|various Eastern denominations]])}} |related = Other [[Semitic]] peoples }} The '''Aramean-Syriac people''' are an [[ethnic]] group who are widely spread into countries such as [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[Israel]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] and speak a variant of [[Aramaic]]. In later times, many of them fled into [[Europe]], [[the United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Germany]], [[Sweden]], [[Netherlands]] and [[Switzerland]]. Today hundreds of thousands Syriacs live in [[diaspora]].<ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=140085</ref> For the most part, they speak a dialect of the [[Neo-Aramaic language]] called [[Turoyo]]. Syriacs mostly call themselves '''''Sūryōyē''''' {{lang|arc|[[:arc:ܣܘܪܝܝܐ|ܣܘܪܝܝܐ]]}} in their native tongue, but a large part also tend to use '''''Orōmōyē''''' {{lang|arc|[[:arc:ܐܪܡܝܐ|ܐܪܡܝܐ]]}}. Being adherents of the [[West Syrian Rite]], they belong to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and [[Syriac Catholic Church]], for which reason they are also known as '''Jacobites''' (named after [[Jacob Baradaeus]]). Their original homeland lies in what is now parts of [[Syria]] and [[Turkey]] (specifically in the [[Turabdin]] region.) Following the [[Assyrian genocide|Seyfo genocide]] in the early 20th century, many fled abroad, and a significant portion today lives in [[Assyrian diaspora|diaspora]]. Many Syriacs, especially those among the diaspora and in countries such as [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Turkey]], claim that they are descendants of the ancient [[Aramaeans]].<ref>http://i-cias.com/e.o/assyrian_p.htm</ref> == Identity == {{see|Names of Syriac Christians}} The Syriac people were earlier named as [[Arameans]] and their language [[Aramaic]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14399a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Syria<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.kaldaya.net/DailyNews_Nov2006/Nov07_Articles_E1.html kaldalya.net<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>The Syrian-Orthodox [[Mor Jacob of Edessa]] (Urhoy) (present-day Urfa in Turkey, †708) says: "''It is in this same way also we the [[Arameans]], that is to say the Syrians''"</ref><ref>Another [[East-Syrian]] lexicographer Bar Bahlul from [[Bagdad]] (†963) explains in his Syriac (Aramaic) dictionary the name "Syria": "''And the Syrians were formerly called Arameans, (but) when Cyrus ruled over them, from then on they were called Syrians."''</ref><ref>*{{cite book | last = Brock | first = Sebastian | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 9/9/2002 | month = | publisher = Trans World Film | location = | language = English | isbn = 1-931956-99-5 | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx }}</ref><ref> Dionoysius Bar Salibi the Syrian-Orthodox bishop of Amid ([[Diyarbekir]], [[Turkey]], †1171), also called the star from the 12th century, says in his book ‘Against the Armenians": "''The Armenians say: "From whom do you descend - you who are Syriacs by race?" Against them we will say: Neither do you know from whom you descend....It is we (Syrians) who have enlightened your authors and revealed to them that you are descending from Togarma....As to us Syrians, we descend racially from Shem, and our father is Kemuel (the) son of Aram, and from this name of Aram we are also called sometimes in the books by the name of "Aramaeans''".</ref><ref>The Syrian-Orthodox Patriarch Mor Michael the Great of Militene ([[Malatya]], [[Turkey]], † 1199 AD) writes: "''The Children of [[Shem]] are the [[Assyrians]], the [[Chaldeans]], the Ludians and the [[Arameans]] who are the Syrians, the [[Hebrew]] and the [[Persians]]''.". The same author says about the Mesopotamian history” The kingdoms which have been established in antiquity by our race, (that of) the [[Aramaeans]], namely the descendants of [[Aram]], who were called Syrians”. </ref><ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Syriacs.html Syriacs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>The Greek writer [[Posidonius]] (150 BC) says in his work.. "''The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans''"</ref> The first ones that named the Arameans as Syrians (note the old name ''Syrians'', today known as ''Syriacs'') <ref>:The term was changed from ''Syrian'' to ''Syriac'' in referring to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of [[Syria (disambiguation)|Syria]]. For information on Syrian nationals see the [[Demographics of Syria]]. </ref> was the well-known Greek geographer and historian [[Strabo]] (died AD 24) who said in his work <br> {{cquotetxt|''"Those who call themselves Arameans, are called Syrians by us"''|color=silver|size=320%}} The term '''''Syrian''''' was changed to '''''Syriac''''' by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] in 1950s, in reference to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of [[Syria (disambiguation)|Syria]]. <ref>:The term was changed from ''Syrian'' to ''Syriac'' in referring to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of [[Syria (disambiguation)|Syria]]. For information on Syrian nationals see the [[Demographics of Syria]]. </ref> The term '''''Aramean-Syriac identity''''' is one form of Syriac identity, mainly held by Aramean-Syriacs in [[Lebanon]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]] and in the [[Syriac diaspora]], which emphasizes [[Aramaeans|Aramean]] identity. <ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/assyrian_p.htm Assyrian people<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Irredentist assertions includes