Arctic
36971
225476888
2008-07-13T22:08:06Z
Jpbowen
323196
Added category
{{Dablink|For the ships, see [[MV Arctic]], [[SS Arctic]], [[USS Arctic]]}}
[[Image:arctic.svg|thumb|300px|right|The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, sometimes used to define the Arctic region border]]
[[Image:Arctica surface.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Artificially coloured topographical map of the Arctic region]]
The '''Arctic''' is the [[region]] around the [[Earth]]'s [[North Pole]], opposite the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] region around the [[South Pole]]. The Arctic includes the [[Arctic Ocean]] (which overlies the North Pole) and parts of [[Canada]], [[Greenland]] (a territory of [[Denmark]]), [[Russia]], the [[United States]] ([[Alaska]]), [[Iceland]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]. The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ''arktos'' (άρκτος) , which means bear. This is due to the location of the constellation (a group of stars) [[Ursa Major]], the "Great Bear", above the Arctic region.{{Fact|date=January 2007}}
There are numerous definitions of the Arctic region. The boundary is generally considered to be north of the [[Arctic Circle]] (66° 33’N), which is the approximate limit of the [[midnight sun]] and the [[polar night]]. Other definitions are based on climate and ecology, such as the 10°C (50°F) July [[isotherm]], which roughly corresponds to the [[tree line]] in most of the Arctic. Socially and politically, the Arctic region includes the northern territories of the eight Arctic states, including [[Lapland Province|Lapland]], although by natural science definitions much of this territory is considered [[subarctic]].
The Arctic region consists of a vast [[sea ice|ice-covered]] [[ocean]] (which is sometimes considered to be a northern [[sea|arm]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]) surrounded by treeless, frozen ground. In recent years the extent of the sea ice has declined, and there is some evidence suggesting Arctic water may be ice-free in summer. According to the Norwegian International Polar Year Secretariat and polar Scientists the Arctic polar ice cap would be completely gone by summer 2008<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6364192.html Expert: Arctic polar cap may disappear this summer - People's Daily Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn13779-north-pole-could-be-ice-free-in-2008.html North Pole could be ice free in 2008 - New Scientist</ref><ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-no-ice-at-the-north-pole-855406.html</ref><ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,372542,00.html</ref> <ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/weather/06/27/north.pole.melting/</ref>Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, and human societies.
The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth's ecosystems. The cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions.
==Nature==
===Climate===
{{main|Climate of the Arctic}}
The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow. The Arctic's annual precipitation is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50 cm (20 inches). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. Average winter temperatures can be as low as -40°C (-40°F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately -68°C (-90°F). Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas.
=== Plants ===
Since trees cannot grow in the Arctic climate, the [[arctic vegetation|vegetation]] is composed of plants such as dwarf shrubs, graminoids, herbs, lichens and mosses, which all grow relatively close to the ground, forming [[tundra]]. As one moves northward, the amount of warmth available for plant growth decreases considerably. In the northernmost areas, plants are at their metabolic limits, and small differences in the total amount of summer warmth make large differences in the amount of energy available for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Colder summer temperatures cause the size, abundance, productivity and variety of plants to decrease. In the warmest parts of the Arctic, shrubs are common and can reach 2 m (6 ft) in height; sedges, mosses and lichens can form thick layers. In the coldest parts of the Arctic, much of the ground is bare; nonvascular plants such as lichens and mosses predominate, along with a few scattered grasses and forbs (like the Arctic poppy).
=== Animals ===
[[Image:Muskus.jpg|thumb|[[Muskox]]]]
Herbivores on the Tundra include the [[Arctic hare]], [[lemming]], [[muskox]], and [[caribou]]. They are preyed on by the [[Arctic fox]], [[Arctic Wolf|wolves]]. The [[polar bear]] is also a predator, though it prefers to hunt for marine life from the ice. There are also many [[birds]] and marine [[species]] endemic to the colder regions. Other animals in the Arctic include [[wolverine]]s, [[ermine]]s, [[lemming]]s, [[arctic hare]]s, [[arctic ground squirrel]]s, [[seal]]s and [[walrus]]'.
===Natural resources===
The Arctic region includes sizable potential [[natural resource]]s (oil, gas, minerals, forest – if the subarctic is included – and fish) to which modern technology and the opening up of [[Russia]] have given significant new opportunities. The interest of the [[tourism]] industry in the cold and exotic Arctic is also on the increase.
