Arthur Ransome 176386 224692107 2008-07-10T00:10:33Z 64.4.1.11 /* Before Swallows and Amazons */ corrected "Evegenia" to read "Evgenia" in one instance to be consistent with other occurrences of the name in this article. [[Image:Ransome Autobiography cover.jpg|thumb|Cover of '''Arthur Ransome's''' autobiography]]'''Arthur Mitchell Ransome''' ([[18 January]] [[1884]] &ndash; [[3 June]] [[1967]]), was a [[United Kingdom|British]] author and journalist. He is best known for writing the ''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'' series of children's books. These tell of school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the [[Lake District]] and the [[Norfolk Broads]]. Many of the books involve sailing; other common subjects include [[fishing]] and [[camping]]. The books remain so popular that they provide a basis of a tourist industry around [[Windermere (lake)|Windermere]] and [[Coniston Water]] — the two lakes that Ransome used as the basis for his fictional North Country lake. He also wrote about the literary life of London, and about the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolutions of 1917]]. Ransome was born in [[Leeds]], where his father lectured as a Professor of [[History]]. His father's death in 1897 had a lasting effect on Ransome, who always tried to overcome his belief that his father had lacked confidence in his abilities. Ransome received his formal education first in [[Windermere (town)|Windermere]] and then at [[Rugby School]] (where he lived in [[Lewis Carroll]]'s study room) but did not entirely enjoy the experience - due to his poor vision, lack of athletic skill, and limited academic achievement. He attended [[Victoria University (UK)|Yorkshire College]], his father's college, for a year, studying [[chemistry]]. However, he abandoned the college and went to London to become a writer. He took low-paying jobs as an office assistant in a publishing company and as editor of a failing magazine, ''[[Temple Bar Magazine]]'', while writing and becoming a member of the literary scene of London. ==Before ''Swallows and Amazons''== In his first important book, ''[[Bohemia in London]]'' (1907), Ransome introduced the history of London's bohemian literary and artistic communities and some of its current representatives. A curiosity about a visiting Japanese poet, [[Yone Noguchi]] in 1903 had led to an ongoing friendship with Japanese painter (and Chelsea neighbour) [[Yoshio Markino]]. Markino in turn introduced him to the bohemian circle of [[Pamela Colman Smith]]. Ransome married Ivy Constance Walker in 1909 (they divorced in 1924) and they had one daughter, Tabitha. Among his other books, one on [[Oscar Wilde]] embroiled him in a libel suit with Lord [[Alfred Douglas]]. The alleged libel dealt with Wilde and Douglas' homosexual affair and as a result became very scandalous. Ransome's wife's behaviour in attending the trial, and apparently enjoying the notoriety, added to the stress on their marriage. Ransome won the suit, but suppressed the contentious text from subsequent editions of the Wilde biography. In 1913, he left his wife and daughter and went to [[Russia]] to study [[folklore]]. [[Image:Frontispiece of Old Peter's Russian Tales - Project Gutenberg eText 16981.jpg|thumb|'''''They sailed away once more over the blue sea.'''''<br>Frontispiece of an edition of ''[[Old Peter's Russian Tales]]'']]In 1916, Ransome published ''Old Peter's Russian Tales'', a collection of 21 folktales from Russia. After the start of [[World War I]] in 1914, he became a [[reporter]] and covered the war on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] for a radical newspaper, the ''[[News Chronicle|Daily News]]''. He also covered the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian revolutions]] of 1917, developed some sympathy for the [[Bolshevik]] cause and became personally close to a number of its leaders, including [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]]. He met the woman who would become his second wife, Evgenia Petrovna Shelepina, who at that time worked as Trotsky's personal secretary.<ref>Brogan (1984), p 153</ref> Ransome provided some information to British officials and the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (MI6) considered him loyal, if not an agent; he was given the code name S76 in their files. [[MI5]], the British Security Service, kept watch on him because of his opposition to the [[Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War|Allied intervention]] against the Russian revolution. On one of his visits to the United Kingdom, the authorities searched and interviewed him and threatened him with arrest. In October 1919, returning to Moscow on behalf of ''[[The Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]]'', the [[Estonia|Estonian]] foreign minister [[Ants Piip]] entrusted Ransome to deliver a secret armistice proposal to the bolsheviks—at that time the Estonians were fighting the [[Estonian War of Independence]] alongside the "[[White movement|white]]" counter-revolutionary forces. After crossing the battle lines on foot Ransome passed the message, which to preserve secrecy had not been written down and depended for its authority only on the high personal regard in which he was held in both countries, to diplomat [[Maxim Litvinov]] in Moscow. To deliver the reply, which accepted Piip's conditions for peace, Ransome had to return by the same risky means, but this time he had Evgenia with him. Estonia withdrew from the conflict and Ransome and Evgenia set up home together, and eventually married, in the capital [[Tallinn|Reval]].