northern [[Mesopotamia]] being called "[[Aram-Naharaim]]". Aramaeanist supporters are mainly found in the [[Syrian Orthodox Church]]. The [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] in the documentary ''[[The Hidden Pearl]]'' emphasizes the continuity of linguistic ''''''Aramean'''''' identity. The division has its roots in the Early Middle Ages, when Western Syriacs were located in Roman (Byzantine) territory ([[Roman Syria]]), and looked to the [[Patriarchate of Antioch]], rather than to the [[Church of the East]], originally on [[Sassanid]] territory, whence the Assyrian and Chaldean communities derive. These Christians tend to see themselves as Syrians or Aramaeans. What remains of actual [[Western Neo-Aramaic]], sometimes noted as the surviving language that would be the closest to the [[Aramaic of Jesus|language spoken by Jesus]], is only to be found in three villages near Damascus, in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. [[Image:Flag of the Syriac-Aramaic People.svg|200px|left|thumb|The Syriac-Aramean Flag]] The Syriac flag has it history when [[André Dupont-Sommer]] made diggings in the well known and historical Aramaic village [[Tell-Khalaf]] in [[Syria]], in the beginning of the 1900-century. He found a [[relief]] that shows three demons carrying the [[bewinged sun]]plate.<br> The Syriacs in [[Syria]] started to use this symbol as an honour to their Aramaic origin. The sun is representing the universe, the wings as symbol for everything between the universe and earth, the flowers (that looks as stars) is a symbol for the four cardinal points and all life in earth. These three symbolize the universe. The red background was chosen because of all Syriac blood that has been spilled out due to all suffering and persecutions. The yellow color is symbolizing the hope for a own country. <ref>[http://flags-of-the-world.net/flags/sy%7Darama.html#des flag of Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria) flags<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/sy%7Darama.html Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Culture == === Music === {{main|Syriac music}} At early times of [[Syriac Christianity]], the Syriac music was only used within the [[churches]]. In later times, the Syriac people felt that they wanted a new musical [[culture]], to express the Syriac people´s feelings, ideas and sufferings without associating to the [[church]]. Great [[Syriac Music|Syriac music writers]] studied the music used in the church, and established new styles of music. <ref>[http://www.syriacmusic.com/history.asp?menuid=mm&type=history&purpose=modernmusic Syriac Music: History<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 1962 a Syriac called Chabo Bahé, wrote lyrics for Syriac music. The first song he wrote was ''Grishlah Idi'', translated into [[English language|English]]: ''She pulled my hand'', and this song was the ground for the new style of Syriac music. Most early Syriacs songs was written and performed by Syriacs in [[Syria]], [[Al Qamishli]] that reached out to the whole world. <ref>[http://www.syriacmusic.com/history.asp?menuid=mm&type=history&purpose=modernmusic Syriac Music: History<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The most known [[Syriac Music|Syriac singers]] in modern time is [[Ishok Yakub]], [[Josef Özer]], [[Jean Karat]] and [[Habib Mousa]]. [[Syriac music]] is very impressive and has been a inspiration for many cultures. The First International Aramaic Music Festival will be held in [[Lebanon]], 1-4 August for the Aramean-Syriac people.<ref>[http://www.ankawa.com/english/?p=1096 ankawa.com » Blog Archive » The First Aramaic International Music Festival in the Open Air<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> === Dance === {{main|Syriac dance}} Syriac dance ([[Syriac]]: Dabke) is a group of traditional hand-holding dances similar to those from the [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]]. It is a form of round dancing, with a single or a couple of figure dancers often added to the geometrical centre of the dancing circle. [[Syriacs]] sing and dance in all of their festivals, birthdays, and marriage ceremonies. There are several types of [[Syriac]] dances, depending on with ceremony or which song is played. Several instruments such as Oud, [[Zurna]] and [[Davul]] is used within singing or dancing. === Cuisine === The [[cuisine]] of Syriacs dates far back in [[history]]. Very delicious old-fashioned food made of [[lamb meat]] continues to be the favorite meal today. Kaburga, Dobo, Dolma, Rus, Meftume, Kitel and [[Kubba]] are the most famous recipes. Kavurma which is roasted meat and meat prepared for winter are particularly delicious. === Religion === {{main|Syriac Christianity}} '''Syriac Orthodox Church''' [[Image:Soemblem.JPG|150px|right|thumb|Emblem of Syriac Orthodox Church]] {{main|Syriac Orthodox Church}} Most Syriacs belongs to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] ''{{unicode|(ʿIdto Suryoyto Triṣuṯ Šuḇḥo)}}'' which got 4,000,000 members around the world. <ref>[http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html Adherents.