Archibald Hill
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{{Infobox Scientist
| name = Archibald Hill [[Image:Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|20px]]
| image = Archibald_Hill.jpg
| image_size = 162px
| caption = <!-- please leave blank unless you have info on this particular photograph. -->
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|9|26|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1977|6|3|1886|9|26}}
| death_place = [[Cambridge]], [[England]]
| residence = [[England]]
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| field = [[Physiologist]] and [[biophysicist]]
| work_institution = [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]</br> [[University of Manchester]]</br> [[University College, London]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Walter Morley Fletcher]]
| doctoral_students = [[Ralph Fowler]]</br>[[Bernard C. Abbott]]</br>[[Bernard Katz]]
| known_for = [[Mechanical work]] in [[muscle]]s </br> Founding [[biophysics]]
| prizes = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1922) [[Image:Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|20px]]}}
| religion =
| footnotes = He is notably the father of [[Polly Hill (economist)|Polly Hill]], [[David Keynes Hill]] and [[Maurice Hill]].
}}
'''Archibald Vivian Hill''' [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]] [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] ([[September 26]], [[1886]] – [[June 3]], [[1977]]) was an [[England|English]] [[physiologist]], one of the founders of the diverse disciplines of [[biophysics]] and [[operations research]]. He shared (with [[Otto Meyerhof]]) the 1922 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his elucidation of the production of [[mechanical work]] in [[muscle]]s.
== Biography ==
Born in [[Bristol]], he graduated from [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] as third [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|wrangler]] in the [[mathematics]] [[tripos]] before turning to [[physiology]]. His early work involved the characterization of what came to be known as [[Michaelis-Menten kinetics]] and the use of the [[Hill coefficient]]. Hill's first paper, published in 1909, was remarkably prescient, anticipating by many years the emergence of receptor theory. He made many exacting measurements of the [[physics]] of [[nerve]]s and muscles and is regarded, along with [[Hermann Helmholtz]] as one of the founders of biophysics.
In 1913 he married Margaret Keynes, daughter of the economist [[John Neville Keynes]], and sister of the economist [[John Maynard Keynes]] and the surgeon [[Geoffrey Keynes]]. They had two sons and two daughters:
* [[Polly Hill (economist)|Polly Hill]] ([[1914]] -[[2005]]), economist, married K.A.C. Humphreys, registrar of the West African Examinations Council.
*[[David Keynes Hill]] ([[1915]]-[[2002]]), physiologist
*[[Maurice Hill]] ([[1919]]-[[1966]]), oceanographer
* Janet Hill (19??-?) child psychiatrist, married the immunologist [[John Herbert Humphrey]].
In [[1914]], at the outbreak of [[World War I]], Hill joined the [[British army]] and assembled a team working on [[ballistics]] and [[operations research]]. The team included many notable [[physicist]]s including [[Ralph H. Fowler]], [[Douglas Hartree]] and [[Arthur Milne]].
Hill returned to Cambridge in [[1919]] before taking the chair in physiology at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]] in [[1920]]. Parallelling the work of [[Germany|German]] [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]] he elucidated the processes whereby mechanical work is produced in muscles. The two shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
In 1923 he succeeded [[Ernest Starling]] as professor of physiology at [[University College, London]], a post he held until his retirement in [[1951]]. He continued as an active researcher until 1966.
[[World War II]] saw the beginning of Hill's extensive public service. Already in [[1935]] he was working with [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]] and Sir [[Henry Tizard]] on the committee that gave birth to [[Radar]]. He served as independent [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University]] from [[1940]] to [[1945]]), a post that enabled him to be active in defending fellow scientists persecuted by the regime of [[Adolf Hitler]]. He took part in many scientific missions to the [[United States|U.S.]].
==Honours==
* Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] ([[1918]])
* Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] (1918)
* [[Order of the Companions of Honour|Companion of Honour]] ([[1946]])
* [[Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society ([[1948]])
==See also==
* [[Keynes family]]
==Publications ==
By Hill:
*{{cite journal | author=Hill, A.V., and Lupton, H. | year=1923 | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen. | journal=Quarterly Journal of Medicine | volume=16 | pages=135 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hill, A.V., Long, C.N.H., and Lupton, H. | year=1924a | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Pt. I-III | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=96 | pages=438 }}
*{{cite journal | author=- | year=1924b | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Pt. IV-VI | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=97 | pages=84 }}
*{{cite journal | author=- | year=1924c | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Pt. VII-IX | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=97 | pages=155 }}
*Hill, A.V. (1924-5). ''Textbook of Anti-Aircraft Gunnery'', 2 vols
*{{cite journal | author=- | year=1926 | title=The scientific study of athletics | journal=[[Scientific American]] | volume=224 (April) }}
*{{cite book | author=- | year=1926a | title=Muscular Activity | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | location=Philadelphia }}
*{{cite book | author=- | year=1926b | title=Muscular Activity: Herter Lectures - Sixteenth Course | publisher=Williams & Wilkins Company | location=Baltimore }}
*- (1927a). ''Muscular Movement in Man''
*- (1927b). ''Living Machinery''
*{{cite journal | author=- | year=1928 | title=Myothermic apparatus | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=103 | pages=117 }}
*{{cite book | author=- | year=1931 | title=Adventures in Biophysics | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | location=Philadelphia }}
*- (1932) ''Chemical Wave Transmission in Nerve''
*{{cite book | author=- | year=1960 | title=The Ethical Dilemma of Science, and Other Writings | publisher=Rockefeller Institute Press, | location=New York }}
*{{cite book | author=- | year=1965 | title=Trails and Trials in Physiology: A Bibliography, 1909-1964; with reviews of certain topics and methods and a reconnaissance for further research | publisher=Arnold |location=London }}
== References ==
{{Unreferenced|date=July 2008}}
== Further reading ==
*Katz, B. (1986). "Archibald Vivian Hill", ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, p.406
*{{cite book | author=Lusk, G. | year=1925 | title=Lectures on nutrition: 1924-1925 | publisher=W.B. Saunders Company | location=Philadelphia }}
*{{cite book | author=Stevenson, L.G. | year=1953 | title=Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology: 1901-1950. | publisher=Henry Schuman | location=New York }}
==External links==
*[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1922/hill-bio.html Nobel biography]
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
COBHC
{{Persondata
|NAME= Hill, Archibald
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physiologist]] and [[biophysicist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[September 26]], [[1886]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Bristol]], [[UK]]
|DATE OF DEATH= [[June 3]], [[1977]]
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Cambridge]], [[UK]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hill, Archibald Vivian}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Old Blundellians]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Biophysicists]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:English physiologists]]
[[Category:English politicians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Keynes family]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for University constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Operations researchers]]
[[Category:People from Bristol]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935-1945]]
[[ar:أرشيبالد هل]]
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