The Arctic region is one of the last and most extensive continuous [[wilderness]] areas in the world, and its significance in preserving [[biodiversity]] and [[genotype]]s is considerable. The increasing presence of humans fragments vital habitats. The Arctic is particularly susceptible to the abrasion of [[groundcover]] and to the disturbance of the rare reproduction places of the animals that are characteristic to the region.
''See also [[Petroleum exploration in the Arctic]]''
===Paleo-history===
[[Image:Arctic fossils.JPG|Marine [[fossils]] in Canadian Arctic|thumb]]
During the [[Cretaceous]], the Arctic still had seasonal snows, though only a light dusting and not enough to permanently hinder plant growth.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} Animals such as ''[[Chasmosaurus]]'', ''[[Hypacrosaurus]]'', ''[[Troodon]]'', and ''[[Edmontosaurus]]'' may have all migrated north to take advantage of the summer growing season, and migrated south to warmer climes when the winter came. A similar situation may also have been found amongst dinosaurs that lived in Antarctic regions, such as ''[[Muttaburrasaurus]]'' of Australia.
==Indigenous population==
{{main|Circumpolar peoples}}
{{see|Circumpolar religion|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Inuit Circumpolar Council}}
The [[Inuit]] are the descendants of what [[Anthropology|anthropologist]]s call the [[Thule people|Thule culture]], a nomadic people who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 CE and spread eastwards across the Arctic, displacing the related [[Dorset culture]] (in Inuktitut, the ''Tuniit''). Inuit legends speak of the Tuniit as "giants", people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit, but who were easily scared off and retreated from the advancing Inuit. Researchers believe that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, boats and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit society a large advantage over them. By 1300, the Inuit had settled west Greenland, and finally moved into east Greenland over the following century.
The Tuniit survived in [[Aivilik]], [[Southampton Island|Southampton]] and [[Coats Island]]s, until the beginning of the 20th century. They were known as ''Sadlermiut'' (''Sallirmiut'' in the modern spelling). Their population had been ravaged by diseases brought by contact with Europeans, and the last of them fell in a flu epidemic caught from a passing whaler in 1902. The area has since been resettled by Inuit. Genetic research suggests that there was little or no intermarriage between the Tuniit and the Inuit over the thousand years of contact in the [[Northern Canada|Canadian Arctic]].
==International cooperation and politics==
The Arctic region is a focus of international political interest. International Arctic cooperation got underway on a broad scale well over ten years ago. The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), hundreds of scientists and specialists of the [[Arctic Council]], the Barents Council and its regional cooperation have compiled high quality information on the Arctic.
===Territorial claims===
{{Main|Territorial claims in the Arctic}}
No country owns the North Pole or the region of the [[Arctic Ocean]] surrounding it. The surrounding Arctic states, the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Russia]], [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] (via [[Greenland]]), are limited to a 370 kilometre (200 nautical mile) economic zone around their coasts.
Upon ratification of the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]], a country has ten years to make claims to extend its [[Exclusive Economic Zone|200 mile zone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/annex2.htm|title=United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)|accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref> Due to this, Norway (ratified the convention in 1996<ref name="ratif">http://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/status2007.pdf</ref>), Russia (ratified in 1997<ref name="ratif"/>), Canada (ratified in 2003<ref name="ratif"/>) and Denmark (ratified in 2004<ref name="ratif"/>) launched projects to establish claims that certain Arctic sectors should belong to their territories.
