Artist 1212 225824686 2008-07-15T15:59:20Z Korg 263660 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Pink!Teen|Pink!Teen]] ([[User talk:Pink!Teen|talk]]) to last version by Hunting dog {{refimprove|date=May 2008}} The definition of an '''artist''' is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of [[activities]] to do with creating [[art]], practicing the [[arts]] and/or demonstrating an art. The normal meaning in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the [[visual art]]s only. The term is often used in the [[entertainment]] business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (less often for [[actor]]s). "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used in English only in this context. Use of the term to describe writers, for example, is certainly valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like [[criticism]]. ==Dictionary definitions== Wiktionary defines the noun 'artist' (Singular: artist; Plural: artists) as follows: # A person who creates art. # A person who creates art as an [[wikt:occupation|occupation]]. # A person who is skilled at some activity The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] defines the older broad meanings of the term "artist," :* A learned person or Master of Arts (now rather obsolete) :* One who pursues a practical science, traditionally medicine, astrology, alchemy, chemistry (also obsolete) :* A follower of a pursuit in which skill comes by study or practice - the opposite of a theorist :* A follower of a manual art, such as a mechanic - partly obsolete :* One who makes their [[craft]] a fine art :* One who cultivates one of the [[fine arts]] - traditionally the arts presided over by the [[muses]] - now the dominant usage A definition of Artist from Princenton.edu: creative person (a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination). ==History of the term== In Greek the word "techně" is often mistranslated into "art." In actuality, "techně" implies mastery of a craft (any craft.) The Latin-derived form of the word is "tecnicus", from which the English words [[wikt:technique|technique]], [[technology]], [[technical]] are derived. In Greek culture each of the nine [[Muse]]s oversaw a different field of human creation: * [[Calliope]] (the 'beautiful of speech'): chief of the muses and muse of [[epic poetry|epic or heroic poetry]] * [[Clio]] (the 'glorious one'): muse of [[history]] * [[Erato]] (the 'amorous one'): muse of [[love poetry|love or erotic poetry]], lyrics, and marriage songs * [[Euterpe]] (the 'well-pleasing'): muse of music and [[lyric poetry]] * [[Melpomene]] (the 'chanting one'): muse of [[tragedy]] * [[Polyhymnia]] or Polymnia (the '[singer] of many [[hymn]]s'): muse of [[sacred song]], [[oratory]], [[lyric]], [[singing]] and [[rhetoric]] * [[Terpsichore]] (the '[one who] delights in dance'): muse of [[choral]] song and dance * [[Thalia]] (the 'blossoming one'): muse of [[comedy]] and [[bucolic poetry]] * [[Urania]] (the 'celestial one'): muse of [[astronomy]] No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour.<ref>''In Our Time: The Artist'' [[BBC Radio 4]], TX 28th March 2002</ref> The word art is derived from the Latin "ars", which, although literally defined means, "[[skill]] method" or "technique", holds a connotation of [[beauty]]. During the Middle Ages the word ''artist'' already existed in some countries such as [[Italy]], but the meaning was something resembling ''craftsman'', while the word ''artesan'' was still unknown. An artist was someone able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined, rather than the activity field. In this period some "artisanal" products (such as textiles) were much more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. The first division into major and minor arts dates back to [[Leon Battista Alberti]]'s works (''[[De re aedificatoria]], De statua, De pictura''), focusing the importance of intellectual skills of the artist rather than the manual skills (even if in other forms of art there was a [[project]] behind). <ref>P.Galloni, ''Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali'', Laterza, [[Bari]], 1998)</ref> With the [[Academy|Academies]] in Europe (second half of XVI century) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set. Many contemporary definitions of "artist" and "art" are highly contingent on [[culture]], resisting aesthetic prescription, in much the same way that the features constituting beauty and the beautiful, cannot be standardized easily without corruption into [[kitsch]]. ==The present day concept of an 'artist'== ''Artist'' is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially, as, "a person who expresses themselves through a medium". The word also is used in a qualitative sense of, a person [[creativity|creative]] in, [[innovation|innovative]] in, or