Arctostaphylos 415327 196801268 2008-03-08T16:41:25Z Eubot 231599 Removed taxobox colour. See [[User:Eubot/Removing colours from taxoboxen]]. {{Taxobox | name = ''Arctostaphylos'' | image = Arctostaphylos viscida_9781.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Whiteleaf Manzanita (''[[Arctostaphylos viscida]]'') | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Ericales]] | familia = [[Ericaceae]] | genus = '''''Arctostaphylos''''' | genus_authority = [[Michel Adanson|Adans.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = About 60, see text. }} The genus '''''Arctostaphylos''''', the '''manzanitas''' and '''bearberries''', are [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s characterised by smooth, orange or red bark and stiff, twisting branches. [[image:bearberry.jpg|left|thumb|Common Bearberry ''Arctostaphylos uva-ursi'']] There are about 60 species of manzanita, ranging from ground-hugging coastal and mountain species to small trees up to 6 m tall. Most are [[evergreen]] (one species [[deciduous]]), with small oval [[leaf|leaves]] 1-7 cm long, arranged spirally on the stems. The [[flowers]] are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2-20 together; flowering is in the spring. The [[fruit]] are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible. ''Arctostaphylos'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora arctostaphyli]]'' (which feeds exclusively on ''A. uva-ursi'') and ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora glaucella]]''. The name means "bear grapes", derived from Greek ''arkto'' (bear) and ''staphyle'' (grape). According to Philip V. Wells in '''The Jepson Manual''' and other sources, there are two [[subgenus|subgenera]] of ''Arctostaphylos'': * Subgenus ''Micrococcus'' ** Sect. ''Micrococcus'' *** ''[[Arctostaphylos mendocinoensis]]'' Pygmy Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos myrtifolia]]'' Ione Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos nissenana]]'' Nissenan Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos nummularia]]'' Glossyleaf Manzanita [[Image:Manzanita large 750px.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A manzanita (''Arctostaphylos'' sp.)]] * Subgenus ''Arctostaphylos'', which has 3 [[section (biology)|section]]s: ** Sect. ''Arctostaphylos'' *** ''[[Alpine_Bearberry|Arctostaphylos alpina]]'' Alpine Bearberry *** ''[[Arctostaphylos bakeri]]'' Baker's Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos densiflora]]'' Sonoma Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos edmundsii]]'' Little Sur Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos gabrielensis]]'' San Gabriel Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos glauca]]'' Bigberry Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos hispidula]]'' Gasquet Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos hookeri]]'' Hooker's Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos insularis]]'' Island Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos klamathensis]]'' Klamath Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos manzanita]]'' Common Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos mewukka]]'' Indian Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos nevadensis]]'' Pinemat Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos parryana]]'' Parry Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos patula]]'' Greenleaf Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos pumila]]'' Sandmat Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos pungens]]'' Pointleaf Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos rudis]]'' Shagbark Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos stanfordiana]]'' Stanford's Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]]'' Bearberry *** ''[[Arctostaphylos viscida]]'' Sticky Manzanita ** Sect. ''Foliobracteata'' *** ''[[Arctostaphylos andersonii]]'' Santa Cruz Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos auriculata]]'' Mount Diablo Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos canescens]]'' Hoary Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos catalinae]]'' Santa Catalina Island Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos columbiana]]'' Hairy Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos confertiflora]]'' Santa Rosa Island Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos cruzensis]]'' La Cruz Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos glandulosa]]'' Eastwood Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos glutinosa]]'' Schreiber's Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos hooveri]]'' Hoover's Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos imbricata]]'' San Bruno Mountain Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos luciana]]'' Santa Lucia Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos malloryi]]'' Mallory's Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos montaraensis]]'' Montara Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos montereyensis]]'' Monterey Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos morroensis]]'' Morro Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos nortensis]]'' Del Norte *** ''[[Arctostaphylos obispoensis]]'' Serpentine Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos osoensis]]'' Oso Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos otayensis]]'' Otay Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos pajaroensis]]'' Pajaro Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos pallida]]'' Pallid Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos pechoensis]]'' Pecho Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos pilosula]]'' La Panzo Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos purissima]]'' La Purissima Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos refugioensis]]'' Refugio Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos regismontana]]'' King's Mountain Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos silvicola]]'' Bonny Doon Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos tomentosa]]'' Woolylead Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos virgata]]'' Bolinas Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos viridissuma]]'' Whitehair Manzanita *** ''[[Arctostaphylos wellsii]]'' Well's Manzanita ** Sect. ''Pictobracteata'' *** ''[[Arctostaphylos pringlei]]'' Pringle Manzanita See also [[Bearberry]], for some species in the genus ''Arctostaphylos''. ;Synonyms *''Arctostaphylos bicolor'' is generally considered ''[[Xylococcus bicolor]]'' *''Arctostaphylos crustacea'' is generally considered ''[[Arctostaphylos tomentosa]]'' ssp. ''crustacea'' See also the closely related genus ''[[Comarostaphylis]]'', previously often included in ''Arctostaphylos''. ===Distribution=== [[Image:ManzanitaTreeBranches_wb.jpg|thumb|left|Manzanita bark]] [[Manzanita]]s are present in the [[chaparral]] biome of western [[North America]], where they occur from southern [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]], [[Washington]] to [[California]] and [[New Mexico]] in the [[United States]], and throughout much of northern and central [[Mexico]]. Three species, the [[Bearberry|bearberries]], ''A. alpina'' (Alpine Bearberry), ''A. rubra'' (Red Bearberry) and ''A. uva-ursi'' (Common Bearberry), have adapted to [[arctic]] and [[subarctic]] climates, and have a [[circumpolar]] distribution in northern [[North America]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]]. An unusual association of Manzanita occurs on [[Hood Mountain]], in [[Sonoma County, California]], where stands of [[pygmy forest]] dominated by [[Mendocino Cypress]] are found. ===Cultivation=== Cultivation is generally difficult due to [[fungus|fungal]] diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some [[cultivar]]s are easier to cultivate. == References == * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=23467 ITIS 23467] * Hickman, James C. (1993). ''The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California'', University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. ISBN 0-520-08255-9. * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Arctostaphylos Treatment from the Jepson Manual] * Wells, Philip V. (2000). ''Manzanitas of California'', Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Lawrence, Kansas. ISBN 0-933994-22-2. * Wells, Philip V. 1992. Subgenera and sections of ''Arctostaphylos''. ''The Four Seasons'' 9: 64-69. [[Category:Ericaceae]] [[da:Melbærris]] [[de:Bärentrauben]] [[es:Arctostaphylos]] [[lt:Meškauogė]] [[nl:Arctostaphylos]] [[no:Arctostaphylos]] [[pt:Arctostaphylos]] [[sq:Arctostaphylos]] [[fi:Sianpuolukat]]