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The current Patriarch of [[the Syriac Orthodox Church]] is [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]]. The [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]'s headquarters are located in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]. '''Syriac Catholic Church''' {{main|Syriac Catholic Church}} A small minority of the Syriacs, around 161 000 members belongs to the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]. Currently the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]'s headquarters are in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], At the 1800 century many Syriacs left the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and joined the [[Roman Catholic Church]], and later the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]. '''Syriac Doctors of the Church''' {{Main|Doctor of the Church}} Most known Syriac Doctors of the church is the following: *[[Ephrem the Syrian]] (306 AD - 373) *[[Jacob of Edessa]] (640 AD - 5 June 708) *[[Bar-Hebraeus]] (1226 AD - 13 July 1286) *[[Bardaisan]] (154 AD – 222) *[[Jacob of Serug]] (451 AD – 29 Nov 521) === Traditions === '''Good Friday<br> [[Good Friday]] is a [[fast]] that begins just before [[Easter]] and lasts for twenty four hours. After the fast, [[lentils]] with [[vinegar]] are served, in remembrance of when [[Jesus Christ]] requested water and they gave him [[vinegar]] instead. '''Baptism'''<br> [[Baptismal|Baptismal ceremonies]] are held as soon as possible after the birth. Its a act of cleansing in water that admits one as a full member of the [[Church]]. The baby is plunged into sacred water and the closest male relative carries the boy, while the closest female relative carries the girl. A small celebration after the [[baptism]] is many times arranged. '''Engagement'''<br> During the [[engagement]] ceremony a [[priest]] holds a type of [[bread]] at the middle bottom. The male relatives of the bride and the groom break off the bread at each end. This tradition is dedicated to [[Jesus]] reappearance to two villagers after his resurrection. === Language === {{Main|Neo-Aramaic languages}} {{Syriac alphabet}} Most Syriacs speaks a modern form of [[Syriac]], which is an eastern [[Aramaic]] language, and spoken by 1,500,000 speakers in the homeland and the diaspora. <ref>Beyer, Klaus (1986). ''The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2</ref><ref>[[Sebastian Brock|Brock, Sebastian]] (2006). ''An Introduction to Syriac Studies''. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-349-8</ref> The Turoyo language, which is a dialect of [[Aramaic]], is a West Syriac language. It is spoken by approx. 1,000,000 speakers. <ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Turoyo |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tru |publisher=ethnologue.com |accessdate=2008-01-05 |language=English }}</ref> [[Turoyo]] is spoken in eastern [[Turkey]], [[Mardin province]] and north-eastern Syria, [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]] by members of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. In Turoyo the language is frequently called ''Sëryoyo''. [[Western Neo-Aramaic]] is still spoken in Syria, but with only three villages left; [[Ma`loula]], Bakh'a, and Jubb'adin, lie about 35 miles (56 km) northeast of [[Damascus]]. Being [[stateless]], many Syriacs speak [[second language]]s such as [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. === Sports === {{Main|Syriac sports}} [[Image:Syrianskavis copy.jpg|thumb|Valsta Syrianska is one of many [[Syrianska|Syriac football clubs]] in [[Sweden]].]] The Syriac people have made a great success within the sports world, especially within the soccer world. The teams [[Syrianska FC]], [[Valsta Syrianska IK]], [[Arameiska/Syrianska KIF]] and [[Syrianska IF Kerburan]], in [[Sweden]] plays at present in the third highest division in [[Sweden]]. Among these Syriac soccer teams, there are also another 22 Syriac soccer teams playing in [[Sweden]]. Syriac soccer players like [[Daniel Unal]], [[Abgar Barsom]], [[Suleyman Sleyman]], [[Kennedy Bakircioglu]], [[Louay Chanko]], [[Sharbel Touma]], [[Stefan Batan]] and [[Gabriel Özkan]] have made great success within the soccer world. [[Image:Suryoye FA.png|left]]The Syriac soccer is very popular for many Syriacs all around the world, especially in [[Sweden]]. The fight between the two rivals [[Syrianska FC]] and [[Assyriska Föreningen]] which was played at 2007 drew 7 146 spectators. <ref>[http://www.syrianskafc.com/files/news/news.asp?id=157 : Syrianska FC :<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The match was broadcasted to over 80 countries through the Syriac channel [[Suryoyo Sat]]. Because of the increasing interest for the Syriac football, and the great Syriac players, the newly [[Aramean Syriac Football Association]] has been established for the [[Aramean-Syriac people]] all around the world. <ref>[http://www.syrianska.se/society.php?page=start_society&coid=386 Syrianska Föreningen i Södertälje<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[Aramean Syriac football team]] will attend in [[2008 VIVA World Cup]].<ref>http://www.vivaworldcup.info/vwc2008/en/index.htm</ref> == Homeland == [[Image:Tigr-euph.png|thumb|200px|right|the Euphrates-Tigris watershed]] The Syriacs are considered to be one of the indigenous people in the [[Middle East]] and specifically located in the area around Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The strongest Syriac community is in Syria, where an estimated 1,500,000 Syriacs live. In [[Tur Abdin]], mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin">*[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/index.html SOC News report ,] ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.''''</ref> and an estimated 15,000 in all of Turkey.