<ref>Brogan (1984), pp 242-248</ref> The Russian period in Ransome's life is depicted in fictional form in [[Marcus Sedgwick]]'s ''[[Blood Red, Snow White]]''. After the Allied intervention Ransome remained in the Baltic states and built a cruising yacht ''Racundra''. He wrote a successful book about his experiences, ''Racundra's First Cruise''. He joined the staff of the ''The Guardian'' when he returned to Russia and the Baltic states. Following his divorce, he married Evgenia and brought her to live in England, where he continued as a journalist writing for the ''Guardian'', often on foreign affairs and (for the "[[Country Diary]]" column) on [[fishing]]. By 1937, MI5 appeared satisfied of Ransome's loyalty to Britain. However, evidence uncovered in the [[KGB]] files following the break-up of the [[Soviet Union]] seems to indicate that Evgenia Ransome, at least, was involved in smuggling diamonds from the Soviet Union to Paris to help fund the [[Comintern]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Chambers | first = Roland | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Whose side was he on? | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | pages = | year = | date = [[2005-03-10]] | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/mar/10/russia.books}}</ref> == The ''Swallows and Amazons'' series== ''Main article:'' [[Swallows and Amazons (series)|Swallows and Amazons ''series'']] Ransome settled in the [[Lake District]]. He decided not to accept a position as a full-time foreign correspondent with the ''Guardian'' and instead wrote ''Swallows and Amazons'' in 1929 - the first of the series that made his reputation as one of the best English writers of children's books. Ransome apparently based the Walker children (the "Swallows") in the book in part on the Altounyan family: he had a long-standing friendship with the mother and [[W. G. Collingwood|Collingwood]] grandparents of the Altounyans. Later he denied the connection, claiming he only gave the Altounyans' names to his own characters; it appears to have upset him that people did not regard the characters as original creations. Ransome's writing is noted for his detailed descriptions of activities. Although he used many actual features from the Lake District landscape, he invented his own geography, mixing descriptions of different places to create his own juxtapositions. His move to [[East Anglia]] brought forth a change of location for four of the books and Ransome started using the real landscape and geography of East Anglia so that it is possible to use the maps printed in the books as a guide to the real area. Ransome's own interest in sailing and need to provide an accurate description caused him to undertake a voyage across the North Sea to [[Flushing, Netherlands|Flushing]]. His book ''We Didn't Mean To Go To Sea'' reflects this, and he based the fictional "Goblin" on his own boat ''[[Nancy Blackett]]'' (which in turn took its name from a character in the series). Two (or possibly three) of the "Swallows and Amazons" books have less realistic plots. The original concept of ''Peter Duck'' was a story made up by the children themselves, but Ransome dropped the introductory passage explaining this from the book before it was published (though Peter Duck himself features in ''Swallowdale'' as a character whom the children created). ''Peter Duck'' is a relatively straightforward story, but with a much more fantastic plot than the more conventional "Swallows and Amazons" books. A trip to China as a foreign correspondent provided Ransome with the imaginative springboard for ''Missee Lee'', a story in which readers find the Swallows and the Amazons sailing around the world in the [[schooner]] ''Wild Cat'' from ''Peter Duck''. Together with Captain Flint (the Amazons' uncle Jim Turner), they become the captives of Chinese pirates. More controversy attaches to the final book of the series, ''Great Northern?'', set in Scotland. The plot and action appear realistic, but the internal chronology does not fit the usual run of school holiday adventures. Myles North, an admirer of Ransome, provided much of the basic plot of the book. The ''Autobiography of Arthur Ransome'', edited by [[Rupert Hart-Davis]] was published posthumously in 1976. It only covers his life up to the publication of ''Peter Duck'' in 1931. "Swallows and Amazons" was so popular that it inspired a number of other authors to write in a similar vein: most notably two schoolchildren, Pamela Whitlock and Katharine Hull wrote [[The Far-Distant Oxus]], an adventure story set on Exmoor. Whitlock sent the manuscript to Ransome in March 1937; he convinced his publisher [[Jonathan Cape]] to produce it, characterising it as "the best children's book of 1937".