Asia (Roman province)
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robot Adding: [[ja:アシア属州]]
{{dablink|For other uses, see [[Asia (disambiguation)]].}}
[[Image:Roman Empire Asia.svg|thumb|right|300 px|Roman province of Asia in 117 AD]]
[[Image:Asia minor roman power.jpg|thumb|Roman conquest of Asia minor]]
The '''Roman province of Asia''', also called Phrygia, was an administrative unit added to the late [[Roman Republic|Republic]]. It was a [[Senatorial province]] governed by a [[proconsul]]. The arrangement was unchanged in the reorganization of the [[Roman Empire]] in [[211]].
==Geography==
Asia province originally consisted of [[Mysia]], the [[Troad]], [[Aeolis]], [[Lydia]], [[Ionia]], [[Caria]], and the land corridor through [[Pisidia]] to [[Pamphylia]]. Part of [[Phrygia]] was given to [[Mithridates V]] Euergetes before it was reclaimed as part of the province in 116 BC. [[Lycaonia]] was added before 100 BC while the area around [[Cibyra]] was added in 82 BC. The southeast region of Asia province was later reassigned to the province of [[Cilicia]]. During the empire, Asia province was bounded by [[Bithynia]] to the north, [[Lycia]] to the south, and [[Galatia]] to the east.<ref>“Asia, Roman province.” The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd ed. 1996: p. 189-90</ref>
==Background==
[[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]] the Great had to give up Asia when the Romans crushed his army at the historic [[battle of Magnesia]], in [[190 BC]]. After the [[Treaty of Apamea]] ([[188 BC]]), the entire territory was surrendered to Rome and placed under the control of a [[client king]] at [[Pergamon|Pergamum]].
With no apparent heir, [[Attalus III]] of [[Pergamum]] having been a close ally of Rome, chose to bequeath his kingdom to Rome. Upon Attalus’s passing in 133 BC, [[Manius Aquillius (129 BC)|Manius Aquillius]] formally established the region as Asia province.<ref>The Oxford Classical Dictionary. p. 189-90</ref> The bequest of the Attalid kingdom to Rome presented serious implications for neighboring territories. It was during this period of time that [[Pontus]] rose in status under the rule of [[Mithridates VI]]. He would prove to be a formidable foe to Rome’s success in Asia province and beyond.<ref> Mitchell, Stephen. Anatolia. Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. p. 29</ref>
==Apathy and Exploitation==
Rome had always been very reluctant to involve itself in matters to the east. It typically relied on allies to arbitrate in the case of a conflict. Very rarely would Rome send delegations to the east, much less have a strong governmental presence. This apathy did not change much even after the gift from Attalus in 133 BC. In fact, parts of the Pergamene kingdom were voluntarily relinquished to different nations. For example, Great Phrygia was given to [[Mithridates V of Pontus]].<ref>Anatolia. p. 29</ref>
While the senate was hesitant in involving itself in Asian affairs, others had no such reluctance. A law passed by [[Gaius Gracchus]] in 123 BC gave the right to collect taxes in Asia to members of the [[Equestrian (Roman)|equestrian]] order. The privilege of collecting taxes was almost certainly exploited by individuals from the Republic. In case a community was unable to pay taxes, they borrowed from Roman lenders but at exorbitant rates. This more often than not resulted in default on said loans and consequently led Roman lenders to seize the borrower’s land, their last remaining asset of value. In this way and by outright purchase, Romans dispersed throughout Asia province.<ref>Anatolia p. 30</ref>
==Mithridates and Sulla==
By 88 BC, [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] had conquered virtually all of Asia. Capitalizing on the hatred of corrupt Roman practices, Mithridates instigated a mass revolt against Rome, ordering the slaughter of all Romans and Italians in the province.<ref>Appian’s History of Rome: The Mithridatic Wars [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_mithridatic_05.html#%A723]</ref> Casualty numbers ranged from 80,000 all the way up to 150,000. Three years later, [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] defeats Mithridates in the [[First Mithridatic War]] and in 85 BC reorganizes the province into eleven assize districts, each central to a number of smaller, subordinate cities. These assize centers included [[Ephesus]], Pergamum - the old Attalid capital, [[Smyrna]], [[Adramyttium]], [[Cyzicus]], [[Synnada]], [[Apamea]], [[Miletus]], and [[Halicarnassus]]. The first three cities - Ephesus, Pergamum, and Smyrna - competed to be the dominant state in Asia province.<ref>The Oxford Classical Dictionary. p. 189-90</ref> Inter-city rivalry greatly inhibited any sort of progress towards provincial unity.