On [[August 2]], [[2007]], two Russian [[bathyscaphe]]s, [[MIR (submersible)|MIR-1 and MIR-2]], for the first time in history descended to the Arctic [[seabed]] beneath the [[North Pole]] and placed there a [[flag of Russia|Russian flag]] made of rust-proof [[titanium alloy]]. The mission was a scientific expedition, but the flag-placing raised concerns of a race for control of the Arctic's vast petroleum resources<ref>[http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/comment_0807-3.pdf The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons], by Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, August 2007</ref>(See [[2007 Russian North Pole expedition]])
Foreign Ministers and other officials representing Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States met in [[Ilulissat|Ilulissat, Greenland]] on [[May 28]], [[2008]] at the [[Arctic Ocean Conference]] and announced the [[Ilulissat Declaration]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title=Conference in Ilulissat, Greenland: Landmark political declaration on the future of the Arctic |url=http://www.um.dk/en/servicemenu/News/ConferenceInIlulissatGreenlandLandmarkPoliticalDeclarationOnTheFutureOfTheArctic.htm |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark |date=[[2008-05-28]] |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/BE00B850-D278-4489-A6BE-6AE230415546/0/ArcticOceanConference.pdf |title=The Ilulissat Declaration |date=[[2008-05-28]] |publisher=um.dk |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref>
===A strategic military region===
[[Image:Tundra and icebergs in arctic.JPG|High Arctic|thumb]]
[[Image:Arctic from helicopter.JPG|High Arctic from helicopter|thumb]]
Some countries claim the Arctic has never been under the political control of any nation, although some nations' militaries have attached a strategic importance to the region. Canada has an outpost in the region ([[Alert, Nunavut|Alert]]) and has long laid claim to much of the Arctic. Several recent excursions by the Canadian navy have taken place, with more planned to underline Canadian sovereignty in the region. On July 9th, 2007, Canada's prime minister [[Stephen Harper]] announced that [[Canada]] will build up to eight armed patrol ships with helicopter pads and a deep water port at a location yet to be disclosed to reassert Canada's sovereignty over Arctic territories.<ref name="Canada sovereignty">''New patrol ships will reassert northern sovereignty: PM'', Victoria Times Colonist, 9 July, 2007[http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=497c719f-a5be-4691-86f4-30ec877101a7&k=77]</ref>
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Arctic was often used by [[submarine]]s to test new weapons, sonar equipment, and depth capability. During the [[Cold War]], the Arctic region was extensively monitored by the [[United States military]] and NATO, since it was believed that the first warnings of a nuclear strike from the [[Soviet Union]] would have been indicated by [[ICBM]]s launched over the North Pole towards the [[United States]]. The United States placed such importance on the region that two military decorations, the [[Arctic Service Ribbon]] and [[Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal]], were established for military duty performed within the Arctic Circle.
In 2006, [[Envisat]] and [[EOS Aqua]] revealed a polar route connecting [[Spitsbergen]] and [[Siberia]].
[http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/09/20/arcticroute_pla.html?category=earth&guid=20060920100030] Increased Russian activity has also been detected, though this can be attributed to the [[Chelyuskin]] [[icebreaker]] wreck expeditionary force. [http://www.tass.ru/eng/level2.html?NewsID=10813928&PageNum=0]
===Scientific exploration===
Since 1937 the whole Arctic region was extensively explored by the [[Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations]]. Scientific settlements that were established on the [[drift ice]] were carried thousands of kilometers by the ice flow.<ref>[http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_drifting.html North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s)]</ref>
=== Pollution ===
[[Image:contamination pathways large.jpg|thumb|right|Long-range pollution pathways to the Arctic]]
The Arctic is comparatively clean, although there are certain ecologically difficult localized [[pollution]] problems that present a serious threat to people’s health living around these pollution sources. Due to the prevailing worldwide sea and air currents, the Arctic area is the fallout region for long-range transport [[pollutant]]s, and in some places the concentrations exceed the levels of densely populated urban areas. An example of this is the phenomenon of [[Arctic haze]], which is commonly blamed on long-range pollutants. Another example is with the bioaccumulation of PCB's [polychlorinated biphenyls] in Arctic wildlife.
==Climate change==
[[Image:2007 Arctic Sea Ice.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Arctic shrinkage|Arctic sea ice coverage]] as of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to 1979-2000 average]] The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the effects of [[global warming]] as has become apparent in the melting [[sea ice]] in recent years. Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than global average.<ref> ACIA, Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge University Press, 2012. [http://www.acia.uaf.edu/pages/overview.html]</ref> This fact has garnered significant international attention to the region. In particular, there are concerns that [[Arctic shrinkage]], a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in [[Greenland]], could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.<ref>''Study: Glaciers contributing more to rising seas'',2007[http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/07/19/environment.glaciers.reut/index.html]</ref> A recent study by a research group at [[Naval Postgraduate School]], [[Monterey, California]] working with members of [[NASA]] and the Institute of Oceanology at the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] estimate that the Arctic sea could be ice-free in the summer as soon as 2013.<ref name="Maslowski-Wadhams">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7139797.stm Arctic summers ice-free 'by 2013'] Jonathan Amos ''BBC News'' [[December 12]] [[2007]] Retrieved [[February 11]] [[2008]]</ref><ref name="Maslowski">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/12/13/2117735.htm?section=world Arctic ice melt worse than predicted: scientists] Barbara Miller, ''www.abc.net.au'', [[December 13]] [[2007]] Retrieved [[February 9]] [[2008]]</ref> The Arctic sea ice melted at an unprecedented rate, well ahead of models, in 2007. However according to the Norwegian International Polar Year Secretariat the Arctic polar ice cap would be completely gone by summer 2008<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6364192.html Expert: Arctic polar cap may disappear this summer - People's Daily Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-no-ice-at-the-north-pole-855406.html</ref>.