adept at, an artistic practice. Most often, the term describes those who create within a context of '[[high culture]]', activities such as [[drawing]], [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[acting]], [[dancing]], [[writing]], [[filmmaking]], [[photography]], and [[music]]&mdash;people who use imagination, talent, or skill to create works that may be judged to have an [[aesthetic]] value. [[Art history|Art historians]] and [[Art critic|critics]] will define as artists, those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline. The term also is used to denote highly skilled people in non-"arts" activities, as well&mdash;crafts, law, medicine, alchemy, mechanics, mathematics, defense (martial arts), and architecture, for example. The designation is applied to high skill in illegal activities, such as "scam artist" (a person very adept at deceiving others, often profiting (semi-illegally) from other people) or "con artist" (a person very adept at committing fraud). Often, discussions on the subject focus on the differences among "artist" and "[[technician]]", "[[entertainer]]" and "[[artisan]]," "[[fine arts|fine art]]" and "[[applied art]]," or what constitutes art and what does not. The [[French language|French]] word ''artiste'' (which in French, simply means "artist") has been imported into the [[English language]] where it means a performer (frequently in [[Music Hall]] or [[Vaudeville]]). The English word 'artist' has thus, a narrower range of meanings than the word 'artiste' in French. == Examples of art and artists == {{MultiCol}} * [[Abstract expressionism|Abstract]]: [[Jackson Pollock]] * [[Actor|Actress]]: [[Greta Garbo]] * [[Animation]]: [[Walt Disney]] * [[Architect]]: [[Antoni Gaudí]] * [[Ballet]]: [[Margot Fonteyn]] * [[BioArt]]: [[Hunter O'Reilly]] * [[Calligraphy]]: [[Rudolf Koch]] * [[Ceramics]]: [[Grayson Perry]] * [[Choreographer]]: [[Martha Graham]] * [[Comics]]: [[Will Eisner]] * [[Composer]]: [[Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi|Giuseppe Verdi]] * [[Conceptual art]]: [[Sol LeWitt]] * [[Cubism]]: [[Pablo Picasso]] * [[Dancer]]: [[Isadora Duncan]] * [[Designer]]: [[Arne Jacobsen]] * [[Doll|Doll Maker]]: [[Greer Lankton]] * [[Entertainer]]: [[PT Barnum]] * [[Fashion designer]]: [[Alexander McQueen]] {{ColBreak}} * [[Fluxus]] art: [[Yoko Ono]] * [[Game designer]]: [[Peter Molyneux]] * [[Graphic Artist]]: [[Ludwig Merwart]] * [[Graphic designer]]: [[Peter Saville]] * [[Horticulture]]: [[André le Nôtre]] * [[Illusionist]]: [[Houdini]] * [[Illustrator]]: [[Quentin Blake]] * [[Impressionism]]: [[Claude Monet]] * [[Industrial designer]]: [[Pininfarina]] * [[Jewelry]]: [[Fabergé]] * [[Landscape architect]]: [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] * [[Minimalism|Minimalist artist]]: [[Donald Judd]] * [[Movie director]]: [[Sergei Eisenstein]] * [[Muralist]]: [[Diego Rivera]] * [[Musician]]: [[John Lennon]] * [[Novelist]]: [[Charles Dickens]] {{ColBreak}} * [[Musical instrument|Musical instrument maker]]: [[Stradivari]] * [[Orator]]: [[Cicero]] * [[Outsider Art]]: [[Nek Chand]] * [[Painter]]: [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] * [[Performance Art]]: [[Carolee Schneemann]] * [[Photographer]]: [[Bill Brandt]] * [[Photomontage]]: [[John Heartfield]] * [[Pianist]]: [[Glenn Gould]] * [[Playwright]]: [[Alan Bennett]] * [[Poet]]: [[Pablo Neruda]] * [[Potter]]: [[Bernard Leach]] * [[Printmaker]]: [[William Hogarth]] * [[Sculpture|Sculptor]]: [[Michelangelo Buonarotti]] * [[Singer]]: [[Maria Callas]] * [[Street Art]]: [[Banksy]] * [[Typographer]]: [[Eric Gill]] {{EndMultiCol}} == See also == {{portal|Arts}} * [[Art]] * [[Art history]] * [[Arts by region]] * [[Fine art]] * [[Humanities]] * [[Social sciences]] *[[List of sculptors]] *[[List of composers]] ==References== *P.Galloni, Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali, Laterza, Bari, 1998 *C. T. Onions (1991). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press Oxford. ISBN 0-19-861126-9 {{wiktionarypar|artist}} {{wikiquote}} {{portal|Arts}} {{sisterlinks|Arts}} {{List resources}} [[Category:Artists| ]] [[Category:Arts occupations]] [[Category:Aesthetics]] [[Category:Humanities occupations]] [[Category:Arts| ]] [[Category:Arts-related lists| ]] [[ca:Artista]] [[cs:Umělec]] [[cy:Arlunydd]] [[da:Kunstner]] [[de:Künstler]] [[es:Artista]] [[eo:Artisto]] [[fr:Artiste]] [[ko:미술가]] [[io:Artisto]] [[id:Seniman]] [[ia:Artista]] [[iu:ᑕᑯᒥᓇᖅᓕᐅᖅᑎᑦ/takuminaqliuqtut]] [[it:Artista]] [[he:אמן (אמנות)]] [[ku:Hunermend]] [[lt:Artistas]] [[ms:Artis]] [[nl:Artiest]] [[ja:美術家]] [[no:Kunstner]] [[nn:Kunstnar]] [[uz:Musavvir]] [[pl:Artysta]] [[ru:Деятель искусств]] [[sq:Artisti]] [[simple:Artist]] [[sk:Artista]] [[fi:Taiteilija]] [[sv:Konstnär]] [[th:ศิลปิน]] [[tg:Санъаткор]] [[uk:Художник]] [[yo:Onísọ̀nà]] [[bat-smg:Artists]] [[zh:艺术家]]