Arctostaphylos
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Removed taxobox colour. See [[User:Eubot/Removing colours from taxoboxen]].
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Arctostaphylos''
| image = Arctostaphylos viscida_9781.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Whiteleaf Manzanita (''[[Arctostaphylos viscida]]'')
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ericales]]
| familia = [[Ericaceae]]
| genus = '''''Arctostaphylos'''''
| genus_authority = [[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
About 60, see text.
}}
The genus '''''Arctostaphylos''''', the '''manzanitas''' and '''bearberries''', are [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s characterised by smooth, orange or red bark and stiff, twisting branches.
[[image:bearberry.jpg|left|thumb|Common Bearberry ''Arctostaphylos uva-ursi'']]
There are about 60 species of manzanita, ranging from ground-hugging coastal and mountain species to small trees up to 6 m tall. Most are [[evergreen]] (one species [[deciduous]]), with small oval [[leaf|leaves]] 1-7 cm long, arranged spirally on the stems. The [[flowers]] are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2-20 together; flowering is in the spring. The [[fruit]] are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible.
''Arctostaphylos'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora arctostaphyli]]'' (which feeds exclusively on ''A. uva-ursi'') and ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora glaucella]]''.
The name means "bear grapes", derived from Greek ''arkto'' (bear) and ''staphyle'' (grape).
According to Philip V. Wells in '''The Jepson Manual''' and other sources, there are two [[subgenus|subgenera]] of ''Arctostaphylos'':
* Subgenus ''Micrococcus''
** Sect. ''Micrococcus''
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos mendocinoensis]]'' Pygmy Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos myrtifolia]]'' Ione Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos nissenana]]'' Nissenan Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos nummularia]]'' Glossyleaf Manzanita
[[Image:Manzanita large 750px.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A manzanita (''Arctostaphylos'' sp.)]]
* Subgenus ''Arctostaphylos'', which has 3 [[section (biology)|section]]s:
** Sect. ''Arctostaphylos''
*** ''[[Alpine_Bearberry|Arctostaphylos alpina]]'' Alpine Bearberry
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos bakeri]]'' Baker's Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos densiflora]]'' Sonoma Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos edmundsii]]'' Little Sur Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos gabrielensis]]'' San Gabriel Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos glauca]]'' Bigberry Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos hispidula]]'' Gasquet Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos hookeri]]'' Hooker's Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos insularis]]'' Island Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos klamathensis]]'' Klamath Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos manzanita]]'' Common Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos mewukka]]'' Indian Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos nevadensis]]'' Pinemat Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos parryana]]'' Parry Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos patula]]'' Greenleaf Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos pumila]]'' Sandmat Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos pungens]]'' Pointleaf Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos rudis]]'' Shagbark Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos stanfordiana]]'' Stanford's Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]]'' Bearberry
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos viscida]]'' Sticky Manzanita
** Sect. ''Foliobracteata''
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos andersonii]]'' Santa Cruz Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos auriculata]]'' Mount Diablo Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos canescens]]'' Hoary Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos catalinae]]'' Santa Catalina Island Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos columbiana]]'' Hairy Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos confertiflora]]'' Santa Rosa Island Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos cruzensis]]'' La Cruz Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos glandulosa]]'' Eastwood Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos glutinosa]]'' Schreiber's Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos hooveri]]'' Hoover's Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos imbricata]]'' San Bruno Mountain Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos luciana]]'' Santa Lucia Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos malloryi]]'' Mallory's Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos montaraensis]]'' Montara Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos montereyensis]]'' Monterey Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos morroensis]]'' Morro Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos nortensis]]'' Del Norte
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos obispoensis]]'' Serpentine Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos osoensis]]'' Oso Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos otayensis]]'' Otay Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos pajaroensis]]'' Pajaro Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos pallida]]'' Pallid Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos pechoensis]]'' Pecho Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos pilosula]]'' La Panzo Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos purissima]]'' La Purissima Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos refugioensis]]'' Refugio Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos regismontana]]'' King's Mountain Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos silvicola]]'' Bonny Doon Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos tomentosa]]'' Woolylead Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos virgata]]'' Bolinas Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos viridissuma]]'' Whitehair Manzanita
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos wellsii]]'' Well's Manzanita
** Sect. ''Pictobracteata''
*** ''[[Arctostaphylos pringlei]]'' Pringle Manzanita
See also [[Bearberry]], for some species in the genus ''Arctostaphylos''.
;Synonyms
*''Arctostaphylos bicolor'' is generally considered ''[[Xylococcus bicolor]]''
*''Arctostaphylos crustacea'' is generally considered ''[[Arctostaphylos tomentosa]]'' ssp. ''crustacea''
See also the closely related genus ''[[Comarostaphylis]]'', previously often included in ''Arctostaphylos''.
===Distribution===
[[Image:ManzanitaTreeBranches_wb.jpg|thumb|left|Manzanita bark]]
[[Manzanita]]s are present in the [[chaparral]] biome of western [[North America]], where they occur from southern [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]], [[Washington]] to [[California]] and [[New Mexico]] in the [[United States]], and throughout much of northern and central [[Mexico]].
Three species, the [[Bearberry|bearberries]], ''A. alpina'' (Alpine Bearberry), ''A. rubra'' (Red Bearberry) and ''A. uva-ursi'' (Common Bearberry), have adapted to [[arctic]] and [[subarctic]] climates, and have a [[circumpolar]] distribution in northern [[North America]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]].
An unusual association of Manzanita occurs on [[Hood Mountain]], in [[Sonoma County, California]], where stands of [[pygmy forest]] dominated by [[Mendocino Cypress]] are found.
===Cultivation===
Cultivation is generally difficult due to [[fungus|fungal]] diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some [[cultivar]]s are easier to cultivate.
== References ==
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=23467 ITIS 23467]
* Hickman, James C. (1993). ''The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California'', University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. ISBN 0-520-08255-9.
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Arctostaphylos Treatment from the Jepson Manual]
* Wells, Philip V. (2000). ''Manzanitas of California'', Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Lawrence, Kansas. ISBN 0-933994-22-2.
* Wells, Philip V. 1992. Subgenera and sections of ''Arctostaphylos''. ''The Four Seasons'' 9: 64-69.
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