<ref>[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/2002/20021201EUPStmt.html Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> After the [[Syriac genocide]] many Syriacs also fled into [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and into the [[Western world]]. === Syria === The strongest Syriac stronghold in the Middle East is in [[Syria]], specifically in the cities of [[Qamishli]] and [[Al-Hassakeh]]. Syriacs who fled from the [[Seyfo]], fled into the newly country known as [[Syria]]. [[Qamishli]] was from the 1920s to 1980s known as the Capital for the Syriacs. === Turkey === In [[Tur Abdin]], mostly known as the homeland, there are only 3,000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin">[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/index.html SOC News report] ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.</ref> and an estimated 15,000&ndash;50,000 in all of Turkey.<ref>[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/2002/20021201EUPStmt.html Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Syriacs is ranked as the largest Christian denomination in Turkey.<ref>http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/islam/countries/bl_TurkeyMinorities.htm</ref> The name "Tur Abdin" has the meaning of "The mountains of servants of God". This area was known as the world's most church and monastery closed area. After the [[Syriac genocide]] many Syriacs also fled into [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and the [[Western world]]. In 1995 there were still 50,000 [[Syriacs]] left in [[Tur Abdin]]. <ref>http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/islam/countries/bl_TurkeyMinorities.htm</ref> In later years, many Syriacs have quit their homes in [[Europe]] for good and moved back into [[Tur Abdin]]. Many Syriacs are returning to villages such as [[Tur Abdin|Kafro Tahtejto]], [[Tur Abdin|Enhil]], and villages in [[Mardin province]]. With almost 1000 Syriacs who already have returned back to their homeland in Tur Abdin, another 5,000 are expected to return. <ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=142805 Mardin’s Bakok Mountain draws Syriac diaspora back home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/2001/00102501.html SOCNews - Syriacs Migrating Home to SE Turkey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == History == === Prehistoric time === {{Main|Aramaeans}} [[Image:Levant 830.svg|250px|left|thumb|Map of the southern Levant, 830s BC]] The [[Aramaeans]] was a semitic ethnic group that lived in [[Mesopotamia]] and in [[Syria]] from around 1100 BC. <ref name="BE">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009188/Aramaean Aramaean - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Their language, [[Aramaic]], was a north Semitic language that had its time of greatness in the bigger part of the [[Near East]] during the first millennium before our time of counting; much as a result of the new Assyrian empire, that assumed the language as its national language,<ref name="BD"/> that led to the big spread of the [[Aramaic language]] in that area in the Middle East, today known as the [[Fertile Crescent]] <ref name="BD">[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/bd/a/108?sr=1 Bible Dictionary: Aram, Aramaeans<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Later, even the [[Persians]] and the [[Jews]] came to talk different accents of Aramaic <ref name="BD"/>. In the [[Old Testament]], the [[Aramaeans]] are described as with the [[Jews]], a close related ethnic group <ref name="BE"/><ref name="BD"/>. The [[Aramaeans]] along with the Hittite rulers came to rule Syro-Hittite states from about 1000 BC. The Aramaeans ruled cities such as Bit-Adini, Bit-Bahiani, Bit Agusi, Hatarikka-Luhuti and [[Hama]]. .<ref>''Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas''. Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13-14</ref><ref>O.R. Gurney, ''The Hittites''. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 2nd ed., 1976 = 1954. p. 39-46.</ref> [[Image:Aramean funeral stele Louvre AO3026.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Basalt funeral stele bearing an Aramaic inscription, ca. 7th century BC. Found in Neirab or Tell Afis]] The Aramean expansion continues and in the second half of the second century BCE, [[Edessa]] became the capital of the [[Abgar]] dynasty, who founded the Kingdom of [[Osroene]], the first Christian state <ref name="ball">{{cite book |title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire |last=Ball |first=Warwick |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=Rome |isbn=0415113768 |pages=95 }}</ref><ref name="cheetham">{{cite book |title=A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries |last=Cheetham |first=Samuel |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1905 |publisher=Macmillan and Co |location= |isbn= |pages=58 }}</ref><ref name="Lockyer">{{cite book |title=All the Apostles of the Bible |last=Lockyer |first=Herbert |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1988 |publisher=Zondervan |location= |isbn=0310280117 |pages=260 }}</ref> under [[Abgar IX]]. <ref>{{cite book |title=China in World History |last=Adshead |first=Samuel Adrian Miles |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan |location= |isbn=0312225652 |pages=27 }}</ref> The [[Aramaeans]] were, in the 11th century BC, dominating the area in [[Syria]]. The [[Aramaeans]] established kingdoms across the northern frontier of [[Israel]], such as [[Aram-Sobah]], [[Aram-Bêt-Rehob]] and [[Aram-Ma’akah]] around Mount Hermon, [[Aram-Geshur]] in the Hauran, and [[Aram-Damascus]] which became the strongest and largest one. In 900 BC the Arameans reaches the culmination of their political power. A large group of Aramaeans moved to the east of the [[Euphrates]], where they settled in such numbers that the whole region became known as Aram-Naharaim or "Aram of the two rivers". One of their earliest kingdoms in [[Mesopotamia]] was Bît-bahiâni ([[Tell Halaf]]). North of Sam'al was the Aramaean state of Bit-Gabari, sandwiched between the [[Neo-Hittite]] states of [[Carchemish]], Gurgum, Tabal, Khattina and Unqi. The Arameans was dominating great areas in the southern [[Levant]], whit states such as [[Aram-Damascus]]. Other Aramean tribes lived around the areas today known as [[Syria]]. [[Aram-Damascus]] falls in 723 BC, with [[Resin]] as the last king in throne. In 720 BC the Assyrian emperor [[Sargon II]] dispersed the last Aramaean kingdoms independence <ref name="mercer"/>. Some people mean that the [[Chaldeans]] that occupied [[Babylon]], was of [[Aramaic]] extraction <ref name="mercer">{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | author = Watson E. Mills | coauthors = Roger Aubrey Bullard | editor = | others = | title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover#PRA2-PA52,M1 | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 1990 | month = | publisher = Mercer University Press | location = | language = English | isbn = 0865543739 | oclc = 20852514 | doi = | id = | pages = pp. 52 | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = }}</ref> 123 [[BC]] the great [[Aramean]] king [[Abgar V of Edessa|Abgar Aryo]] founds the kingdom of [[Osroene]] with [[Urhoy]] as capital city. Between the years 267–272 BC the [[Aramean]] queen [[Bath Zabbai]] of [[Palmyra]] conquers [[the Orient]]. === Christian time === {|border="0" align="right" margin="1" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#ffffd9" style="margin-left:10px" |bgcolor="#ffffd9"|<timeline> ImageSize = width:320 height:700 PlotArea = right:40 top:10 left:40 bottom:10 DateFormat = yyyy TimeAxis = orientation:vertical order:reverse Period = from:0 till:2005 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:0 Colors = id:canvas value:rgb(1,1,0.85) BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas PlotData = width:15 color:red bar:test from:0 till:700 # Old Syriacs PlotData = width:15 color:orange bar:test from:700 till:1400# Middle Syriacs PlotData = width:15 color:yellow bar:test from:1400 till:2005 # Modern Syriacs PlotData = bar:test at:45 mark:(line,white) at:45 shift:(10,0) text:1st c. Syriacs becomes Christians bar:test at:135 mark:(line,white) at:135 shift:(10,4) text:c. 200 Aramaic is bar:test at:172 mark:(line,white) at:172 shift:(10,1) text:172 bar:test at:200 mark:(line,white) at:200 shift:(10,-3) text:3rd c. bar:test at:224 mark:(line,white) at:224 shift:(10,-8) text:224 bar:test at:306 mark:(line,white) at:306 shift:(10,-1) text:306 Ephrem born, Syriac golden age bar:test at:359 mark:(line,white) at:359 shift:(10,-3) text:359 Monastery of Mor Gabriel is built bar:test at:373 mark:(line,white) at:373 shift:(10,-9) text:373 Ephrem the Syrian dies bar:test at:435 mark:(line,white) at:435 shift:(10,-9) text:c. 435 bar:test at:635 mark:(line,white) at:635 shift:(10,-9) text:635 Syriac missionaries reaches China bar:test at:700 mark:(line,white) at:700 shift:(10,0) text:700 Talmud completed bar:test at:1100 mark:(line,white) at:1100 shift:(10,2) text:1100 SOC reaches their biggest spread bar:test at:1150 mark:(line,white) at:1150 shift:(10,4) text:1150 Patriarch of SOC moves to Mardin bar:test at:1258 mark:(line,white) at:1200 shift:(10,0) text:1200 SOC reaches their culmination bar:test at:1200 mark:(line,white) at:1258 shift:(10,0) text:1258 Mongols sack Baghdad, many Syriacs killed bar:test at:1290 mark:(line,black) at:1290 shift:(10,1) text:1290 Syriac bishop Bar-Hebraeus dies bar:test at:1295 mark:(line,black) at:1295 shift:(10,-6) text:1293 Deiro d-Za´faran seat for Syr. Orthodox Pat bar:test at:1650 mark:(line,black) at:1650 shift:(10,0) text:17th c. bar:test at:1834 mark:(line,black) at:1834 shift:(10,0) text:1846 Persecution in Syria bar:test at:1908 mark:(line,black) at:1908 shift:(10,15) text:1908 The Aramean sunrelief is discovered bar:test at:1915 mark:(line,black) at:1915 shift:(10,4) text:1915 Persecution in Turkey bar:test at:1951 mark:(line,black) at:1951 shift:(10,2) text:1967 Syriacs emigrates to Sweden bar:test at:1998 mark:(line,black) at:1998 shift:(10,0) text:1998 last speakers of Mlahsô & Bijil die </timeline> |} Between the years 0–100 AD the terms ''Arameans'' and ''Aram'' were replaced by the terms ''Syrians'' (which today are known as ''Syriacs'') and ''Syria''. <ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14399a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Syria<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Syriacs.html Syriacs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/syriacs/ethnicity.html Syriacs - Ethnicity<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>The Syrian-Orthodox [[Mor Jacob of Edessa]] (Urhoy) (present-day Urfa in Turkey, †708) says: "''It is in this same way also we the [[Arameans]], that is to say the Syrians''"</ref><ref>*{{cite book | last = Brock | first = Sebastian | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 9/9/2002 | month = | publisher = Trans World Film | location = | language = English | isbn = 1-931956-99-5 | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx }}</ref><ref>Another [[East-Syrian]] lexicographer Bar Bahlul from [[Bagdad]] (†963) explains in his Syriac (Aramaic) dictionary the name "Syria": "''And the Syrians were formerly called Arameans, (but) when Cyrus ruled over them, from then on they were called Syrians."''