Apart from concerns regarding the detrimental effects of cooling in the Arctic, some potential opportunities have gained attention as well. The melting of the ice is making the so-called ''[[northwest passage]]'', the shipping routes through the northern-most latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.<ref>''Will ice melt open fabled Northwest Passage?'', CNN.com, 29 Aug, 2002[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/08/29/northwest.passage/]</ref> In addition it is believed that the Arctic seabed may contain substantial [[oil field]]s which may become accessible if the ice covering them melts.<ref>''The great Arctic Circle oil rush'', CNN.com, 8 Aug, 2007[http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/07/news/international/arctic_oil.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2007080810]</ref> These factors have led to recent international debates as to which nations can claim sovereignty or ownership over the waters of the Arctic.<ref name="Canada sovereignty"/><ref>''Russia stakes its claim on North Pole in underwater search for oil'', Times Online, 28 July, 2007[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2155477.ece]</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Arctic melt stuns scientists | publisher = CBS News | date = 2007-10-09 | url = http://www.webcastr.com/videos/news/arctic-melt-stuns-scientists.html}}</ref>.
NOAA's Arctic Report Card <ref>[http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/''NOAA Arctic Report Card'' - Updated annually]</ref> presents peer-reviewed information on recent observations of environmental conditions in the Arctic relative to historical time series records. Collectively, atmosphere, sea ice, biology, ocean, Greenland ice sheet and land parameters indicate that the overall warming of the Arctic system continued in 2007. There are some elements that are stabilizing or returning to climatological norms. These mixed tendencies illustrate the sensitivity and complexity of the Arctic System.
== Arctic waters ==
*[[Arctic Ocean]]
*[[Baffin Bay]]
*[[Beaufort Sea]]
*[[Barents Sea]]
*[[Bering Sea]]
*[[Bering Strait]]
*[[Chukchi Sea]]
*[[Davis Strait]]
*[[Denmark Strait]]
*[[East Siberian Sea]]
*[[Greenland Sea]]
*[[Hudson Bay]]
*[[Kara Sea]]
*[[Laptev Sea]]
*[[Nares Strait]]
*[[Norwegian Sea]]
== Arctic lands ==
*[[Alaska]] ([[USA]])
*[[Aleutian Islands]] ([[USA]])
*[[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]] ([[Norway]])
*[[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]
*[[Diomede Islands]] ([[Russia]]/[[USA]])
*[[Franz Josef Land]] ([[Russia]])
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] ([[Canada]])
*[[New Siberian Islands]] ([[Russia]])
*[[Northwest Territories]] ([[Canada]])
*[[Novaya Zemlya]] ([[Russia]])
*[[Nunavik]] (northern [[Québec]], [[Canada]])
*[[Nunavut]] ([[Canada]])
*[[Finnmark]] ([[Norway]])
*[[Greenland]] ([[Denmark]])
*[[Iceland]]
*[[Jan Mayen]] ([[Norway]])
*[[Severnaya Zemlya]] ([[Russia]])
*[[Siberia]] ([[Russia]])
*[[Svalbard]] ([[Norway]])
*[[Yukon]] ([[Canada]])
*[[Wrangel Island]] ([[Russia]])
== In popular culture ==
* ''Raising the Past'' by [[Jeremy Robinson]]
* ''Ice Hunt'' by [[James Rollins]]
* ''[[Deception Point]]'' by [[Dan Brown]]
* ''[[Arctic Dreams]]'' by [[Barry Lopez]]
== See also ==
*[[Arctic Climate Impact Assessment]] (ACIA)
*[[Arctic Haze]]
*[[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] (ANWR) (in Alaska in the US)
*[[Arctic Ocean]]
*[[Arctic Refuge drilling controversy]]
*[[Arctic Cordillera]]
*[[Arctic Research Office]] (ARO) (of the US)
*[[:Category:Explorers of the Arctic|Explorers of the Arctic]] (Category)
*[[:Category:Exploration of the Arctic|Exploration of the Arctic]] (Category)
*[[Extreme points of the Arctic]]
*[[Nordicity]]
*[[Polar climate]]
*[[Polar ice packs]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.arcticcentre.org Arctic Centre, Rovaniemi] Arctic research
* [http://www.wordreference.com/english/definition.asp?en=arctic WordReference.com Dictionary] Etymology
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/arctic.pdf CIA World Factbook 2002 - Arctic Region] Large version of the Arctic region map
* [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov Arctic Theme Page] Comprehensive Arctic Resource from NOAA.