==Military presence==
Other than to quell occasional revolts, there was minimal military presence in Asia province until forces led by Sulla set forth in their campaign against Mithridates VI. In fact, Asia province was unique in that it was one of the few ungarrisoned provinces of the empire. While no full legions were ever stationed inside the province, that is not to say that there was no military presence whatsoever. Legionary detachments were present in the Phrygian cities of [[Apamea]] and [[Amorium]]. Auxiliary cohorts were stationed in Phrygian Eumeneia while smaller groups of soldiers regularly patrolled the mountainous regions. High military presence in rural regions around [[3rd century]] AD caused great civil unrest in the province.<ref>Anatolia p. 121</ref>
==Augustus==
After Augustus came to power, he established a proconsulship for the province of Asia, embracing the regions of [[Mysia]], [[Lydia]], [[Caria]], and [[Phrygia]]. The proconsul spent much of his year long term traveling throughout the province hearing cases and conducting other judicial business at each of the assize centers.<ref>The Oxford Classical Dictionary. p. 189-90</ref> Rome’s transition from the Republic to the early empire saw an important change in the role of existing provincial cities, going from autonomous city states to administrative centers. The beginning of the principate of [[Augustus]] also signaled the rise of new cities in Mysia, Lydia and Phrygia. The province grew to be an elaborate system of self governing cities, each responsible for its own economics, taxes, and law in their territory. The reign of Augustus further signaled the start of urbanization of Asia province as public building became the defining characteristic of a city.<ref>Anatolia p. 198</ref>
==Emperor Worship==
[[Emperor worship]] was prevalent in provincial communities during the Roman empire. Soon after Augustus came to power, temples erected in his honor sprang up across Asia province. The establishment of provincial centers of emperor worship further spawned local cults. These sites served as models followed by other provinces throughout the empire.<ref>Anatolia p. 100</ref> Emperor worship served as a way for subjects of Asia province to come to terms with imperial rule within the framework of their communities. Religious practices were very much a public affair and involved citizens in all its aspects including prayer, sacrifice, and processions. Rituals held in honor of a particular emperor frequently outnumbered those of other gods. No other cult matched the imperial cult in terms of dispersion and commonality.<ref>Anatolia p. 112</ref>
==Decline==
The [[3rd century]] AD marked a serious decline in Asia province stemming in part from epidemic disease, the indiscipline of local soldiers and also the diminishing instances of voluntary civic generosity. The Gothic invasions of the [[250s]] and [[260s]] contributed to failing feelings of security. Furthermore, as political and strategic emphasis shifted away from Asia province, it lost much of its former prominence.
In the [[4th century]], [[Diocletian]] divided Asia province into seven smaller provinces. As a direct consequence, many cities towards the interior of the province declined to the point where they were indistinguishable from common villages. On the other hand, leading cities from the early empire including [[Ephesus]], [[Sardis]], and [[Aphrodisias]] retained much of their former glory and came to serve as the new provincial capitals.<ref>The Oxford Classical Dictionary. p. 189-90</ref> Asia remained a center of Roman and [[Hellenistic]] culture in the east for centuries. The territory remained part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] until the [[15th century]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.unrv.com/provinces/asia-minor.php Asia Minor]
{{Roman provinces 120 AD}}
{{History of Anatolia}}
[[Category:Ancient Roman provinces|Asia]]
[[Category:Anatolia]]
[[Category:Roman roads in Asia| ]]
[[Category:133 BC establishments]]
[[br:Asia (Proviñs)]]
[[ca:Àsia (província romana)]]
[[cs:Asie (provincie)]]
[[cy:Asia (talaith Rufeinig)]]
[[da:Asia (romersk provins)]]
[[de:Asia (Provinz)]]
[[es:Asia (provincia romana)]]
[[eo:Asia]]
[[fr:Asie (province romaine)]]
[[gl:Asia (provincia romana)]]
[[it:Asia (provincia romana)]]
[[ka:აზია (პროვინცია)]]
[[la:Asia (provincia Romana)]]
[[nl:Asia (Romeinse provincie)]]
[[ja:アシア属州]]
[[pt:Ásia (província romana)]]
[[ru:Азия (римская провинция)]]
[[fi:Asia (provinssi)]]
[[sv:Asia]]
[[tr:Asya (Roma eyaleti)]]