</ref><ref> Dionoysius Bar Salibi the Syrian-Orthodox bishop of Amid ([[Diyarbekir]], [[Turkey]], †1171), also called the star from the 12th century, says in his book ‘Against the Armenians": "''The Armenians say: "From whom do you descend - you who are Syriacs by race?" Against them we will say: Neither do you know from whom you descend....It is we (Syrians) who have enlightened your authors and revealed to them that you are descending from Togarma....As to us Syrians, we descend racially from Shem, and our father is Kemuel (the) son of Aram, and from this name of Aram we are also called sometimes in the books by the name of "Aramaeans''".</ref><ref>The Syrian-Orthodox Patriarch Mor Michael the Great of Militene ([[Malatya]], [[Turkey]], † 1199 AD) writes: "''The Children of [[Shem]] are the [[Assyrians]], the [[Chaldeans]], the Ludians and the [[Arameans]] who are the Syrians, the [[Hebrew]] and the [[Persians]]''.". The same author says about the Mesopotamian history” The kingdoms which have been established in antiquity by our race, (that of) the [[Aramaeans]], namely the descendants of [[Aram]], who were called Syrians”. </ref><ref>The Greek writer Posidonius (150 BC) says in his work.. "''The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans''"</ref><ref name="kaldaya">[http://www.kaldaya.net/DailyNews_Nov2006/Nov07_Articles_E1.html kaldalya.net<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>:The term was changed from ''Syrian'' to ''Syriac'' in referring to the (Syrian Christian) people and language so as to avoid confusion with belonging to the country of [[Syria (disambiguation)|Syria]]. For information on Syrian nationals see the [[Demographics of Syria]]. </ref> The Syriacs were Christianized in the 1st to 3rd centuries, at the time subject to the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[Osroene]] and [[Roman Syria|Syria]] provinces. According to legend already during the lifetime of [[historical Jesus|Jesus]], as king [[Abgar V of Edessa]] asked to be cured of leprosy and was healed by [[Thaddeus of Edessa|Thaddeus]].<ref name="abgar">This event is described in [[Eusebius]]' ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ''</ref>. [[Edessa]] became an important center of [[Early Christianity]], and the local [[Syriac language]] came to be the liturgical language of [[Syriac Christianity]]. The [[Antiochene Rite]] developed at the time evolved into the [[West Syrian Rite]] followed by Western Syriacs. The great king [[Abgar]] V the Black ([[Syriac]]; '''Abgar u Komo'''), son of the [[Araméans]] <ref name="serug">S:t Jakob from Serug in a poem about the martyrs Guria and Shamuna, he says that Abgar V is son of the Araméans: ''"Two precious pearls, which were an ornament for the bride of my lord Abgar, the Aramaean's son."'' ''(Text tr. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 8 (1886);) (See Syriac Manuscripts from the Vatican Library: Volume 1, VatSyr. 117, number 224:On Shmona and Gurya. Fol. 551a, p. 1099)''</ref>, suffered from a leprosy sickness, that even his own doctor not could cure him from. [[Abgar V of Edessa]] had been told about a wise man in [[Palestine]] ([[Jesus]]) that this person had effective cures against sicknesses. He send a delegation with a letter to [[Jesus]] and invited him to [[Edessa]], to cure [[Abgar V of Edessa]]. [[Jesus]] answered that could not come to [[Edessa]], because he was on other duties. But he sent one of his followers, [[Thaddeus of Edessa]] and this Thaddeus cured king [[Abgar V]] and not long after, [[Abgar V of Edessa]] and the [[Aramean]] population converted into [[Christianity]]. The kingdom of [[Abgar V]], [[Edessa]], got famous because of this event, and many people visited [[Edessa]] to look at the letters that was exchanged between Abgar V and Jesus <ref name="abgar">This event is described in Eusebios from Caesares work ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ( 300 AD) ''</ref>. Later, [[Edessa]] became a important centre for the Christian [[Arameans]] (Syriacs) and for their Syriac-Christian culture. The [[Aramaic]] dialect that was spoken in [[Edessa]], became standard language in the new [[Syriac-Christian church]]. With the rise of [[Sassanid Persia]] in the 3rd century, the Western Syriacs were divided from their Eastern cousins, who found themselves in the Sassanid province of [[Asuristan]]. The division deepened with the [[Nestorian schism|Nestorian]] and [[Monophysitism|Monophsite]] schism in the 5th century. After the [[Council of Ephesus]] (431), the Church of [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]], which had hitherto been governed by a [[catholicos]] under [[Antioch]], refused to accept the condemnation of Nestorius, cut itself and the Church to the East of it off from both the Roman Catholic Church and the Syriac [[Church of Antioch]]. The Church of Antioch remained in communion with Rome until the [[East-West Schism]] of the 11th century. The first Syriac documents come from about the end of the 5th century.<ref>''[[Testamentum Domini]]'', ed. by [[Ignatius Rahmani II]], ''Life of Severus of Antioch'', sixth century.</ref> The oldest Jacobite Liturgy extant is the one ascribed (as in its Greek form) to [[Saint James]]. It is in the dialect of Edessa. The first Jacobite writer on their rite is [[James of Edessa]] (d. 708), who wrote a letter to a priest Thomas comparing the Syrian Liturgy with that of Egypt. [[Image:Mor Hananyo.jpg|thumb|left|Mor Hananyo Monastery, Tur Abdin]] With the establishment of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the 650s, both the Eastern and the Western Syriac Churches fell under [[Dar al-Islam|Islamic rule]], their followers receiving the status of [[Dhimmi]]. Syriac Christianity has held the status of a [[minority religion]] in the [[Arab world]] ever since. Nevertheless, the Syriacs remained a significant majority in various areas of the [[Middle East]] until the late 13th century. After this century, the Syriacs never succeeded in recovering, and this was the start on oppressions, persecutions and constant massacres on the Syriacs. During the 14th-century [[Timurid]] rule, however, large numbers of Syriacs were killed, and many of the survivors fled into the mountains of [[Tur Abdin]]. This area became the center of Syriac culture. The Syriacs built villages, churches and monasteries. In 1843, 1846 and 1860 there was three mass murders committed against the Syriac population, which led to new emigrations, where many of the Syriac population fled into the mountains of [[Tur Abdin]] which already was dominated by Syriacs. [[Image:Kapara relief Gilgamesh winged sun.