Archaeplastida 4256725 225621284 2008-07-14T16:27:16Z Thijs!bot 1392310 robot Adding: [[ga:Archaeplastida]] {{Taxobox | color =lightgreen | name = Archaeplastida | fossil_range = [[Mesoproterozoic]] - Recent | image = Paintbrushandhuckleberry.JPG | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Indian paintbrush and wild huckleberry | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_phylum = '''Archaeplastida''' | unranked_phylum_authority = Adl ''et al.'' [[2005]] | subdivision_ranks = Phyla | subdivision = * [[Plant|Viridiplantae/Plantae]] ** [[Chlorophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] ** [[Embryophyta]] * [[Rhodophyta]] * [[Glaucophyta]] }} The '''Archaeplastida''' or '''Primoplantae''' are a major line of [[eukaryote]]s, comprising the [[embryophyte|land plant]]s, [[green alga|green]] and [[red alga]]e, and a small group called the [[glaucophyte]]s. All of these organisms have [[plastid]]s surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they developed directly from endosymbiotic [[cyanobacteria]]. In all other groups, plastids are surrounded by three or four membranes, and were acquired secondarily from green or red algae. The cells typically lack [[centriole]]s and have [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] with flat cristae. There is usually a [[cell wall]] including [[cellulose]], and food is stored in the form of [[starch]]. However, these characters are also shared with other eukaryotes. The main evidence the Archaeplastida form a [[monophyly|monophyletic]] group comes from genetic studies, which indicate that plastids probably had a single origin. The archaeplastids fall in two main evolutionary lines. The red algae are pigmented with [[chlorophyll]] ''a'' and [[phycobiliprotein]]s, like most cyanobacteria. The green algae and land plants (together known as [[Viridiplantae]], Latin for "green plants") are pigmented with chlorophylls ''a'' and ''b'', but lack phycobiliproteins. The positions of the glaucophytes are uncertain; they have the typical cyanobacterial pigments, and are unusual in retaining a cell wall within the plastids (called cyanelles). [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]] (1981)<ref name="7-or-9"> {{cite journal | author=T. Cavalier-Smith | title=Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine? | journal=BioSystems | year=1981 | volume=14 | pages=461–481 | doi=10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 }} </ref> suggested that the kingdom [[Plantae]] should refer to this group, and accordingly it may be called the Plantae ''[[sensu]] lato'', but other versions of the kingdom are still in common use. The more precise name Archaeplastida was introduced by Adl ''et al.'' (2005).<ref> {{cite journal | author=Sina M. Adl ''et al'' | title=The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists | journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | year=2005 | volume=52 | issue=5 | pages=399 | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x | doi= 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x}} </ref> Another name for the same clade, published in Palmer ''et al.'' (2004), is Primoplantae.<ref name="palmer"> {{cite journal | author=Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Soltis, Douglas E.; & Chase, Mark W. | title=The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view | journal=American Journal of Botany | year=2004 | volume=91 | pages=1437–1445 | url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 }} </ref> ==Taxonomic history== Some authors have simply referred to this group as plants or Plantae.<ref name="7-or-9" /><ref> {{cite journal | first = Debashish | last = Bhattacharya | coauthors = Yoon, Hwan Su; Hackett, Jeremiah | title = Photosynthetic eukaryotes unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots | journal = BioEssays | year = 2003 | volume = 26 | pages = 50–60 | doi = 10.1002/bies.10376 }} </ref> Since the same name has also been applied to less inclusive [[clade]]s, such as [[Viridiplantae]] and [[embryophyte]]s, this larger group is sometimes known as Plantae ''sensu lato'' ("plants in the broad sense"). Because the name Plantae is ambiguous, other names have been proposed. Primoplantae, which appeared in 2004, seems to be the first new name suggested for this group. <ref name="palmer" /> Another name that has been applied to this node is Plastida, defined as the clade sharing "plastids of primary (direct prokaryote) origin in ''[[Magnolia virginiana]]'' Linnaeus 1753". <ref> {{cite journal | first = A.G.B. | last = Simpson | title = Highest-level taxa within Eukaryotes | journal = First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting. Paris, July 6-9, 2004. | year = 2004 }} </ref> Most recently, the name [[Archaeplastida]] was proposed. <ref> {{cite journal | first = Sina M. | last = Adl | coauthors = ''et al'' | title = The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists | journal = Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | year=2005 | volume=52 | issue=5 | pages=399 | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x }} </ref> ==Morphology== All archaeplastids have [[plastids]] called chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis, derived from captured cyanobacteria. In glaucophytes, perhaps the most primitive members of the group, the chloroplast is called a ''cyanelle'' and shares several features with cyanobacteria, including a peptidoglycan cell wall, that are not retained in other primoplants. The resemblance of cyanelles to cyanobacteria supports the [[endosymbiotic theory]]. Archaeplastids vary widely in the degree of their cell organization, from isolated cells to filaments to colonies to multi-celled organisms. The earliest primoplants were unicellular, and many groups remain so today. Multicelluarity evolved separately in several groups, including red algae, [[ulvophyceae|ulvophyte green algae]], and in the green algae that gave rise to [[stonewort]]s and land plants. The cells of most archaeplastids have walls, commonly but not always made of cellulose. ==Endosymbiosis== {{main|Endosymbiotic theory}} Because the ancestral archaeplastid acquired its chloroplasts directly by engulfing cyanobacteria, the event is known as a ''primary endosymbiosis''. Evidence for this includes the presence of a double membrane around the chloroplasts; one membrane belonged to the bacterium, and the other to the eukaryote that captured it. Over time, many genes from the chloroplast have been transferred to the nucleus of the host cell. The presence of such genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes without chloroplasts suggests this transfer happened early in the primoplants' evolution. <ref> {{cite journal | last = Andersson | first = Jan O. | coauthors = & Roger, Andrew J. | title = A cyanobacterial gene in non-photosynthetic protists--An early chloroplast acquisition in eukaryotes? | journal = Current Biology | issn = 0960-9822 | year = 2002 | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–119. | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00649-2 }} </ref> All other eukaryotes with chloroplasts gained them by engulfing a single-celled archaeplastid with its own bacterially-derived chloroplasts. The chloroplasts of [[euglenid]]s and [[chlorarachniophyte]]s appear to be captured green algae. Other photosynthetic eukaryotes have chloroplasts that are captured (primoplant) red algae, and include [[heterokont]] algae, [[cryptophyte]]s, [[haptophyte]]s, and [[dinoflagellate]]s. Because these involve endosymbiosis of cells that have their own endosymbionts, the process is called ''secondary endosymbiosis''. The chloroplasts of these eukaryotes are typically surrounded by more than two membranes, reflecting their history of multiple engulfment. ==Fossil record== Perhaps the most ancient remains of Archaeplastida are [[microfossil]]s from the Roper group in northern Australia. The structure of these single-celled fossils resemble that of modern green algae. These date to the [[Mesoproterozoic]] Era, about 1500 to 1300 [[Annum|Ma]] (million years ago) <ref> {{cite journal | last = Javaux | first = Emmanuelle J | coauthors = Knoll, Andrew H, & Walter, Malcolm R. | title = TEM evidence for eukaryotic diversity in mid-Proterozoic oceans | journal = Geobiology | issn = 1472-4677 | year = 2004 | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 121–132 | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00027.x }} </ref> These fossils are consistent with a [[molecular clock]] study that calculated that this clade diverged about 1500 Ma. <ref> {{cite journal | last = Yoon | first = Hwan Su | coauthors = Hackett, Jeremiah D., Ciniglia, Claudia; Pinto, Gabriele; & Bhattacharya, Debashish} | title = A molecular timeline for the origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes. | journal = Molecular Biology & Evolution | issn = 0737-4038 | year = 2004 | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 809-818 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh075 }} </ref> The oldest fossil that can be assigned to a specific modern group is the red alga [[red algae#Fossil record|''Bangiomorpha'']], from 1200 Ma. <ref> {{cite journal | last = Butterfield | first = Nicholas J. | title = ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. | journal = Paleobiology | issn = 0094-8373 | year = 2000 | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 386–404 | doi = 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2 | doilabel = 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026&#60;0386:BPNGNS&#62;2.0.CO;2 }} </ref> In the late [[Neoproterozoic]] Era, algal fossils became more numerous and diverse. Eventually, in the [[Paleozoic]] Era, plants emerged onto land, and have continued to flourish up to the present. == References == <references /> [[Category:Eukaryotes]] [[ca:Arqueplàstid]] [[cs:Archaeplastida]] [[de:Archaeplastida]] [[es:Primoplantae]] [[fr:Archaeplastida]] [[ga:Archaeplastida]] [[it:Archaeplastida]] [[ja:アーケプラスチダ]] [[pt:Archaeplastida]]