<ref>Brogan (1984), 353.</ref> == Awards and appreciation == * Ransome became the first winner of the prestigious [[Carnegie Medal]] for children's literature for ''Pigeon Post'' in 1936 * [[Durham University]] awarded him an honorary [[Honorary degree|Doctor of Letters]] Translations of his books have appeared in a number of languages. As a result, Ransome has become very popular in countries such as [[Japan]] and [[Czechoslovakia]] (now the [[Czech Republic]]), where thriving Arthur Ransome appreciation societies exist. * The [[Arthur Ransome Club]] was founded in Japan in 1987 * [[The Arthur Ransome Society]] was founded in the United Kingdom in 1990 and now has a worldwide membership Recently a Czech astronomer named an [[asteroid]] after Ransome ([[6440 Ransome]]). Ransome and his wife Evgenia lie buried in the churchyard of St Paul's church, [[Rusland]], in the southern Lakes District. =="Swallows and Amazons" bibliography== * ''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'' (published 1930) * ''[[Swallowdale]]'' (1931) * ''[[Peter Duck]]'' (1932) * ''[[Winter Holiday (novel)|Winter Holiday]]'' (1933) * ''[[Coot Club]]'' (1934) * ''[[Pigeon Post]]'' (1936) * ''[[We Didn't Mean To Go To Sea]]'' (1937) * ''[[Secret Water]]'' (1939) * ''[[The Big Six]]'' (1940) * ''[[Missee Lee]]'' (1941) * ''[[The Picts and the Martyrs|The Picts and the Martyrs: Or Not Welcome At All]]'' (1943) * ''[[Great Northern?]]'' (1947) * ''[[Coots in the North]]'' (unfinished at the time of Ransome's 1967 death, published in an unfinished form in 1988 with some other short works) ==References== <references /> *''The Autobiography of Arthur Ransome'', edited by Rupert Hart-Davis, Jonathan Cape, 1976 *''The Life of Arthur Ransome'', by Hugh Brogan, Jonathan Cape, 1984 *''Signalling from Mars, The Letters of Arthur Ransome'', edited by Hugh Brogan, Jonathan Cape, 1997 *''Arthur Ransome and Captain Flint's Trunk'', by [http://www.christinahardyment.co.uk Christina Hardyment], Jonathan Cape, 1984 == External links == {{wikiquote}} {{Wikisource}} * [http://www.arthur-ransome.org/ The Arthur Ransome Society], an organisation devoted to Arthur Ransome, including a [http://www.arthur-ransome.org/ar/index biography] and [http://www.arthur-ransome.org/ar/links/index links to other sites] * [http://www.tenor1.demon.co.uk/ransome.htm The Children's Books of Arthur Ransome], Robert Thompson's pictorial survey of all known editions * {{gutenberg author| id=Arthur+Ransome | name=Arthur Ransome}} * [http://www.visitcumbria.com/ransome.htm Visit Cumbria biography] * [http://the-stable.lancs.ac.uk/~esarie/tarboard/tarboard.html Tarboard - an Arthur Ransome discussion-site] *[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/russian/oldpetersrussian.html SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Old Peter's Russian Tales by Arthur Ransome] * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/nov/05.htm Interview with Lenin], on [[Marxists.org]] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4306595.stm BBC News account of MI5 and Ransome] * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/default.asp The National Archives], Download copies of the original UK Security Service files on Arthur Ransome * [http://www.whiteswan.co.uk Arthur Ransome's Coot Club & the Norfolk Broads] * [http://www.acces.cz/bidlo/ransome/ Krajem Arthura Ransoma] Arthur Ransome's country: tourist information in Czech * [http://arthurransome.blogspot.com/ If Not Duffers... ] Arthur Ransome e-repository * [http://www.steamboat.co.uk Windermere Steamboat Museum] Site devoted to restoration of collection of Windermere boats, including ''TSSY Esperance'', 1869, Arthur Ransome's model for Captain Flint's houseboat in his ''Swallows and Amazons'' tales. {{SwallowsandAmazonsbooks}} {{Early20CBritChildrensLiterature}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ransome, Arthur}} [[Category:British journalists]] [[Category:Collectors of fairy tales]] [[Category:English children's writers]] [[Category:Guardian journalists]] [[Category:Old Rugbeians]] [[Category:People from Leeds]] [[Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing]] [[Category:1884 births]] [[Category:1900-1949 British children's literature]] [[Category:1967 deaths]] [[cs:Arthur Ransome]] [[es:Arthur Ransome]] [[he:ארתור רנסום]] [[ko:아서 랜섬]] [[ja:アーサー・ランサム]] [[ru:Рэнсом, Артур]] [[zh:亞瑟·蘭塞姆]]