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Aramean relief]] In 1911 a [[winged sun]] relief was found in the [[Aramean]] village [[Tell-Khalaf]], and there after the Syriacs in [[Syria]] started to use this relief as an honour to their [[Aramaic]] origin. in 1914 a genocide, also known as "The [[Syriac genocide]]" was committed against the Syriac population in the [[Ottoman Empire]] near the end of the [[World War I|First World War]] by [[Young Turks]]. <ref>Assyrians: The Continuous Saga - Page 40 by Frederick A. Aprim</ref> The Syriac population of northern [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Tur Abdin]], [[Hakkari]], [[Van]], [[Siirt]] region in modern-day southeastern [[Turkey]] and [[Urmia]] region in northwestern [[Iran]]) was forcibly relocated and massacred by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ([[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]) forces between 1914 and 1920 under the regime of the [[Young Turks]].<ref>{{cite book |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PK-TPKvmG7UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA148,M1 |title = Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide |accessdate = |accessdaymonth = |accessmonthday = |accessyear = |author = [[Bat Ye'or|Ye'or, Bat]] |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = Miriam Kochan, David Littman |date = |year = 2002 |month = |format = |work = |publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |pages = pp. 148-149 |language = English |isbn = 0838639437 |oclc = 47054791 |doi = |archiveurl = |archivedate = |quote = }}</ref> This genocide is considered by some scholars to be a part of the same policy of extermination as the [[Armenian Genocide]] and [[Pontic Greek Genocide]] <ref>Schaller, Dominik J. and Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008) 'Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies - introduction', Journal of Genocide Research, 10:1, 7 - 14</ref>. During the years 1915-1923, [[Aramean]] finds were discovered by [[Germany|German]] [[archeologists]] in the [[Aramean]] village [[Zincirli]], [[Turkey]]. This finds were brought by the Syriacs from [[Syria]] when they fled into [[Turkey]]. Today they can be found in the Berlin Museum. In 1920 a large amount of Syriacs emigrated into the plains in [[Syria]], today known as [[Al Qamishli]] and [[Al-Hasakah]].<ref>http://mideastimage.com/result.aspx?hiddenImageAttributes=0,3,0&search=1</ref> In 1923, at the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s fall after the first world war, the Syriac homeland fell under the [[French Mandate of Syria]] in the west and the [[British Mandate of Iraq]] in the east, and many Syriac Christians were dispersed in the [[Syriac diaspora]]. The first group of Syriac people moved from [[Lebanon]] to [[Sweden]] in 1967. The group contained a total of 200 Syriacs. <ref>[http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/artikel_411397.svd SvD » Inrikes » "Nu visar vi världen vilka vi är"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> At this time, many Syriacs left [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Turkey]] and moved to [[Europe]] and the [[United States]]. <ref>[http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134 Ancient Christian community looks to the future - Turkish Daily News Apr 07, 2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Syriac soccer team [[Syrianska FC]], which currently plays in the third highest division in [[Sweden]], was established in 1977. The first name on the soccer team was [[Suryoye]], but was changed in 1986 to Syrianska SK, and finally to Syrianska FC.<ref>http://www.syrianskafc.com/files/club/fact.asp</ref> In 1988 the Aramean/Syriac party [[Aramaic Democratic Organization]] was established in [[Lebanon]]. Syriacs were still the largest [[Christian]] denomination in [[Turkey]], with more than 100,000 Syriacs still left in [[Tur Abdin]]. In later years many Syriacs started to move from [[Tur Abdin]], especially to [[Sweden]], [[USA]] and [[Germany]]. In the mid 1980s there were still 70,000 Syriacs left in [[Turkey]]. During this time many Syriacs fled abroad due to unrest in the border region and concerns for their security. <ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=138167</ref> In 1995 they were still a majority as the largest [[Christian]] denomination in [[Turkey]], with around 50,000 Syriacs.<ref>http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/islam/countries/bl_TurkeyMinorities.htm</ref> Today in [[Tur Abdin]], there remain about 3,000 Syriacs.<ref name="3000turabdin">*[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/index.html SOC News report ,] ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live in''.</ref>. However, after the turn of the century, many Syriacs have started to move back.