Archibald Hill 75094 222871014 2008-07-01T14:51:31Z SmackBot 433328 Date the maintenance tags or general fixes {{Infobox Scientist | name = Archibald Hill [[Image:Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|20px]] | image = Archibald_Hill.jpg | image_size = 162px | caption = <!-- please leave blank unless you have info on this particular photograph. --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1886|9|26|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Bristol]], [[England]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1977|6|3|1886|9|26}} | death_place = [[Cambridge]], [[England]] | residence = [[England]] | nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] | field = [[Physiologist]] and [[biophysicist]] | work_institution = [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]</br> [[University of Manchester]]</br> [[University College, London]] | alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Walter Morley Fletcher]] | doctoral_students = [[Ralph Fowler]]</br>[[Bernard C. Abbott]]</br>[[Bernard Katz]] | known_for = [[Mechanical work]] in [[muscle]]s </br> Founding [[biophysics]] | prizes = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1922) [[Image:Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|20px]]}} | religion = | footnotes = He is notably the father of [[Polly Hill (economist)|Polly Hill]], [[David Keynes Hill]] and [[Maurice Hill]]. }} '''Archibald Vivian Hill''' [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]] [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] ([[September 26]], [[1886]] &ndash; [[June 3]], [[1977]]) was an [[England|English]] [[physiologist]], one of the founders of the diverse disciplines of [[biophysics]] and [[operations research]]. He shared (with [[Otto Meyerhof]]) the 1922 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his elucidation of the production of [[mechanical work]] in [[muscle]]s. == Biography == Born in [[Bristol]], he graduated from [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] as third [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|wrangler]] in the [[mathematics]] [[tripos]] before turning to [[physiology]]. His early work involved the characterization of what came to be known as [[Michaelis-Menten kinetics]] and the use of the [[Hill coefficient]]. Hill's first paper, published in 1909, was remarkably prescient, anticipating by many years the emergence of receptor theory. He made many exacting measurements of the [[physics]] of [[nerve]]s and muscles and is regarded, along with [[Hermann Helmholtz]] as one of the founders of biophysics. In 1913 he married Margaret Keynes, daughter of the economist [[John Neville Keynes]], and sister of the economist [[John Maynard Keynes]] and the surgeon [[Geoffrey Keynes]]. They had two sons and two daughters: * [[Polly Hill (economist)|Polly Hill]] ([[1914]] -[[2005]]), economist, married K.A.C. Humphreys, registrar of the West African Examinations Council. *[[David Keynes Hill]] ([[1915]]-[[2002]]), physiologist *[[Maurice Hill]] ([[1919]]-[[1966]]), oceanographer * Janet Hill (19??-?) child psychiatrist, married the immunologist [[John Herbert Humphrey]]. In [[1914]], at the outbreak of [[World War I]], Hill joined the [[British army]] and assembled a team working on [[ballistics]] and [[operations research]]. The team included many notable [[physicist]]s including [[Ralph H. Fowler]], [[Douglas Hartree]] and [[Arthur Milne]]. Hill returned to Cambridge in [[1919]] before taking the chair in physiology at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]] in [[1920]]. Parallelling the work of [[Germany|German]] [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]] he elucidated the processes whereby mechanical work is produced in muscles. The two shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. In 1923 he succeeded [[Ernest Starling]] as professor of physiology at [[University College, London]], a post he held until his retirement in [[1951]]. He continued as an active researcher until 1966. [[World War II]] saw the beginning of Hill's extensive public service. Already in [[1935]] he was working with [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]] and Sir [[Henry Tizard]] on the committee that gave birth to [[Radar]]. He served as independent [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University]] from [[1940]] to [[1945]]), a post that enabled him to be active in defending fellow scientists persecuted by the regime of [[Adolf Hitler]]. He took part in many scientific missions to the [[United States|U.S.]]. ==Honours== * Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] ([[1918]]) * Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] (1918) * [[Order of the Companions of Honour|Companion of Honour]] ([[1946]]) * [[Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society ([[1948]]) ==See also== * [[Keynes family]] ==Publications == By Hill: *{{cite journal | author=Hill, A.V., and Lupton, H. | year=1923 | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen. | journal=Quarterly Journal of Medicine | volume=16 | pages=135 }} *{{cite journal | author=Hill, A.V., Long, C.N.H., and Lupton, H. | year=1924a | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Pt. I-III | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=96 | pages=438 }} *{{cite journal | author=- | year=1924b | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Pt. IV-VI | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=97 | pages=84 }} *{{cite journal | author=- | year=1924c | title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Pt. VII-IX | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=97 | pages=155 }} *Hill, A.V. (1924-5). ''Textbook of Anti-Aircraft Gunnery'', 2 vols *{{cite journal | author=- | year=1926 | title=The scientific study of athletics | journal=[[Scientific American]] | volume=224 (April) }} *{{cite book | author=- | year=1926a | title=Muscular Activity | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | location=Philadelphia }} *{{cite book | author=- | year=1926b | title=Muscular Activity: Herter Lectures - Sixteenth Course | publisher=Williams & Wilkins Company | location=Baltimore }} *- (1927a). ''Muscular Movement in Man'' *- (1927b). ''Living Machinery'' *{{cite journal | author=- | year=1928 | title=Myothermic apparatus | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume=103 | pages=117 }} *{{cite book | author=- | year=1931 | title=Adventures in Biophysics | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | location=Philadelphia }} *- (1932) ''Chemical Wave Transmission in Nerve'' *{{cite book | author=- | year=1960 | title=The Ethical Dilemma of Science, and Other Writings | publisher=Rockefeller Institute Press, | location=New York }} *{{cite book | author=- | year=1965 | title=Trails and Trials in Physiology: A Bibliography, 1909-1964; with reviews of certain topics and methods and a reconnaissance for further research | publisher=Arnold |location=London }} == References == {{Unreferenced|date=July 2008}} == Further reading == *Katz, B. (1986). "Archibald Vivian Hill", ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, p.406 *{{cite book | author=Lusk, G. | year=1925 | title=Lectures on nutrition: 1924-1925 | publisher=W.B. Saunders Company | location=Philadelphia }} *{{cite book | author=Stevenson, L.G. | year=1953 | title=Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology: 1901-1950. | publisher=Henry Schuman | location=New York }} ==External links== *[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1922/hill-bio.html Nobel biography] {{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> COBHC {{Persondata |NAME= Hill, Archibald |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physiologist]] and [[biophysicist]] |DATE OF BIRTH= [[September 26]], [[1886]] |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Bristol]], [[UK]] |DATE OF DEATH= [[June 3]], [[1977]] |PLACE OF DEATH= [[Cambridge]], [[UK]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hill, Archibald Vivian}} [[Category:1886 births]] [[Category:1977 deaths]] [[Category:Old Blundellians]] [[Category:Academics of University College London]] [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Biophysicists]] [[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:English Nobel laureates]] [[Category:English physiologists]] [[Category:English politicians]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Keynes family]] [[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] [[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]] [[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for University constituencies]] [[Category:Members of Parliament for the University of Cambridge]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]] [[Category:Operations researchers]] [[Category:People from Bristol]] [[Category:UK MPs 1935-1945]] [[ar:أرشيبالد هل]] [[ca:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[de:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[es:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[fr:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[hr:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[id:Archibald Hill]] [[it:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[sw:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[nl:Archibald Hill]] [[ja:アーチボルド・ヒル]] [[pl:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[pt:Archibald Vivian Hill]] [[ru:Хилл, Арчибалд]] [[sv:Archibald V. Hill]] [[zh:阿奇博爾德·希爾]]