* [http://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov Bering Sea Climate and Ecosystem] Current state of the Bering Sea Climate and Ecosystem. Comprehensive resource on the Bering Sea with viewable oceanographic, atmospheric, climatic, biological and fisheries data with ecosystem relevance, recent trends, essays on key Bering Sea issues, maps, photos, animals and more. From NOAA.
* [http://www.unaami.noaa.gov Arctic time series: The Unaami Data collection] Viewable interdisciplinary, diverse collection of Arctic variables from different geographic regions and data types.
* [http://www.allthingsarctic.com/exploration/index.aspx Arctic exploration and history]
* [http://www.allthingsarctic.com/science/index.aspx Arctic research]
==External links==
* [http://www.civilisations.ca/hist/cae/splashe.html The Canadian Museum of Civilization - The Story of the Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913-1918]
* [http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/comment_0807-3.pdf The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons,] by Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek, Oxford Energy Comment, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, August 2007
* [http://maps.grida.no/go/searchRegion/regionid/geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics library] Information resources from the UN Environment programme
* [http://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=/aina3 Arctic Institute of North America Digital Library] Over 8000 photographs dating from the late 1800s through the 1900s.
*[http://www.euroarctic.com/ euroarctic.com] News service from the Barents region provided by Norwegian Broadcasting Corp (NRK), Swedish Radio (SR) and STBC Murman.
* [http://www.panda.org/arctic WWF International Arctic Programme] ''Arctic environment and conservation information''
* [http://www.polarfoundation.org/ International Polar Foundation]
* [http://www.arctic-council.org Arctic Council]
* [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov NOAA Arctic Theme Page]
* [http://maps.grida.no/arctic Arctic Environmental Atlas] ''Circum-Arctic interactive map, with multiple layers of information''
* [http://www.globio.info/region/polar/#arctic GLOBIO Human Impact maps] ''Report on human impacts on the Arctic''
* [http://www.iarc.uaf.edu International Arctic Research Center]
* [http://www.vitalgraphics.net/arctic.cfm Vital Arctic Graphics] ''Overview and case studies of the Arctic environment and the Arctic Indigenous Peoples.''
* [http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=artic&lang=En Arctic and Taiga Canadian Atlas]
* [http://www.greenfacts.org/en/arctic-climate-change/index.htm Summary]
* [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/soa2006/ NOAA State of the Arctic Report 2006]
* [http://polar.grida.no/ UN Environment Programme Key Polar Centre at UNEP/GRID-Arendal]
* [http://www.arcticatlas.org Arctic Geobotanical Atlas, University of Alaska Fairbanks]
* [http://amap.no/ AMAP - the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme]
*[http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/ Polar Discovery]
{{Regions of the world}}
[[Category:Arctic| ]]
[[Category:Poles]]
[[ar:أركتيك]]
[[be:Арктыка]]
[[bs:Arktik]]
[[bg:Арктика]]
[[cs:Arktida]]
[[cy:Yr Arctig]]
[[da:Arktis]]
[[de:Arktis]]
[[et:Arktika]]
[[el:Αρκτική]]
[[es:Ártico]]
[[eo:Arkto]]
[[fa:شمالگان]]
[[fo:Arktis]]
[[fr:Arctique]]
[[gl:Ártico]]
[[ko:북극]]
[[hr:Arktik]]
[[ig:Arctic]]
[[id:Arktik]]
[[is:Norðurslóðir]]
[[it:Artide]]
[[he:האזור הארקטי]]
[[kn:ಆರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ]]
[[ka:არქტიკა]]
[[lv:Arktika]]
[[lt:Arktis]]
[[hu:Arktisz]]
[[ms:Artik]]
[[nl:Arctis]]
[[ja:北極]]
[[no:Arktis]]
[[nn:Arktis]]
[[pl:Arktyka]]
[[pt:Ártico]]
[[ru:Арктика]]
[[simple:Arctic]]
[[sk:Arktída]]
[[sl:Arktika]]
[[sh:Arktik]]
[[fi:Arktinen alue]]
[[sv:Arktis]]
[[th:อาร์กติก]]
[[to:ʻĀketika]]
[[tr:Arktik]]
[[uk:Арктика]]
[[zh:北极地区]]