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=142805 Mardin’s Bakok Mountain draws Syriac diaspora back home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/2001/00102501.html SOCNews - Syriacs Migrating Home to SE Turkey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Institutions== ===Political institutions=== *[[Aramaic Democratic Organization]] (Politic party in [[Lebanon]]) *[[Syriac Independent Unified Movement]] (Politic party in [[Iraq]]) *[[Syriac Union of Lebanon]] (Politic party in [[Lebanon]]) *[[Syriac Universal Alliance]] (Umbrella organization for all Syriac organizations) *[[European Syriac Union]] *[[Platform Aram]] ===Other institutions=== *[[Aramean Syriac Football Association]] *[[Syrianska FC]] *[[Arameiska/Syrianska KIF]] *[[Syrianska IF Kerburan]] *[[Valsta Syrianska IK]] *[[Suroyo TV]] *[[Suryoyo Sat]] ==See also== {{columns |width=240px |col1 = *[[Aramaeans]] *[[Aramaic language]] *[[Aramaic Music Festival]] *[[Aramaean kings]] *[[Aramaean kingdoms]] *[[Aramaic Democratic Organization]] *[[Aramean Syriac Football Association]] *[[Bahro Suryoyo]] *[[Beth Nahrin]] |col2 = *[[Syriac Orthodox Church]] *[[Syriac Catholic Church]] *[[Syriac Genocide|Syriac genocide]] *[[Syriac Music]] *[[Syriac Language]] *[[Syriac Christianity]] *[[Syriac Universal Alliance]] *[[Suryoyo Sat]] *[[List of Syriacs]] *[[List of Syriac settlements]] |col3 = *[[Neo-Aramaic languages]] *[[Turoyo Language]] *[[Assyrians and Syriacs in Sweden]] *[[Assyrians and Syriacs in Germany]] *[[Assyrians and Syriacs in Lebanon]] *[[Assyrians and Syriacs in Syria]] *[[Assyrians and Syriacs in Turkey]] *[[Assyrians and Syriacs in Netherlands]] *[[Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs in the United States‎]] }} == Further reading == *{{cite book | last = Ephrem I Barsaum | first = Ignatius | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = De spridda pärlorna - En historia om syriansk litteratur och vetenskap | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 2006 | month = | publisher = Anastasis Media AB | location = Sweden | language = Swedish | isbn = 9197575143 | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://www.bokrecension.se/9197575143 }} *{{cite book |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover |title = Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I |accessdate = |accessdaymonth = |accessmonthday = |accessyear = |author = David Gaunt |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |date = |year = 2006 |month = |format = |work = |publisher = Gorgias Press LLC |pages = |language = English |isbn = 1593333013 |oclc = 85766950 |doi = |archiveurl = |archivedate = |quote = }} *{{cite book | last = Aphram I Barsoum | first = Patriarch | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = The Scattered Pearls | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 1943 | month = | publisher = | location = | language = | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://sor.cua.edu/Pub/PAphrem1/ScatteredPearlsIntro.html }} *{{cite book | last = De Courtis | first = Sėbastien | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = 1st Gorgias Press ed | series = | date = | year = 2004 | month = | publisher = Piscataway, NJ : Gorgias Press | location = | language = English | isbn = 1593330774 9781593330774 | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://worldcat.org/wcpa/isbn/1593330774 }} *{{cite book | last = Brock | first = Sebastian | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = [[The Hidden Pearl|The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage]] | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 9/9/2002 | month = | publisher = Trans World Film | location = | language = English | isbn = 1-931956-99-5 | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx }} *{{cite book | last = Sebastian Brock | first = David Taylor, | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 9/9/2002 | month = | publisher = Trans World Film | location = | language = English | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx }} *{{cite book | last = Sebastian Brock | first = David Taylor, | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 9/9/2002 | month = | publisher = Trans World Film | location = | language = English | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx }} *{{cite book | last = Sebastian Brock | first = David Taylor, | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 9/9/2002 | month = | publisher = Trans World Film | location = | language = English | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx }} *{{cite book | last = Hollerweger | first = Hans | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Tur Abdin - A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = | series = | date = | year = 1999 | month = | publisher = ? | location = Österreich | language = English, German, Turkish | isbn = 3-9501039-0-2 | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = | ref = }} ==References== <div style="height: 400px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4"> {{reflist|3}} </div> {{Syriac Christianity}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Syriac people| ]] [[Category:Ancient peoples]] [[Category:Semitic peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Syria]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Lebanon]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of Southwest Asia]] [[ar:آراميون]] [[arc:ܐܪܡܝܐ]] [[arc:ܣܘܪܝܝܐ]] [[ca:Arameus]] [[de:Aramäer (Gegenwart)]] [[el:Αραμαίοι]] [[eo:Arameoj]] [[fr:Araméens]] [[gl:Arameos]] [[hr:Aramejci]] [[it:Aramei]] [[ku:Suryanî]] [[lt:Aramėjai]] [[hu:Arámiak]] [[nl:Arameeërs]] [[pl:Aramejczycy]] [[pt:Arameus]] [[ru:Арамеи]] [[simple:Syriacs]] [[sk:Aramejci]] [[fi:Aramealaiset]] [[sv:Araméer]] [[sv:Syrianer]] [[tr:Süryaniler]]